Традиции ирландии на английском языке с переводом. Ireland
Ireland is an island on the west side of Europe. The capital of Ireland is Dublin. There are about 5 million people in the Republic of Ireland. It is a small country but a lot of people know about it. In many countries there are Irish priests and nuns.
People left Ireland to find work in those countries and they stayed there. All over the world there are people with Irish blood.
The country is in two parts. The larger part, the Republic of Ireland, is in the south. The smaller part of Ireland, Northern Ireland, is part of the United Kingdom and its big city is Belfast. Like a lot of other countries, Ireland had sad and difficult times, but it had good times too. The Irish are kind and polite people, they welcome strangers. The Irish love to talk. Ireland is a beautiful country with fine lakes, tall mountains and attractive beaches. It has two great rivers. It is a very green country. It is green partly because it rains too much.
Ireland is a country of good butter, good beer and good horses. People come from all over the world to buy Irish horses, from Europe, from America, from Arab countries and from the Far East. Ireland also has its manufacturing industry.
Ирландия (перевод)
Ирландия — остров на западе Европы. Столица Ирландии — Дублин. Население Республики Ирландии составляет более 5 миллионов человек. Это маленькая страна, но она известна многим людям. Во многих странах есть ирландские священники и монахи.
Люди покидали Ирландию, чтобы найти работу в других странах, и оставались там. По всему миру разбросаны люди с ирландской кровью.
Страна состоит из двух частей. Большая часть, Ирландская Республика, находится на юге. Меньшая часть Ирландии, Северная Ирландия, — часть Соединенного Королевства, самый большой город там — Белфаст. Как и во многих других странах, в Ирландии были печальные и трудные времена, но хорошие времена были также. Ирландцы добрые и вежливые люди, они хорошо встречают незнакомцев. Ирландцы любят поболтать. Ирландия — прекрасная страна с красивыми озерами, большими горами и привлекательными пляжами. Здесь находятся две большие реки. Это очень зеленая страна. Она зеленая отчасти потому, что здесь идет много дождей.
Ирландия — страна хорошего масла, пива и лошадей. Люди со всего мира приезжают покупать ирландских лошадей: из Европы, Америки, арабских стран и с Дальнего Востока. Ирландия также известна обрабатывающей промышленностью.
1. Great Britain consists of three parts, the United Kingdom consists of four parts.2. Britain’s nearest neighbour island is Northern Ireland.
3. The United Kingdom also includes the remainder of the island of Ireland and small islands.
4. The surface of Great Britain consists of highlands and lowlands broken by low ranges of hills.
5. The United Kingdom lies on a continental shelf and is washed by the North Sea, the English Channel, as well as by the warm ocean current, the Gulf Stream.
6. Great Britain has been many centuries in the making.
7. The territory of Britain was conquered by Angles, Saxes, Jutes, Vikings and Normans.
8. England which was waging colonial wars for many centuries, was also the first country where capitalism was established.
9. The United Kingdom is a highly developed industrial country, a producer and exporter of different goods.
10. The powers of the sovereign are limited by the Parliament
БРИТАНИЯ И БРИТАНЦЫ
NORTHERN IRELAND (2)
Northern Ireland is the smallest part of the United Kingdom. It occupies only one sixth of its territory, and it is situated on the northeast of the island Ireland. The name «Ulster» is sometimes used as equivalent to Northern Ireland, because there are six of the nine countries of the historic province of Ulster. Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland.
For many centuries Ireland was a colony of Britain. As a result of the hard struggle of the Irish people for independence the larger part of Ireland (26 countries) gained the status of a British dominion in 1921. In 1949 it was officially proclaimed an independent state, the Irish Free State of Eire. The northeast of Ireland was retained by
Great Britain as its smallest component. But certain forces of both the Irish Republic and Northern Ireland are for the reunification of the country, against social deprivation which is at its worst among Catholics. They believe that British withdrawal from Ireland is the only way to achieve peace.
In November 1985, the British and Irish governments made a new political agreement on Northern Ireland, the Anglo-Irish Agreement. It gives the Republic of Ireland a voice in the administration of Northern Ireland, and the Irish government recognizes that there will only be a United Ireland if a majority of people in Ulster agrees to it.
There are low hills and peaks of rocks in the northwest of the island, while the northeast sector is a plateau. The Mourne Mountains in the southeast slope down to Lough Neagh, the largest lake in the British Isles. The rivers of Ireland are short, but deep. The largest river is the Shannon.
