Types of sailing ships. cruising yacht project

Iols (yols) - small sailing and rowing ships. Sometimes they were called small gunboats. A feature of the sailing armament of the iols was the aft mast (mizzen), much lower than the front one, called not the fore-mast, but the main mast. Therefore, iols were often classified as one and a half masted ships.

In 1789 and at the beginning of 1790, several dozen gunboat iols 13 m long with an intryum depth of 0.75 m were built in Sweden. The iol had 10 oars and one mast. The armament consisted of one 24-lb cannon and several falconets. Team of 24 people. In Russia, iols were built on the model of Chapman's gunboat iols.

Unfortunately, these models very often have configuration errors. You risk yourself. For missing parts, you will need to contact the manufacturer.. We won't be able to help you. Please treat this with understanding.

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The very first sailing ships (to be described in this article) appeared more than three thousand years ago in Egypt and were an ordinary raft with a straight mast and steering oar. A little later, the Phoenicians began to make more advanced models. For their construction, they used the wood of the Lebanese cedar and oak. There were shipyards in the ports of Phenicia, which produced merchant single-masted boats and better-equipped warships. Approximately in the 5th century. BC e. the ancient Greeks and Romans already had a navy. However, large sailing ships appeared in Europe during the period of great geographical discoveries. It was then that the most powerful European powers, in search of new colonies, began to equip navy fleets for traveling not only across the ocean, but also around the world. Thus began a stubborn struggle for dominance at sea, which contributed to the active development of the shipbuilding industry.

in modern world

In our time, when the navy is made up of powerful ships equipped with the first word of technology, sailing models have been used mainly for entertainment. Most of the modern sailboats are yachts. In Europe and America, where there are sports yacht clubs, sports regattas are held annually. Most often, these events are attended by

A regatta is a water competition between sailing or rowing vessels.

Traditionally, such competitions are held in America and England. Some regattas are major international competitions, such as. America's Cup.

The classification of sailing ships is determined depending on the equipment and technical characteristics. Below are the main types of varieties of sailboats.

Classification by sail type

Vessels with direct sails.

Vessels with slanting sails.

A straight sail was used by the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians. It is a canvas in the form of a trapezoid, attached to a horizontal rail. Ships with square sails go well only with a fair wind, so they were quickly changed to ships with slanting sails.

The oblique sail is located on the back side of the mast, to which it is attached with its leading edge. Ships with slanting sails sail well both under a fair wind and under a sharp course to the wind. Oblique sails, in turn, are divided into:

Latin.

Gaff sails.

Cleavers and staysails.

Classification by number of masts

Single masted sailing yachts.

Double masted yachts.

Multi-masted yachts.

The mast is part of the sailing rig. It is a vertical ship structure, which is usually supported with special guy wires. Masts were made mainly from coniferous wood.

Masts in the modern world

On large modern ships that do not have sailing equipment, the masts have lost their main function and are used for other purposes:

To carry the national attributes of their country (flag and coat of arms).

To carry identification marks about the current state of the ship (quarantine on board, fire on board, drill, etc.).

For installation of various lighting signal signs.

To install some sound signaling devices.

In order to pay tribute to the state in whose waters the ship is currently located. The national flag of this country is set on the mast.

If there is a dead person on board, then the national flag is flown at half mast as a sign of mourning and tribute to his memory.

Mast types

Foremast. This is the very first mast, counting from the bow of the ship.

Main mast. It is the second structure of this type from the bow of the ship. On two-three-masted ships, it is also the highest.

Mizzen mast. The stern mast, which on any ship is the last one from the bow.

What types of water vehicles are there?

Classification of sailboats by type of hull:

Wooden.

Plastic.

Steel.

Classification of sailing ships by the number of hulls:

Single-hull

Double-hulled (sailing catamarans)

Trihull (sailing trimarans).

And finally, the classification of sailing ships depending on the use of the keel:

Keel yachts (on such vessels they use a heavy one, which can significantly reduce the drift of the vessel and lower the center of gravity).

Dinghy boats (a special daggerboard is installed on such yachts, if necessary, it can be raised and the draft of the vessel can be reduced).

