1 Cheops pyramid. pyramid of cheops egypt

The Pyramid of Cheops is a rare case in Egyptology when we can be sure exactly who owns the monument. Often the ancient monuments of Egypt were appropriated by later rulers. The appropriation technology was very simple - the name of the pharaoh-builder (cartouche) was simply confused with the inscriptions in the temple or in the tomb, and another name was knocked out.

This phenomenon was very common. Take, for example, the famous pharaoh Tutankhamen. Until 1922, when archaeologist Howard Carter unearthed , Egyptologists doubted the existence of this ruler. There was almost no written evidence about him, everything was destroyed by subsequent pharaohs.

In the 19th century, archaeologists often used very barbaric research methods. In the pyramid of Cheops, explosions of gunpowder were used to search for hidden rooms. You can still see traces of such methods on the surfaces of structures (see photo on the left).

During such research, small rooms were found above the main burial chamber. Explorers rushed there hoping to find treasure, but of course there was nothing there but dust.

These rooms, only 1 meter high, had a purely technical purpose. These are unloading chambers, they protect the ceiling of the burial chamber from collapse, and relieve the mechanical load. But it was on the walls of these unloading chambers that scientists discovered inscriptions made by ancient builders.

These were block markings. As we now put a label on a product, so the ancient Egyptian foremen marked the blocks: “A block such and such for the pyramid of Khufu, produced then, laid then.” These inscriptions cannot be fake, they prove that this building was built by Cheops.

A little about Pharaoh Cheops

In the last paragraph, we used the name "Khufu". This is the official Egyptian name of this pharaoh. Cheops is the Greek interpretation of his name, and not the most common. Other pronunciations of "Cheops" or "Kiops" are more common.

The name “Khufu” is more common in the world. If you are going on an excursion to Giza with a Russian-speaking guide, then there will be no problems, he will be aware of this phonetic difference. But, if you communicate with locals or tourists from other countries, we recommend using the name “Khufu”.

Although Pharaoh Khufu is one of them, it will not be possible to write much about him. We know very little about him.

In addition to the fact that this pyramid was built, we know that Khufu organized expeditions to develop useful resources in the Sinai Peninsula. That's all. Only two artifacts have survived from Khufu to this day - a giant pyramid 137 meters high and a small ivory figurine only 7.5 centimeters high (pictured right).

Pharaoh Cheops remained in the people's memory as a tyrant ruler who forced people to work on a grandiose construction. We can read about this in the works of the Greek historian Herodotus, who visited Egypt and wrote down the stories of the priests.

Surprisingly, his father, Pharaoh Snefru, remained in the people's memory as a very kind ruler, although he built as many as three pyramids ( and ) and overtaxed the country twice as much as Cheops.

The pyramid is called "Akhet-Khufu" - "Horizon of Khufu"(or more accurately " Pertaining to the sky - (this is) Khufu"). Consists of blocks of limestone, basalt and granite. It was built on a natural hill. Although the pyramid Cheops- the highest and most voluminous of all Egyptian pyramids, but still Pharaoh Sneferu built the pyramids in Meidum and Dahshut (Broken Pyramid and Pink Pyramid), the total mass of which is estimated at 8.4 million tons. This means that 2.15 million tons were used to build these pyramids. or 25.6% more material than was required for the pyramid of Cheops.

The pyramid was originally lined with white limestone, harder than the main blocks. The top of the pyramid was crowned with a gilded stone - a pyramidion. The cladding shone peach in the Sun, as if " a shining miracle to which the sun god Ra himself seemed to give all his rays". In 1168 AD e. The Arabs sacked and burned Cairo. Residents of Cairo removed the lining from the pyramid in order to build new houses.

pyramid structure

Strabo Caliph Abu Ja'far al-Ma'mun. He hoped to find the innumerable treasures of the pharaoh there, but found there only a layer of dust half a cubit thick.

Inside the pyramid of Cheops there are three burial chambers located one above the other.

Rice. 2. Cross section of the pyramid of Cheops: 1. Main entrance, 2. The entrance that Al-Mamoun made, 3. Crossroads, “traffic jam” and Al-Mamun tunnel made “bypassing” traffic jams, 4. Descending corridor, 5. Unfinished underground chamber – ( funeral « pit ”), 6. Ascending corridor, 7. “ Queen's Chamber» with outgoing « air ducts ”, 8. Horizontal tunnel, 9. Large gallery, 10. pharaoh's chamber with " air ducts ”, 11. Prechamber, 12. Grotto.

The entrance to the pyramid is located at a height of 15.63 meters on the north side.. The entrance is formed by stone slabs laid in the form of an arch. This entrance to the pyramid was sealed with a granite plug.. A description of this plug can be found in Strabo. Today, tourists get inside the pyramid through a 17 m gap, which was made in 820 by Caliph Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun. He hoped to find the pharaoh's innumerable treasures there, but found there only a layer of dust half a cubit thick.. Inside the pyramid of Cheops are three burial chambers . They are located one below the other - King's Chamber(pharaoh)", " Queen's Chamber», Unfinished underground chamber – (funeral « pit »).

Grotto, Grand Gallery and Chambers (Chamber) of the Pharaoh with a sarcophagus

Rice. 3. View King's chambers ( Rice. 2. - p. 10) with an empty sarcophagus. You can clearly see exactly fitted flat blocks of granite, from which the walls, floor and ceiling of this room are made. The empty granite sarcophagus is located asymmetrically in relation to the dimensions of the room.

Rice. 4. Large inclined Gallery(Fig. 2. - p. 9), leading to " Chamber of the King (Pharaoh)» (Fig. 2. - p. 11 and p. 10). The walls of the gallery are made inclined with narrowing upwards and have symmetrical protruding ledges. On the right and left sides of the passage on rectangular ledges, rectangular grooves are also clearly visible, located at an equal distance from each other. There are 28 pairs of these grooves in total. Since there are grooves, it means that something was definitely inserted there and, probably, was removed. However, the grooves could perform another function, which, to our regret, is not yet known.