The population of Northern Ireland is about 1,5 million people. 53 per cent of the total population live in urban areas. The whole economy of Northern Ireland is closely integrated with that of Great Britain. The largest industry agriculture is, it occupies about 72 per cent of the land area.
Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland is the leading industrial centre and a large port. Its main industries are the production of linen"and other textiles, clothing, shipbuilding, engineering.
The Irish poets call Ireland «the Emerald Isle». It is all due to the green grass. The fact is that the winds usually blow in from the Atlantic Ocean and make the air and soil warm and damp. Grass grows well in such a climate and it makes the island look so beautiful.
QUESTIONS
1. Where Northern Ireland is situated?
2. What is the other name of Northern Ireland?
3. What do you know about Anglo-Irish Agreement?
4. What are the main industries of Northern Ireland?
5. What is the capital of Northern Ireland?
6. What are the lakes and rivers of Ireland?
VOCABULARY
Ulster - Ольстер (историческая область на севере острова Ирландия)
dominion - доминион (название стран Британской империи, что были формально суверенные и имели якобы равные права с Великобританией)
Eire - Эйр (другое название Ирландской Республики)
the Mourne Mountains - горы Морн
Lough Neagh - озеро Лox -Ней в Северной Ирландии
the Shannon - рікаШеннон
island - остров
reunification - воссоединение
deprivation - потери, збутки
withdrawal - отнятие, лишение
СЕВЕРНАЯ ИРЛАНДИЯ (2)
Северная Ирландия - это наименьшая часть Соединенного Королевства. Она занимает всего одну шестую всей территории и расположена на северо-востоке острова Ирландия. Название «Ольстер» иногда используется как эквивалент Северной Ирландии, потому что там находятся шесть из девяти городов исторической провинции Ольстер. Белфаст - столица Северной Ирландии.
В течение многих столетий Ирландия была колонией Великобритании. В результате тяжелой борьбы ирландского народа за независимость большая часть Ирландии (26 городов) в 1921 г. завоевала статус Британского доминиона. В 1949 г. она была провозглашена независимым государством, Ирландским независимым государством Эйр. А северо-восток Ирландии остался за Великобританией как ее маленький компонент. Но определенные силы Ирландской республики и Северной Ирландии выступают за воссоединение страны, против социальных потерь, особенно ощутимых среди католиков. Они верят, что единственный выход - это отключение от Британии.
В ноябре 1985 г. британское и ирландское правительства приняли новую политическую соглашение о Северную Ирландию - англо-ирландский договор. Она дает республике Ирландия голос в администрации Северной Ирландии, и ирландское правительство согласилось, что Ирландия снова объединится только в том случае, если большинство людей Ольстера согласится на это.
На северо-западе острова являются низкие холмы и скалистые вершины, тогда как северо-восточный сектор - равнинный. Горы Морн на юго-востоке плавно спускаются к озеру Лох-Ней, крупнейшего озера на Британских островах. Реки Ирландии короткие, но глубокие. Самая крупная река - Шеннон.
Население Северной Ирландии - более 1,5 миллиона человек. 53 % населения живет в пригородных районах. Вся экономика Северной Ирландии очень тесно взаимодействует с экономикой Великобритании. Основная отрасль промышленности - земледелие - занимает 72 % площади всей земли.
Белфаст - столица Северной Ирландии - ведущий индустриальный центр и крупный порт. Основная промышленность - это производство белья, текстиля, одежды, а также кораблестроения и инженерия.
Ирландские поэты называют Ирландию «изумрудным островом». Все благодаря зеленой траве. Дело в том, что ветры обычно дуют с Атлантического океана и смягчают и увлажняют землю и воздух. В таком климате трава хорошо растет, и остров выглядит просто впечатляюще.