Compromise yachts (they use intermediate design solutions between dinghies and keel structures).

Vessel variety

Names of sailing ships should be listed.

Aak is a small, single-masted, flat-bottomed vessel designed to carry small loads.

A bark is a large ship with three to five masts. The ship is mainly equipped with straight sails, only one oblique is fixed on the aft mast.

Barkentina - sea three-five-masted sailing ship. Most masts are equipped with slanting sails. Only the bow structure has a straight sail.

A brig is a two-masted ship with direct sailing equipment on the mainmast and foremast and a slanting gaff sail on the mainsail.

A brigantine is a light two-masted vessel with slanting sails on the mainmast and straight sails on the foremast, this type of sailing rig is called mixed.

Galleon - a large multi-deck naval vessel with powerful artillery weapons. Galleons were intended for long-distance sea voyages and battles. Such sailing ships were quite fast and maneuverable and made up the bulk of the Spanish and English fleets.

Dzhonka - a wooden two-four-masted vessel, which was used mainly in Southeast Asia and was intended for river or coastal sea freight transport.

Iol is a two-masted vessel with slanting sails and the position of the aft mast behind the rudder axis.

Caravel is a three-to-four-masted sea vessel with mixed sailing equipment, designed for sea voyages and significant cargo transportation.

Galley - this is the name of almost all sailing and rowing ships, they were used in antiquity. In addition to sailing weapons, they had one or two rows of rows.

Karakka is a large three-masted ship used for commercial and military purposes. The ship could have up to three decks and had an impressive cannon armament.

Katch is a small two-masted vessel. It differs by the location of the aft mast in front of the rudder axis.

A frigate is a military three-masted ship with full sailing equipment. The classic frigate was created in France in the middle of the eighteenth century and was a light, maneuverable vessel with good weapons.

Flute is a good sea sailing vessel designed for military transport purposes. Due to the fact that the length of this ship was several times its width, the flute could go quite steeply into the wind, and this gave him a significant advantage over other, less maneuverable ships.

A sloop is a military three-masted ship sailing under direct sails. Used as a patrol and vehicle.

Schooner - a light sailing vessel that had at least two masts with slanting sails. Schooners are very easy to manage. They were mainly used for various commercial traffic.

Yacht

Initially, sailing yachts were fast and light vessels used to transport high-ranking people. Subsequently, a yacht began to be called any or simply a sailing vessel intended for tourist or sporting purposes.

The first yachts appeared in the eighteenth century. They were quite fast and comfortable, which is why rich people preferred this type of sea transport. Modern sailing yachts have an outboard motor that makes it easy to maneuver in port and sail at low speed even during complete calm. They are divided into cruising (there is a cabin on board), pleasure and racing.

Buy in the store

Today, many historical sailboats no longer exist and have remained only on the pages of adventure novels and in pictures in magazines and books. But don't get too upset. In the store you can buy craft designed for themed decor. There are also special kits and manuals for assembling sailing ships with your own hands. It is worth noting that collecting ship models is a very entertaining hobby that is gaining momentum in Russia.

The most famous and legendary sailing ships, photos and models of which are popular:

Bark "Endeavour" is the famous ship of James Cook, on which he sailed to the then unexplored shores of Australia and New Zealand.

"Neva" and "Nadezhda" are two sloops that for the first time in Russian history circumnavigated the world.

"Prince" - an English frigate that sank in 1854 in the Black Sea after a catastrophic storm. He gained popularity thanks to rumors about the sunken treasures that he was transporting.

"Mary Rose" - the flagship military of the English King Henry the Eighth, which tragically sank in 1545.

"Great Republic" - the largest clipper ship of the nineteenth century, which was built by the famous shipbuilder Donald McKay.

Ariel is a British clipper ship that became famous due to the fact that in 1866 it won the famous "tea race" from China to London.

"Adventure" is the ship of one of the most famous pirates - Captain William Kidd.