Another branch from the lower part of the Grand Gallery is a narrow almost vertical shaft about 60 m high, leading to the lower part of the descending passage. There is an assumption that it was intended for the evacuation of workers or priests who completed " sealing » main passage to « King's chamber". Approximately in the middle of it there is a small, most likely natural extension - “ Grotto» ( Grotto) of irregular shape, in which several people could fit from strength. Grotto- (Fig. 2 - (12)) is located on " junction» masonry of the pyramid and a small, about 9 meters high, hill on a limestone plateau lying at the base of the Great Pyramid. The walls of the Grotto are partially reinforced with ancient masonry, and since some of its stones are too large, there is an assumption that the Grotto existed on the Giza plateau as an independent structure long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation shaft itself was built taking into account the location of the Grotto. However, taking into account the fact that the shaft was actually hollowed out in the already laid masonry, and not laid out, as evidenced by its irregular circular section, the question arises of how the builders managed to accurately reach the Grotto.

Big Gallery

Rice. 5. Black and white shot of the beginning Great Gallery ( Rice. 2. - p. 9) with a high step, at which stands a fellah. On the right and left, rectangular grooves along the lower part of the side walls of the gallery are clearly visible. 1910

The large gallery continues the ascending passage. Its height is 8.53 m, it is rectangular in cross section, with walls slightly tapering upward (the so-called “false vault”), a high inclined tunnel 46.6 m long. In the middle Grand gallery almost along the entire length, there is a square recess, regular in section, with dimensions 1 meter wide and 60 cm deep, and on both side protrusions there are 27 pairs of recesses of an incomprehensible purpose. The deepening ends with the so-called. " big step"- a high horizontal ledge, a platform of 1x2 meters, at the end of the Great Gallery, directly in front of the manhole in" hallway » - Anterior chamber ( king) (Fig. 2. - p. 11). The site has a pair of recesses similar to the recesses of the ramp, recesses at the corners near the wall ( 28th and last pair of recesses BG.). Through the "entrance hall" the manhole leads to the burial "Chamber of the King", lined with black granite, where an empty granite sarcophagus is located.

Above the "King's Chamber" are discovered in the XIX century. five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which lie monolithic slabs with a thickness of about 2 m, and above - a gable ceiling. Their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) in order to protect the "King's Chamber" from pressure. Graffiti has been found in these voids, probably left by workers.

Rice. 6. Isometric plan with cuts king's chamber. On the left, the upper end of the slope is visible. galleries with grooves on the sides, a rectangular step in front of the entrance and a hole into the King's chamber. Bottom right king's chamber granite sarcophagus on the right side of the chamber king. On the right, there is a rectangular shaft above the sarcophagus, which ends with an unloading gable " roof ”from granite blocks - “Above the“ King’s Chamber ”are discovered in the 19th century. five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which monolithic slabs with a thickness of about 2 m lie, and above - a gable ceiling.

Rice. 7. Black and white shot entrance and manhole from inside the King's Chamber. 1910

Ascending Corridor and Queen's Chambers

From the first third of the descending passage (after 18 m from the main entrance) upwards at the same angle of 26.5 ° there is an ascending passage to the south (Fig. 2. - p. 6 ) about 40 m long, ending in the lower part of the Great Gallery (Fig. 2. - p. 9 ).

Rice. 8. At its beginning, the ascending passage contains 3 large cubic granite “plugs”, which, from the outside, from the descending passage, were masked by a block of limestone that fell out accidentally during the work of Al-Mamun - (Fig. 2 - p. 3) Thus, the previous ones are approximately For 3 thousand years it was believed that in the Great Pyramid there were no other rooms, except for the descending passage and the underground chamber. Al-Ma'mun failed to break through these plugs, and he simply hollowed out a bypass in the softer limestone to the right of them. This passage is still in use today. There are two main theories about the plugs, one of them is that the ascending passage has plugs installed at the beginning of construction and thus this passage was sealed by them from the very beginning. The second asserts that the present narrowing of the walls was caused by an earthquake, and the plugs were previously located within the Great Gallery and were used to seal the passage only after the burial of the pharaoh. An important mystery of this section of the ascending passage is that in the place where the traffic jams are now located, in a full-sized, albeit shortened model of the pyramid's passages - the so-called. test corridors north of the Great Pyramid - there is a junction of not two, but three corridors at once, the third of which is a vertical tunnel. Since no one has been able to move the traffic jams so far, the question of whether there is a vertical hole above them remains open. In the middle of the ascending passage, the construction of the walls has a peculiarity: the so-called “frame stones” are installed in three places - that is, the passage, square along the entire length, pierces through three monoliths. The purpose of these stones is unknown..

A horizontal corridor 35 m long and 1.75 m high leads to the second burial chamber from the lower part of the Great Gallery in a southerly direction. The second chamber is traditionally called« Queen's Chamber”, although according to the rite, the wives of the pharaohs were buried in separate small pyramids. " Queen's Chamber”, lined with limestone, has 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; its maximum height is 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.

Rice. 9. Plan in isometry with sections chambers of the Queen(Fig. 2 - item 7). Shown on the left stepped niche in the cell wall. Right horizontal entrance in the Queen's Chamber. Above the walls of the Chamber of the Queen there are stone blocks in the form of a gable roof to relieve pressure on the chamber. Schematically shows the channels "air ducts" coming out of the chamber.

Rice. 10. Type of entrance into a stepped niche from chambers of the Queen(Fig. 2 - item 7).