Ireland Essay, Research Paper
IrelandIreland is an island country lying to the west of Great Britian. Itis separated from Great Britain by St. George’s Channel, the Irish Seaand the Northern Channel. At its greatest length, from northeast tosouthwest, it measures three hundred and two miles. The first humansettlements on the island on the northeastern edge of Europe were maderelatively late in European prehistory, about six thousand B.C. Itremained relatively uninhabited and uninvaded. The only knowledge ofthis Ireland is through references in Greek and Roman literature andpagan legends that survived into the Christian period. Sometime betweensix hundred and one hundred fifty B.C. Celtic peoples from westernEurope, Known as Gaels, invaded and subdued the inhabitants. The basic units of the Gaelic society were the tuatha, which werepetty kingdoms. They remained independent of each other but shared thesame common language, Gaelic. There were also a class of men calledbrehons, “who were learned in customary laws and helped topreserve throughout Ireland a uniform yet archaic social system.”(Grolier) One reason for the unique nature of their society was that theRomans, who had transformed the Celtic societies of Britain and othersocieties with their armies, roads, administrative system and townstructures, never tried to conquer Ireland. A result of Ireland’s isolation from RomanizedEurope was the development of a distinctive Celtic type of Christianity.While Saint Patrick introduced Latin Christianity into the country inthe fifth century, the system of bishops with territorial dioceses which wasmodeled on the Roman’s administrative system, it could not find securityin Ireland at the time.(Grolier) Though the independent tuath remainedthe basic unit of Gaelic secular society, the sovereign monastery becamethe basic unit of Celtic Christianity. During the sixth and seventhcenturies Irish monasteries were great centers of learning. Suchmissionaries as Saint Columba and Saint Columban were sent out to therest of Europe. While the rest of Europe was in the Dark Ages, thiswas Ireland’s golden age.(Grolier)In the late Eighth century, Vikings from Scandinavia began toraid Ireland. The other parts of Europe about this time wereresponding to the pressures of the invasions by developing the system offeudalism. However, the Gaelic society did not lend itself to suchdevelopments because it lacked the heritage of Roman law that providedthe framework for the feudal system.(Grolier) The complex and detailedkinship arrangements in which both property-holding and succession toleadership roles were regulated by brehon laws. This impaired theexchange of land for military service, a basic bargain underlying feudalsystems. Eventually, the Gaelic society managed to organize resistance. In1014, Irish forces led by King Brian Boru decisively defeated theVikings at the Battle of Contarf. King Brian was giving the title ” highking of Ireland “. (Grolier) During Brian’ s tenure (1002-14) his powerthroughout much of the island was insignificant. Without theinfrastructure of feudalism he was unable to make the transition fromsymbolic kingship to effective monarch, which was beginning in other partsof Europe.(Grolier) Though the Vikings were gone, they left their markupon the island by founding Ireland’s first cities, including
Dublin, Limerick and Waterford. The unity experienced under Brian had long disappeared by thetime Ireland faced her next challenge. It came from, the highly effectivefeudal monarchy founded by William the Conqueror after his invasion ofthat country in 1066 from Normandy (Grolier), England. In 1171,Henry II, a descendant of William, took advantage of a letter fromPope Adrian IV. It authorized Henry to make himself overlord ofIreland in order to bring the Irish Church more “in line with Romanstandards.”(Grolier) Many Anglo-Norman barons along with theirretainers had already seized large parts of Ireland when Henry himselfwent to the island accompanied by an army to receive formal submissionof those barons and most Irish Kings. In those areas where the Anglo-Norman barons settled andscattered the native Gaelic aristocracy, a feudal system was establishedsimilar to their native English and Norman lands. However, it was notan effective centralized monarchy like the Norman feudalism favoredin England. (Grolier) The English government was usually distractedand did issue much authority to the colony. Ireland was mainly dividedinto three concentric regions in this time: 1. Dublin and its immediatearea, it was the only area where the English exercised any authority; 2. a broad area of territories beyond Dublin which where semi-independent fiefs of the great Anglo-Norman lords; 3. territories on thewestern coast of Ireland that retained Gaelic customs and remainedcompletely outside of the English rule. (Grolier)The English colony in Ireland reached its peak in the earlyfourteenth century. The Gaelic society was enjoying a considerableresurgence. Not only by winning back territories from the colonists butthrough the change of the Anglo-Normans into an ” Anglo-Irish “aristocracy. As Anglo-Normans intermarried with the natives andadopted the Gaelic language and customs, they progressively became to be” more Irish than the Irish “. (Grolier – O’Brien,34)The Anglo-Norman conquest hurried reforms that brought theIrish church more in line with Roman standards. English legal practicesand civil administration were introduced. Additionally, an Irishparliament, modeled on the English one, was created in the latethirteenth century. (Grolier)By the end of the Middle Ages it became clear that the Anglo-Norman conquest was a failure. In the sixteenth century the Englishmonarchs, Henry VIII, Mary I and Elizabeth I, made concertedefforts to reconquer Ireland by use of military and by the establishment orplantation of colonies of English settlers upon the island.