Conclusion

The era of sailing ships was a truly exciting time of adventure and romance. Sailing ships took part in numerous naval battles, sailed to uncharted shores and transported priceless treasures, with which a great many legends are associated. A huge number of literary works are devoted to ships of this type. Based on historical events and mystical stories involving sailing models, many famous adventure films have been shot.

Barque

Bark - a three-five-masted large sea sailing ship for the carriage of goods with direct sails on all masts, except for the stern (mizzen mast), which carries oblique sailing equipment. The largest barges that are still in service are Sedov (Murmansk), Kruzenshtern (Kaliningrad).

Barquentine

Barkentina (schooner-bark) - a three-five-masted (sometimes six-masted) sea sailing vessel with slanting sails on all masts except for the fore (foremast) carrying direct sails. Modern steel barkentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.

Brig

A brig is a two-masted ship with a straight foremast and mainmast sailing, but with one oblique gaff sail on the mainsail - a mainsail-gaf-trysel. In literature, especially fiction, authors often call this sail a counter-mizzle, but it should be remembered that a ship with a brig's sailing armament does not have a mizzen mast, which means there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-gaf-trysel is exactly the same the same as the counter-mizzen frigate.

Brigantine

The brigantine is a light and fast vessel with the so-called mixed sailing armament - straight sails on the front mast (fore mast) and oblique sails on the back (main mast). In the XVI-XIX centuries, two-masted brigantines, as a rule, were used by pirates. Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast armed like a brig and a mainmast with slanting sails, like a schooner - a main trisel and a topsail. A brigantine with a Bermuda grotto apparently does not exist in our time, although there are references to the very fact of their existence.

Galleon

Galleon - a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with a fairly strong artillery armament, used as a military and commercial ship. The galleons were most famous as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The galleon is the most advanced type of sailing vessel that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and caracques (naves) and was intended for long-distance ocean travel.

Junk

Dzhonka is a two-to-four-masted wooden sailing cargo vessel for river and coastal sea navigation, common in Southeast Asia. In the era of the sailing fleet, D. were used for military purposes; goods are transported on modern D., often they are also used for housing. D. have a small draft, carrying capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristic features - very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, quadrangular sails made of mats and bamboo slats.

Iol

Iol is a type of two-masted sailing ship with slanting sails. The position of the aft mast (behind the rudder axis) Iol differs from the ketch, in which the aft mast is in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have Iola-type sailing equipment.

Caravel

Caravel is a 3-4 masted single-deck universal sailing wooden ship capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had a slanting sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492, Columbus made a transatlantic voyage on 3 caravels. In addition to seaworthiness, caravels had a high carrying capacity.

Karakka

Karakka is a large trading or military sailing three-masted vessel of the 16th-17th centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament 30-40 guns. The ship could accommodate up to 1200 people. The ship had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. The type of such a vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 Carrack "Victoria" from the expedition of Magellan for the first time circumnavigated the world. For the first time, cannon ports were used on karakka and guns were placed in closed batteries.

Ketch

Ketch, ketch (eng. ketch), a two-masted sailing vessel with a small aft mast located ahead of the rudder axle. Sailing rigs of the K type (Bermuda or hafel) are used by some fishing vessels and large sports yachts.

flutes

Flute - a type of sailing vessel that had the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* Topmasts invented in 1570 were introduced into the rigging
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards became shortened, which made it possible to make sails narrow and easy to maintain and reduce the overall number of the top crew.

The first flute was built in 1595 in the city of Horn, the center of shipbuilding in Holland, in the Zsider Zee.
Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport ships. During the XVI-XVIII centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position on all seas.

Frigate

A frigate is a three-masted military ship with full sailing armament and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes of sailing ships in terms of characteristics. Frigates originate from light and fast ships used for raids in the English Channel since about the 17th century. With the growth of navies and their range, the characteristics of the Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light, fast ship capable of independent action. The classic frigates of the sailing age were created in France in the middle of the 18th century. These were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with about two to three dozen 12-18 pounder guns on one gun deck. In the future, the displacement and power of the weapons of the frigates grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pound guns.