Rice. 11. Black and white image of the entrance to the Queen's Chamber from the inclined Gallery (Fig. 2 - p. 8). 1910

ventilation ducts

From " King's chambers" (Fig. 2 - item 10) and " Queen's chambers"(Fig. 2 - item 7) in the northern and southern directions (first horizontally, then obliquely upwards) the so-called" ventilation » channels with a width in diameter - 20-25 cm. At the same time, the channels « King's chambers», known since the 17th century, through, they are open both from below and from above (on the faces of the pyramid), while the lower ends of the channels " Queen's chambers"separates about 13 cm from the surface of the wall, they were discovered by tapping in 1872. The upper ends of these channels do not reach the surface of the side faces of the Cheops pyramid.. The end of the southern channel is closed with stone " doors", discovered in 1993 using the remote-controlled robot "Upuaut II". In 2002, with the help of a new modification of the robot " door” was drilled, but a small cavity was discovered behind it and another “ door». What's next is still unknown.. Versions are currently being expressed that the purpose of " ventilation » channels is of a religious nature and is associated with the ideas of the Egyptians about the afterlife journey of the soul.

Funeral "pit"

A descending corridor 105 m long, going at an inclination of 26° 26'46, leads to a horizontal corridor (Fig. 2. - point 4) 8.9 m long leading to the chamber (Fig. 2. - point 5), named Funeral "pit". Located below ground level, in a rocky limestone base, it remained unfinished. The dimensions of the chamber are 14 × 8.1 m, it is elongated from east to west. The height of the chamber reaches 3.5 m. At the southern wall of the chamber there is a well about 3 m deep, from which a narrow manhole (0.7 × 0.7 m in cross section) stretches southward for 16 m, ending in a dead end. Engineers John Shae Perring and Howard Vyse in the early 19th century dismantled the floor in the cell and dug a deep well 11.6 m deep in which they hoped to find a hidden burial room. They were based on the evidence of Herodotus, who claimed that the body of Cheops was on an island surrounded by a channel in a hidden underground chamber. Their digs came up with nothing.. Later research showed that the chamber was abandoned unfinished, and burial chambers it was decided to arrange in the center of the pyramid itself.

Rice. 12. Black and white image of the interior " underground» cameras. 1910. Half of the fellah's body is visible on the left, leaning out of the passage into the cell.

COMMENT:

Now we can show on the plan the Pyramid of Cheops in the matrix of the Universe the position " Libra in h ale Judgment of Maat over the hearts of Ab (Ab)Living creatures". Figure 13 shows a section of the Cheops pyramid according to Weiss. It is more accurate than the one shown in Figure 2 from the free encyclopedia Wikipedia.

Rice. 13. Section of the pyramid Cheops (Khufu, Khufu) in Giza. By Weiss.

Rice. 14. The figure shows the result of combining the section of the pyramid of Cheops (according to Weiss) in Giza with " energy matrix of the universe ”or simply the matrix of the Universe. This drawing is similar to Figure 8 from our work - Amon-Ra discovered the secret of the original plan of the premises in the pyramid of Cheops. All the main elements of the section of the pyramid of Cheops are located in the Lower World of the matrix of the Universe. The top of the vault above king's chamber» aligned with the third position from the left on the 7th level, the base « King's chambers» with the sarcophagus was combined with the 10th level. Foundation " Queen's chambers"- with the 12th level, the base of the pyramid - with the 14th level. Entrance to the gallery - with the 13th level, the passage to " lower horizon"in the rocky base of the pyramid - with the 14th level, and he" lower horizon” aligned with the 17th level of the Nether matrix. The remaining elements of combining the plan of the section of the pyramid with the matrix of the Universe are clearly visible in the figure. Side angles of the pyramid Khufu and matrix pyramids are clearly different. Right side of the pyramid section Khufu facing north and the left side facing south.

Now compatible with the matrix of the Universe Egyptian pattern of weighing the heart Ab (Ab) from our work - The Mystery of the Tombstone by the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova together with the plan of the pyramid section Khufu, which is shown in the previous figure 14.

In the well-known Egyptian The myth of Osiris « council of the gods» in the retinue of Osiris ( Asar) was called - " pout – Paut". Their total number was - 42. « council of the gods"helped Osiris analyze and evaluate the deeds of a deceased person for a lifetime. The number 42 exactly corresponds to the sum of the "positions" of 13, 14 and 15 levels – 13+14+15 = 42 - The lower world of the matrix of the Universe. In the same area of the matrix of the Universe was located " Hall Double » Maati (Goddess of Truth and Truth), where on the scales it was weighed " a heart » – Ab - Ab – (aspects of the creature's soul). Placed on one scale feather maati, and on the other scale was placed " a heart » Ab. If a " a heart » Ab turned out to be harder Feather Maati ", or Maat herself with open arms on the scales, ( the creature sinned a lot), then this heart " ate " creature Ammit with the head and half of the body of a crocodile, and the back half of the body of a hippo.

Rice. 16. The figure shows the result of joint combination in the matrix of the Universe of the pyramid plan Khufu and an Egyptian drawing of a scene weighing the heart » « Ab". It is clearly seen that the vertical axis of the scales is aligned with the vertical axis of the matrix pyramid and the section of Khufu's pyramid, and the transverse crossbar of the scales is aligned with the 14th level of the Lower World of the Universe matrix, which is also the base of Khufu's pyramid on a rocky plateau. The remaining details of the combination are visible in the figure.

Now, on top of this drawing, we write the word in Egyptian hieroglyphs Paut (Paut), which will show us the location area in the matrix of 42 gods - advisers to Osiris.