(O’Brien,36)However, Henry’s ties between the Church of England and the papacycomplicated the attempts of reconquest. In Ireland, unlike England,there was practically no inherent sympathy with the Protestantreformers among either the Gaelic-Irish or the Anglo-Irish.Consequently, the trans-formation of the Church of Ireland into aProtestant church was rejected overwhelming by the majority of thepopulation. (Grolier)
1. De Vere White, Terence. Ireland. New York: Walker and Company. 1968. 2. ” Ireland “. Collier’s Encyclopedia. volume 11, pages 131-144 1959 ed. 3. ” Ireland “. Encyclopedia Britannica .volume 12, pages 592-620 1951 ed. 4. ” Ireland, history of. medieval Ireland”. Grolier MultimediaEncyclopedia. Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. 1995 ed. 5. O’Brien, Elinor. The land and people of Ireland. Philadelphia & New York: JB Lippincott Co. 1953
One of the most beautiful islands in the world is situated near the north-western coast of Europe. Throughout the centuries, writers and poets sang of green meadows and wild mountains of Ireland. The country"s natural resources are very insignificant. There are no fields of coal, iron ore or oil on its territory. Ireland is famous for its food and textile industries, it is also rich in a peculiar Gaelic culture, which, with the waves of emigrants from this small country, has spread throughout the world.
The first conquerors of Ireland were the Celts, who divided the island into small principalities. Signs of Celtic culture remained in Irish folklore. These are heroic legends and wonderful stories about gods, heroes and battles. In 432, Saint Patrick brought Christianity to the country and became its patron. Ireland became one of the cultural centres of Europe. Literature, painting and science blossomed.
In 795, the peaceful life of the islanders was violated by the Vikings. Having conquered the island, they founded many settlements, including Dublin, the capital of Ireland. In the 12th century, the island was captured by the Normans. Later, to strengthen the power of England, the English monarchs Henry VIII, Elizabeth I and Jacob I settled on the lands of the Irish English and Scottish Protestants. The consequences of such policy we can see today: conflicts between Catholics and Protestants do not stop in Northern Ireland.
Irish communities on all continents preserve the customs of their homeland very carefully. In 1973, the Republic of Ireland joined the European Union. As a member of the Union, Ireland is gradually becoming a prosperous country regardless of Britain - a powerful neighbour and former ruler. Modern industry pressed traditional for Ireland textile industry and agriculture pressed modern industry.
The capital of the Republic of Ireland, the city of Dublin, stands on the River Liffey near the coast of the Irish Sea. It was founded by the Vikings in the IX century. Dublin"s cosy squares store an old architecture.
У северо-западных берегов Европы находится один из прекраснейших в мире островов. На протяжении веков писатели и поэты воспевали зеленые луга и дикие горы Ирландии. Природные ресурсы страны весьма незначительны. На ее территории нет месторождений угля, железной руды, нефти. Ирландия славится пищевой и текстильной промышленностью, богата она и своеобразной гэльской культурой, которая с волнами эмигрантов из этой маленькой страны распространилась по свету.
Первыми завоевателями Ирландии были кельты, разделившие остров на небольшие княжества. Следы культуры кельтов остались в ирландском фольклоре. Это героические легенды и чудесные истории о богах, героях и битвах. В 432 году святой Патрик принес в страну христианство и стал ее покровителем. Ирландия превратилась в один из культурных центров Европы. Расцвела литература, живопись и науки.
В 795 г. мирную жизнь островитян нарушили викинги. Завоевав остров, они основали много поселений, в том числе Дублин - нынешнюю столицу Ирландии. В ХII веке островом завладели норманны. Позже, чтобы укрепить власть Англии, английские монархи Генрих VIII, Елизавета I и Яков I поселили на землях ирландцев английских и шотландских протестантов. Последствия такой политики дают о себе знать и сегодня: в Северной Ирландии не прекращаются конфликты между католиками и протестантами.
Ирландские общины на всех материках бережно хранят обычаи своей родины. В 1973 году Республика Ирландия присоединилась к Европейскому Союзу. Как член Союза, Ирландия постепенно становится преуспевающей страной независимо от Великобритании - могущественного соседа и бывшего повелителя. Традиционную для Ирландии текстильную промышленность и сельское хозяйство потеснила современная индустрия.