Sloop

Sloop (small corvette) - a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with direct sailing weapons. Displacement up to 900 tons. Armament 10-28 guns. It was used for sentinel and messenger services and as a transport and expeditionary vessel. In addition, a sloop is a type of sailing rig - one mast and two sails - front (staysail with Bermuda rigging, jib with direct rigging) and rear (respectively, mainsail and foresail).

Schooner

Schooner - a type of sailing vessel with at least two masts with slanting sails. According to the type of sailing armament, schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and brahmsail. Bramsel schooner differs from the topsail schooner by the presence of a bram-topmast and another additional direct sail - a bramsel. At the same time, in some cases, the topsail and topsail two-masted schooners (especially with a brief) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails (hafel or Bermuda), a schooner can also be a topsail (bramsel). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America.

Yacht

A yacht is originally a light, fast vessel for the transport of important people. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or motor-sail vessel intended for sports or tourist purposes. The most common are sailing yachts.

Modern use of the term Yacht.
In modern usage, the term Yacht means two distinct classes of craft: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from work vessels mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or moving at low speed in the absence of wind.

Sailing yachts

Sailing yachts are divided into cruising, having a cabin, and designed for long trips and racing, pleasure and racing - for sailing in the coastal zone. According to the shape of the hull, keel yachts are distinguished, in which the bottom goes into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents it from drifting (drifting) when sailing, shallow-draught (dinghing dinghies), with a retractable keel (daggerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and retractable keel. There are two-hull yachts - catamarans and three-hull yachts - trimarans. Yachts are single- and multi-masted with different sailing equipment.

The types of sailing equipment are quite diverse and depend mainly on the conditions in which the ship will sail, and on its size. The armament of sailing ships differs mainly in the shape of the main sails.

Large sailing ships wore (and still wear) the so-called straight sails. They have the shape of a trapezoid and rise on horizontal rails, located symmetrically to the mast and in front of it. Under such sails, the ship goes well only with a fair wind; it can go to the wind only at a large angle - about 60-70. On sports yachts, direct sails are not used as the main ones, but on large cruisers, sometimes a direct additional sail, called a brief, is put on a fair course.

Sports sailing yachts are armed exclusively with oblique sails, which are located on one (rear) side of the mast and are attached to it with the leading edge. Skewed sails provide much better upwind power than straight sails.

There are several types of slanting sails.

The quadrangular gaff sail (Fig. 12, c and 13, a) has a hafel-sloping spar tree, one end resting on the mast. The upper luff (edge) of the sail is attached to the gaff. The front luff of the sail is attached to the mast, and the lower one is attached to the boom, a horizontal spar, which is connected with a swivel (hinge). connected to the mast. A variation of the gaff sail is the guari sail with a very long hafel (often longer than the boom and even the mast) standing almost vertically.

Currently, double-screws are used very rarely.

On small yachts, mainly on open sailing dinghys, sometimes they put rake or sprit sails. Their hafel is replaced by a rail, to which the upper luff of the sail is tied, and its front end freely goes forward behind the mast (Fig. 12, a), or by a sprint - a pole that stretches the sail, resting the lower end against the mast, and the upper end against the corner sails diagonally, as on the children's dinghy "Optimist" (Fig. 12, b).

About 40-50 years ago, almost all yachts were armed with gaff sails. Now they use triangular Bermuda sails that are easier to handle and provide better traction.

The Bermuda sail (Fig. 12, d) does not have a gaff, which makes it easier to set up. Its front luff is attached to the mast, and the lower one, like that of a gaff sail. - to the boom.

According to the number of masts, yachts are divided into single-masted and double-masted. Single-masted ships are cat, sloop and tender; with a two-masted-iol, ketch and schooner. Sports yachts rarely have more than two masts. Exceptional in the practice of racing was the participation in the races of singles across the Atlantic in 1972 of the three-masted staysail yacht-schooner "Vandredi 13" with a length of 39 m and a windage of about 100 m2.

The cat has one mast and one sail, called the mainsail. The cat's mast is relatively close to the bow. Kat is a very simple weapon, but it is used only on small yachts - sail up to 8-10 m2. With a larger windage, it is inconvenient - the sail turns out to be high, therefore, the force of wind pressure on the Sails is applied relatively high. The yacht has to be made wide, with increased stability.