Rice. 17. The figure shows the entry of the word POUT – PAUT Egyptian hieroglyphs into the Lower World of the matrix of the Universe, which " determine Osiris (Asar). The lower hieroglyph in the form of a "circle with a square inside" defines » in the matrix of the Universe, the location of 42 gods - advisers Osiris (Asar). Hieroglyph T(t) aligned with the Queen's chamber. Hieroglyph U(U) practically occupied the entire space from the base of the King's Chamber to the sharp top of a rectangular shaft above the sarcophagus in the King's Chamber. The shaft ends with an unloading gable " roof ”from granite blocks - “Above the“ King’s Chamber ”are discovered in the 19th century. five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which lie monolithic slabs with a thickness of about 2 m, and above - a gable ceiling. The position of the remaining hieroglyphs is clearly visible in the figure. Assuming that the word pout (Paut) was for the priests of Egypt one of the " prayer words » inside the pyramid of Cheops, such as when they were indoors king's chamber in front of the sarcophagus, which could simply be opened, then such a rite can be called an appeal to the council 42 gods - assistants of Osiris (Asar). Wherein Pyramid of Khufu, as " resonant device ” similarly translated the words of prayer into the matrix of the Universe. If an Egyptian word is added to the words of the prayer appeal of the priests Paauta meaning like " creature male» so and « creature woman”(Fig. 13) from our work - Who are you Russians, and we know who! , then you get the following meaningful prayer appeal, for example, - “ We pray to Osiris and his advice to the gods (pout) about sending forgiveness and blessings to the soul of the King - Pharaoh and/or to his close associates for future incarnation into a human being - (Paauta)". Wherein Pyramid of Khufu again, as " resonant device ” similarly translated the words of prayer into the matrix of the Universe. With the seeming fantasticness of our assumption, it may correspond to the true state of affairs, and determine the true purpose of construction pyramids of Khufu. Probably other Egyptian pyramids too. This is indicated by the surprisingly accurate results of combining the plan of the Khufu pyramid, Egyptian drawings and Egyptian words written in hieroglyphs into the matrix of the Universe. Additional " resonant devices ", which could be installed in the grooves of the inclined Gallery, strengthened" Effect » such a connection. Thus, all Pyramid of Khufu and its specific interior spaces constituted a single " resonant device » to contact « subtle worlds of the Universe and their inhabitants. The priests of ancient Egypt were wise scientists, possessed sacred knowledge, and, for sure, knew how to work with it even " hermetically sealed » « resonant device ". Today, with a large number of destruction - changes in the parameters of the resonant device » its quality can be « broken or worsened ».

Figure 18 shows the result of writing the Egyptian hieroglyphs of the word Paauta (Paauta) - "being a man" into the matrix of the Universe and comparing it with the Sanskrit entry of the word Jiva Loka - " space jiv - shower» in the matrix of the Universe.

Rice. 18. This is how the Egyptian priests understood what “ Creature Man". On the right in the figure, an ancient hieroglyphic inscription is shown. Paut - Paauta – Paauta – « Creature Man". It was enough to change the last hieroglyph to the image of a woman and the hieroglyphic record would be read - “ Creature Woman", and it would also sound - Paut - Paauta – Paauta. On the left in the picture is written in Sanskrit the word - Jiva Loka- space Shower - Jiv in the matrix of the Universe. Comparing the hieroglyphic notation on the right and the Sanskrit notation on the left, we see that the top hieroglyph Pa (Pa) in the form of a bird with open wings means the possibility Souls - Jivas rise above the former space and rush further into the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe. Egyptian priests knew about this possibility for Souls - Jivas, which the Lord gave her, and reflected it in hieroglyphic text.

The Pyramid of Cheops is one of the seven wonders of the world and the only one that has survived to this day. Cheops is the ancient Greek name of the Egyptian pharaoh, for whom the pyramid was erected as a tomb. in 2580 BC. The ancient Egyptian name for this pharaoh was Chufu. The pyramid is called Akhet-Khufu" which means "Horizon of Khufu". Became an architect Hemiun who was the nephew of Cheops. Construction took twenty years.

Location of the pyramid of Cheops

The first of the seven wonders of the world located southwest of Cairo, the capital of Egypt. The Pyramid of Cheops is one of the pyramids of the Giza Necropolis. Giza is a rocky plateau on which a large necropolis was built during the 4th Dynasty. The structure of the necropolis included several cemeteries, rock tombs, temples, a village of builders and Sphinx. The three great pyramids of Giza are worn names of pharaohsCheops, Khafre and Menkaure.

Description and dimensions

The pyramid has a square base. The sides of the pyramid were originally 230 meters and the height 150 meters. Currently, due to erosion, the size of the pyramid has slightly decreased. This pyramid is the largest of all the pyramids ever built on Earth, regardless of civilization and time. The total weight of the Cheops pyramid is estimated at about 6.25 million tons. The burial chamber is located below ground level and a 105-meter inclined corridor leads to it. Chamber size 14*8.1 meters, height 3.5 meters.

Construction work and materials

The stones of the Cheops pyramid are composed of basalt, limestone or granite. They were originally covered with a top layer of polished Tura limestone, which, however, for the most part has not survived to this day. The pyramid is built from cuboid stone blocks of various sizes, each of which weighs an average of 2.5 tons. In total, to create such an impressive structure, it took near2.3 million stone blocks. The work was carried out without any complicated mechanisms.

Inside, the pyramid is very different from its sister pyramids at Giza, as well as from other pyramids in Egypt. P Iramid of Cheops is the only pyramid with three burial chambers. In addition, this Egyptian pyramid has ventilation duct around which many myths have formed.

Side concavity

The pyramid has four sides that look perfectly straight, but are actually divided from top to bottom into two equal parts. Therefore, the pyramid of Cheops has eight sides. But this feature is very weakly expressed and is visible only at a time when the sun's rays illuminate both sides from the north and south. At these moments it can be seen that these one half of the side of the pyramid is in the shade, and the other in the sun.

Today the pyramid of Cheops is included in UNESCO heritage list and attracts the attention of tourists and archaeologists from all over the world. It is still fraught with a lot of secrets and mysteries. There are narrow tunnels inside the pyramid, the purpose of which is still unknown..

Cheops Pyramid Complex Khafre Mikerin and the Sphinx are located on the territory of modern Egypt (the Giza Plateau) and were built according to a single architectural plan. Pyramids of Giza Pyramid of Cheops ... Wikipedia

Pyramid of Cheops Pyramid of Cheops Egyptian name ... Wikipedia

Pyramid of Menkaure ... Wikipedia

Pyramid (in architecture) a monumental structure in the form of a pyramid, usually referring to the ancient world. Contents 1 Pyramids of the Ancient World 2 Modern Pyramids 3 ... Wikipedia

Pyramid of Khafre ... Wikipedia

- (from the Greek. pyramis), a monumental structure that has the geometric shape of a pyramid (sometimes stepped or tower-shaped). Pyramids are the tombs of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs, which embodied the idea of the superhuman greatness of the ruler ... ... Art Encyclopedia

This term has other meanings, see Pyramid. Pyramid (ancient Egyptian aahu t, horizon; Greek πυραμις pyramis, pyramidos pyramid, from πυρα pyra fire + μιδες mides middle)) is a common form of architectural structure in ... ... Wikipedia

Coordinates: 48°51′39″ s. sh. 2°20′09″ in. / 48.860833° N sh. 2.335833° E etc. ... Wikipedia

Y, well. 1) A geometric body with a polygonal or triangular base and triangular faces converging at the top. Draw a pyramid. triangular pyramid. Truncated pyramid. 2) In Ancient Egypt: a monumental stone structure with ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

A structure in the form of a geometric pyramid with smooth or stepped edges; in ancient Egypt, a tomb structure; in pre-Columbian America, the foot of an altar or temple (Bulgarian; Bulgarian) pyramid (Czech; Čeština) pyramida… … Construction dictionary

Books

, Alan Alford. The pyramid of Cheops has been the subject of endless debate for hundreds of years on three main questions: who built it, how and why. The book of the famous English writer Alan Alford ...

The world-famous Egyptian pyramid of Cheops inside is like a “Russian nesting doll” and consists of three pyramids of three pharaohs. The veil of mystery is lifted over one of the seven wonders of the world. Every creation of human hands has a meaning.

“Everything that arises must have some reason for its occurrence, for it is absolutely impossible to arise without a cause.” So said the ancient Greek philosopher and sage Plato in the 4th century BC. e. in his book Timaeus.

All mysteries are overcome by knowledge. Knowledge can be acquired or created. As a “tool for creation”, let's take our common sense, the logic of thinking and the knowledge of ancient people who used the ideas about the world at that distant time.

“What is comprehended with the help of reflection and reasoning is obvious, and there is an eternally identical being; but what is subject to opinion ... arises and perishes, but never really exists. (IV century BC, Plato, "Timaeus").

Russian nesting doll

What does it say that the pyramid of Cheops is a kind of “Russian nesting doll”, containing two more pyramids inside, one inside the other? To confirm the conclusion about the trinity of the pyramid of Cheops, let's start with the facts and consider the scheme of the pyramid in section.

Firstly, there are three burial chambers in the pyramid of Cheops. Three! From this fact it follows that the pyramid at different times had three owners (three pharaohs). And each had its own separate burial chamber. After all, few of the living people come up with the idea of preparing a tomb for themselves in three “copies”. In addition (as can be seen from the size of the pyramids), their construction is quite laborious for our time. Besides? archaeologists have already established that the pharaohs built pyramids-tombs for their wives separately and much smaller.

Egyptian historians have established that long before the construction of the pyramids in ancient Egypt in the 4th millennium BC. and earlier pharaohs were buried in structures called mastabas. Below in the picture is the appearance of the ancient crypt (mastaba) of Shepseskaf in Saqqara. It consists of underground and ground parts.

The pharaoh's mummy was located deep underground in an underground hall. In the ground part there was a prayer room with a statue of the pharaoh. In this statue after death (according to the ancient Egyptian priests) the soul of the deceased pharaoh moved. The halls in the mastaba above ground could be interconnected (or isolated from each other). Above these underground halls, a low, trapezoid, truncated pyramid was built from stone blocks.

Under the pyramid of Cheops there is an underground passage (4) at the end of which is a vast unfinished underground hall (5). From the hall there is also an exit (12) upward, which was made according to the theory of burial for the passage of the soul of the pharaoh to the above-ground part of the mastaba.

According to the section plan of the Cheops pyramid, it can be concluded that if there is an underground hall (5) and there is a passage upward from it (12), then the upper prayer room of the mastaba should be in the center and slightly lower than the middle burial chamber (7). Unless, of course, by the beginning of the construction of his pyramid over the mastaba by the second pharaoh, these premises were not littered with stone, destroyed and survived to this day.

This conclusion (about the presence of internal mastaba halls in the center of the Cheops pyramid) is confirmed by the observations of French researchers - Gilles Dormayon and Jean-Yves Verdhart. In August 2004, while examining the floor in the middle burial chamber (7) with sensitive gravitational instruments, they discovered an unknown void below the floor at a depth of about four meters of impressive size, about the purpose of which at that time they had no versions.