In the USSR and in most European countries, the ket (Fig. 12) is the dominant armament of single racing dinghies, which is controlled by one person (for example, dinghies of the OK, Optimist and Finn classes).

To reduce the sail height and increase the stability of small and medium-sized yachts (sail up to 60 m2), they are most often armed with a sloop (Fig. 13).

A sloop is a weapon in which the yacht, in addition to the mainsail, carries another front sail, called a staysail. The sloop can be hafel or Bermuda.

The Bermuda sloop is now the most common rig for small to medium sized yachts. Among the Bermuda sloops, two varieties can be distinguished: a normal Bermuda sloop (or, as it is often called, "three-quarters", since the staysail usually reaches 75-80% of the height of the mast) and the Bermuda sloop with a top staysail (the staysail rises along the forestay going to the top of the mast). The first variety is typical for racing, and the second - for cruising and racing yachts (Fig. 13, b and c). The gap between the mast and staysail is called the front triangle.

Rice. 14 Tenders"
A - hafel, B - bermuda

When the windage is more than 60-80m2, it is divided between a large number of sails. Then they use a type of weapon called a tender. The tender (Fig. 14) carries two or more headsails in the forward triangle, which is what differs from the sloop. These sails are called: staysail (closest to the mast below), jib (in front of the staysail) and jib-topsail (or flying) which is placed at the very top of the mast.

Tenders, like sloops, can be hafel and Bermuda. Hafel tenders most often have a mast that is not solid, but consists of two parts: a mast and a topmast (an extension to the mast from above, which can be lowered).

Two-masted rigs (Fig. 15) are used on large cruising yachts, where it is important to have an even lower windage than tenders to reduce roll. In addition, the distribution of the total windage over several sails makes it easier for the crew to work with them, which is especially important on long-distance yachts. The purely marine advantages of two-masted yachts are very great: by removing certain sails, you can immediately reduce the windage, and by combining these sails, you can adapt to a wide range of wind forces without taking reefs.

Not very large cruising yachts (50-100 m2) in most cases are armed with iol or ketch. The Iol has a short rear mast (mizzen mast) which is mounted behind the rudder head. The sail on this mast is called a mizzen. Iols can be both gaffed and Bermuda. Note that for all two-masted yachts with oblique sails, the type of armament is determined by the shape of the mainsail. - gaff or bermuda The mizzen area on the yol usually makes up 8-10% of the total sail area of ​​the yacht.

Rice. 15. Two-masted yachts.
A - Bermuda iol; b - staysail cache. B - gaff schooner; G - Bermuda staysail schooner

The ketch differs from the yol in a larger mizzen, having an area of ​​​​15-25% of the total windage, and in that the mizzen mast is ahead of the rudder head.

Like iol, ketch can be Bermuda or hafel. Sometimes a catch has a mainsail without a boom, with a clew located at the top of the mizzen mast. The lower gap is then filled with a large mizzen staysail. Such keches are called staysails (Fig. 15, b). A mizzen staysail can also be in an ordinary catch or iol, only in this case it must be removed when shifting the mainsail from one side to the other.

On iols, the mizzen is more of an air rudder than a sail, in addition, in some cases, the iol is more convenient in terms of crew work on deck and visibility for the helmsman.

The schooner has a rear mast higher than or equal to the front one. The forward mast of a two-masted schooner is called the fore mast, and the rear mast is called the main mast. The sails are called the fore and main, respectively. Schooners, like other yachts, can be hafel and Bermuda. Bermuda schooners are often armed with a gaff fore (at the same height as the Bermuda forefoot, it can have a larger sail area than the latter). There is a kind of Bermuda schooner - staysail schooner (Fig. 15, d). This schooner does not have a foresail. The gap between the fore and main masts (an inter-mast quadrangle) is filled with one or more oblique triangular sails. As a rule, the largest yachts are armed with schooners - with a sail area of ​​more than 150-200 m 2.