According to the plan of the pyramid section, a narrow inclined almost vertical shaft (12) goes up from the underground burial pit (5). This passage should be connected to the above-ground prayer room of the mastaba. At the exit from the mine, at ground level under the base of the pyramid, there is a small grotto (expansion up to 5 meters in length). Apparently, in ancient times, when digging this grotto, they were already looking for a passage to the inner halls of the mastaba. It has been established that its walls consist of more ancient masonry that does not belong to the pyramid of Cheops. The passage ascending from the underground hall and the ancient masonry are nothing but the property of the first mastaba. From the expansion in the shaft (12) to the center of the pyramid, there should be a passage to the ground halls of the mastaba. This passage was most likely walled up by the builders of the second inner pyramid.

In appearance and according to archaeologists, the underground burial chamber (5) remained unfinished. In what condition are the prayer rooms in the upper above-ground part of the mastaba (which is the first of three in the pyramid of Cheops) and it remains to be seen by opening a passage in them.

The height of the first internal truncated pyramid (mastaba) according to the scheme of the section of the pyramid should be no more than 15 meters.

The presence of an unfinished burial structure (mastaba), located in the most advantageous place (on top of a stone plateau in the town of Giza), served as an excuse for the second (before Cheops) unknown pharaoh to use this mastaba to build his pyramid over it.

In favor of the fact that the plateau in Giza was previously "settled" by ancient mastabas, the fact of the presence of the "Sphinx" there also speaks. The purpose of the Sphinx is to have a tomb (mastaba) in the form of a sculpture of a lion. The age of the "Sphinx" (the deity in which, according to the theory, the soul of the pharaoh should move) is estimated much older than the pyramids (about 5 - 10 thousand years).

In Egypt, by the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, the Egyptian priests had a new worldview about the place of residence of the soul after death.

In this regard, the burials of the pharaohs in mastabas were replaced by more majestic structures - stepped pyramids, and later to "smooth" hewn pyramids. According to the ideas of the priests, after death, the soul of a person flew to life on the stars related to their souls. “The one who lives the time measured out to him properly will return to the abode of the star of his name.” Plato, Timaeus.

The burial chamber (7) belonging to the second inner pyramid (on the plan of the cross section) is located above the prayer part of the first mastaba. The corridor ascending to it (6) is laid along the wall of the mastaba, and the horizontal corridor (8) along its roof. Thus, these two corridors to the chamber (7) show the approximate overall dimensions of the first ancient internal truncated trapezoidal mastaba pyramid.

Second and third pyramids

This can be judged by the length of the two outgoing from the chamber (7) in opposite directions, the so-called (in modern terms) "ventilation ducts". These channels (one to the north and the other to the south) in a section of 20 by 25 cm, approximately 10-12 meters do not reach the border of the outer walls of the third pyramid.

The modern name of the channels "air ducts", of course, is incorrect. The deceased pharaoh did not need ventilation ducts. The canals had a completely different purpose. Channels - a path that points to the sky, oriented with great accuracy (up to a degree) to the stars, where, according to the ideas of the ancient Egyptians, the soul of the pharaoh will settle after death.

The northern channel was oriented to the star "Kokhab" in the constellation "Ursa Minor". At that time, due to the precession (shift of the Earth's axis), "Kochab" was the "Polar Star", around which the sky revolved. It was assumed that after death the pharaoh becomes one of the stars in her environment in the northern part of the sky.

The southern channel was aimed at the star "Sirius". In Egyptian mythology, "Sirius" was associated with the name of the goddess Sopdet (protector and patroness of all the dead).

At the time when the second pyramid was built, both channels from the burial room (7) reached the edge of the outer walls and were open to the sky. The burial chamber of the second inner pyramid of the pharaoh may also have been unfinished (judging by the lack of its interior design).

It is possible that the top of the second pyramid was not completed to the end (for example, there was a war, the pharaoh was killed, died prematurely from illness, an accident, etc.). But, in any case, the second pyramid was erected no lower than the height of the channels ("air ducts") emanating from the burial chamber (7) to the outer walls.

The second inner pyramid reveals itself not only with tightly closed channels and its own separate burial chamber, but most of all it is revealed to the outside by the bricked-up central entrance (1) to the pyramid of Cheops.

Obviously, it immediately catches the eye that the entrance, tightly walled up with huge granite blocks, is buried in the body of the third pyramid (approximately the same 10-12 meters as the channels from the second burial chamber).

During the construction of the third pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops, there was no point in lengthening this external entrance to the second pyramid. Therefore, after an increase along the perimeter of the walls at the third pyramid, the entrance turned out to be “drowned” inside.

The entrance gates of all buildings are always made out of several structures, and not buried in the depths of the structure. Approximately the same entrance, but taken out, is also at the pyramid of Khafre.

Cheops - the third owner of the pyramid

Archaeologists and historians, according to the decoding of hieroglyphs, found that the pyramid of Cheops was built not by slaves (as was previously thought), but by civilian builders, who, of course, had to be well paid for hard work. And since the volume of construction was huge, it was more profitable for Cheops to take an unfinished pyramid than to build a new one from scratch. The favorable location of the unfinished second pyramid, which was located at the very top of the plateau, also mattered.

Cheops began the construction of the third pyramid by dismantling the central part of the second pyramid. In the resulting "crater" at a height of about 40 meters from the ground, an antechamber (11) and a third burial chamber of the pharaoh (10) were built. The passage to the third burial chamber only needed to be extended. The ascending tunnel (6) was continued in the form of a large 8-meter high cone-shaped gallery (9).

The cone-shaped form of the gallery is not similar to the initial part of the ascending narrow passage. This indicates that the tunnel was not made at the same time and according to different external conditions.

After the third pyramid of Cheops was expanded on the sides, adding 10-12 meters on each side, the outgoing channels of the second pyramid from the chamber (7) turned out to be closed, respectively.

If the burial chamber (7) turned out to be empty, then the builders of the third pyramid had no reason to lengthen the old channels. From the outside, the channels were laid with new rows of wall blocks of the third pyramid, and from the inside, in the chamber (7), the outgoing channels were also walled up. In the burial chamber (7), the walled canals were discovered by treasure hunters (researchers) when they tapped the walls only in 1872.

In September 2010, English and German researchers launched a caterpillar robot into one of the narrow “air ducts” from the second burial chamber (7). Having risen to the end, he rested against a limestone slab 13 cm thick, drilled through it, inserted a video camera into the hole, and on the other side of the slab at a distance of 18 cm, the robot saw another stone barrier. Resting on a dead end, the search for scientists ended in nothing. The stone barrier is nothing but the blocks of the third pyramid.

The builders of the third pyramid of Cheops from the third burial chamber of the pharaoh laid new channels (10) for the "flight of the soul" to the stars.

If you carefully look at the section of the pyramid, then two pairs of channels (to the north and south) from the second and third chambers are not parallel! This is one of the "keys" to unraveling the mystery of the pyramid of Cheops.

The channels of the upper third chamber relative to the channels of the second chamber are rotated clockwise by 5 degrees. The northern pair of channels has inclinations of 32° and 37° (5° difference). The southern pair of channels, oriented towards the star Sirius, has inclinations of 45° and 39° (a difference of 6°). Here, an increase of 1 degree can be attributed to the own movement of the planet "Sirius" in its orbit. The discrepancy in the angles of inclination of the channels by 5 degrees is not accidental. Egyptian priests and builders very accurately recorded the position of the stars in the sky and clearly laid the direction of the channels to the stars (with an accuracy of minutes and seconds).

Then what's the matter

And the point here is that the axis of rotation of the Earth every 72 years is shifted by 1 degree, and every 25,920 years the axis of the Earth, rotating at an angle, like a "spinning top", makes a full circle of 360 degrees. This astronomical phenomenon is called precession. Plato called the total time of rotation of the Earth's axis in 25,920 years - "The Great Year".

When the Earth's axis shifts by 1 degree in 72 years, the angle of view towards all the stars (including the Sun) also changes by 1 degree. If the displacement of each pair of channels differs by 5 degrees, then it can be easily calculated that between the construction of the second pyramid (of an unknown pharaoh) and the third pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops, the difference is 5 x 72 = 360 years.

Egyptian historians say that Pharaoh Cheops (another pronunciation is Khufu) ruled in 2540-2560 BC. Counting "degree" years ago, we can say exactly when the second inner pyramid was built. Thus, the second pyramid was built in 2800-2820 BC.

In the pyramid of Cheops, in the only place under the ceiling (on powerful vaulted granite slabs like a roof over the third burial chamber) there is a nominal hieroglyph made by the workers who left their mark: "Builders, friends of Pharaoh Khufu." No other mention of the name of Cheops (Khufu) or the belonging of other pharaohs to the pyramid has yet been found.

Most likely, the third pyramid of Cheops was completed and used for its intended purpose. Otherwise, the pyramid of Cheops would not have been “sealed”. That is, a cork from several granite cubes would not be lowered into the ascending passage (6) from above and from the inside along an inclined plane. With these stone cubes, the pyramid was tightly closed for everyone for more than three thousand years (until 820 AD).

The ancient Egyptian name of the pyramid of Cheops is read in hieroglyphs as - "Horizon of Khufu". The name is literal. The angle of inclination of the side face of the pyramid is 51° 50'. This is the angle at which the Sun rose exactly at noon on the days of the autumn-spring equinox. The sun at noon, like a golden "crown", crowned the pyramid. Throughout the year, the Sun (ancient Egyptian God - Ra) walks in the sky in the summer above, in the winter below (just like the pharaoh in his possessions) and always the Sun (pharaoh) returns to his "home". Therefore, the angle of inclination of the walls of the pyramid indicates the path to the house of the “God of the Sun”, to the “house of the pyramid” of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops) - “the son of the God of the Sun”.

The sides of the walls are arranged at the angle of view of the Sun, not only in this pyramid. In the pyramid of Khafre, the angle of inclination of the sides of the walls is slightly more than 52-53 degrees (it is known that it was built later). In the pyramid of Menkaure, the slope of the faces is 51 ° 20′25 ″ (less than that of Cheops). Until now, historians did not know whether it was built earlier than the pyramid of Cheops or later. Now, given the open "degree time" of the Earth's precession, the smaller angle of inclination of the walls indicates that the Mycerinus pyramid was built not later, but earlier. In relation to the "degree age scale", the difference in the slope of the walls in 30 minutes corresponds to 36 years. In later Egyptian pyramids, for example, the pyramid of Pharaoh Khafre, respectively, the slope of the faces should be greater.

In Sudan (see the picture) there are many pyramids, the angle of inclination of the faces of which is much steeper. Sudan is south of Egypt and the Sun on the day of the spring-autumn equinox is higher above the horizon there. This explains the great steepness of the walls of the Sudanese pyramids.

In 820 AD Caliph Abu Jafar al-Mamun of Baghdad, in search of countless treasures of the pharaoh at the base of the pyramid of Cheops, made a horizontal gap (2), which is currently used by tourists to enter the pyramid. The break was broken through to the beginning of the ascending corridor (6), where they ran into granite cubes, which went around to the right and thus penetrated the pyramid. But, according to historians, they did not find anything but “dust in half a palm” inside. If there was anything of value in the pyramid, then the caliph's servants took it. And what was left, everything was taken out for the subsequent time - 1200 years.

Judging by the appearance of the gallery (9), 28 pairs of ritual statues stood along its walls in rectangular recesses. However, the exact purpose of the recesses is not known. Two facts speak about the fact that there were statues. The first - the eight-meter height of the gallery made it possible to install statues. The second - on the walls there were large round peeling imprints from the solution with which the statues were attached to the walls.

I will disappoint those who were determined to find “miracles” in the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.

More than a hundred pyramids have been discovered in Egypt today, and they are all different from each other. The pyramids have different angles of inclination of the faces oriented to the Sun (because they were built at different times), there is a pyramid with a “broken side” at a double angle, there are stone and brick pyramids, smoothly lined and stepped, there are with a base that is not square, but rectangular shape, for example, Pharaoh Djoser.

There is no unity even among the neighboring pyramids in Giza. The Pyramid of Menkaure (the smallest of the three) at the base is not oriented strictly to the cardinal points. The exact orientation of the sides is not given importance. In the main pyramid of Cheops, the third (uppermost) burial chamber is located not in the geometric center of the pyramid and not even on the axis of the pyramid. In the pyramids of Khafre and Mykerin, the burial chambers are also not in the center. If the pyramids had some kind of secret secret, law or knowledge, the "golden section" and so on, then all the pyramids would have uniformity. But there is nothing like that in the pyramids. Below in the pictures are Egyptian pyramids of various shapes.

Former Egyptian minister of archeology and current chief expert on ancient Egyptian pyramids, Zahi Hawass, says: “Like any practitioner, I decided to test the assertion that food does not spoil in the pyramid. Divided a kilo of meat in half. I left one part in the office, and the other in the pyramid of Cheops. The part in the pyramid deteriorated even faster than in the office.”

What else can you look for in the pyramid of Cheops

Perhaps you can find the above-ground prayer room of the first pyramid - the mastaba. It would be worth drilling down several holes in the floor of the second (7) burial chamber until an internal cavity is found at the bottom.

Then from the grotto (12) find a walled passage to the halls (or lay it). For the pyramid, this will not have any damage, since there was originally a connecting entrance from the underground burial chamber to the mastaba's aboveground room. And you just have to find it. After the discovery of the interior of the mastaba, it will probably become known about the pharaoh - the owner of the first truncated trapezoidal mastaba pyramid.

Of great interest on the plateau in Giza is the mastaba-Sphinx. The stone body of the ancient Sphinx, located from west to east. Funeral burials were also made from west to east. Presumably, the Sphinx is an integral part of the elevated structure (mastaba) - the tomb of an unknown pharaoh.

Searches in this direction would expand the boundaries of knowledge of the history of ancient Egypt. It is possible that even an earlier civilization, for example, the Atlanteans, whom the Egyptians deified, considering them to be progenitors, and referred to their ancient ancestors, as to the predecessor gods.

An identification study by American forensic scientists concluded that the face of the Sphinx does not look like the faces of the statues of the Egyptian pharaohs, but has distinct Negroid features. That is, the ancient ancestors of the Egyptians, including the legendary Atlanteans, had Negroid facial features and African origin.

It should be noted here that the Egyptian legend about the ancestors of the Atlanteans is indirect evidence of proximity to Egypt.

Probably, the burial chamber and the mummy of the ancient pharaoh of Negro origin is under the front paws of the Sphinx, as the American psychic Edgar Cayce said about this. In this case, there should be a passage upward from the underground hall - the path for the resettlement of the “soul” of the pharaoh and subsequent life in the body of the Sphinx statue (according to the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians).

The Sphinx is a lion (a symbol of royal power) with a human head and the face of a pharaoh. It is possible that the face of the discovered mummy of the pharaoh (after plastic restoration) will turn out to be like “two drops of water” similar to the face of the Sphinx.

By analogy with the construction (of the later pyramids over the early ones), we can say that many other Egyptian pyramids had more than one owner. In this regard, confusion is revealed with the time of the life of the pharaohs and the time of the construction of their pyramids.

For example, Pharaoh Menkaure ruled later than Cheops, but his pyramid, according to the angle of the walls, in accordance with the calculations for the “years of precession”, was started 36 years earlier than the pyramid of Cheops. How can this be? The answer to this question is that the pyramid began to be built earlier (before Mykerin), but it was completed later, when the angle of inclination of the lower walls that had been started could no longer be changed.

On one of the side walls of the Menkaure pyramid there is a large vertical gap. Getting to the treasures of the pharaoh in the burial chamber inside the pyramid, the robbers dismantled part of the wall from top to bottom. In the thus formed "vertical section" of the section of the inner blocks of the pyramid, the following was revealed - with a certain, clearly defined boundary, the upper blocks were not stacked tightly and not as neatly as the lower ones. This confirms that the pyramid was being completed and that later builders did not carefully monitor the quality of laying the internal blocks.

At the same time, judging by the two underground halls under the pyramid of Menkaure (which belong to the tombs of the pharaohs during the construction of the mastabas), the funerary structure was begun many centuries earlier. Such a confusion of times suggests that inside the pyramid of Menkaure, as well as in the pyramid of Cheops, there should have been ground-based prayer rooms of the original mastaba belonging to the more ancient burial of the pharaoh. And in the body of the pyramid there should also be a chamber-tomb of the later burial of Pharaoh Mykerin.

The "curtain" of the centuries-old mystery over the secret of the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops is lifted. It remains to enter the open door.
This requires permission from the Egyptian authorities, which they give to research scientists with great reluctance.
The secret loses its attractive power when it is revealed.

But, despite this, the interest of tourists in the majestic buildings of the ancient world, which have survived to this day, does not disappear.

How the pyramid of Cheops was built

Another confirmation of the trinity of the pyramid of Cheops. In 2009, French architect Jean-Pierre Houdin, and later with the support of Egyptologist Bob Brier of the American University of Long Island, observed how roads were built in the mountains, put forward a similar erroneous assumption. about the construction technology of the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops. About the fact that stone blocks were brought to the pyramid by drag, around its walls along inclined ramps and corridors, as if along a serpentine mountain road. This is a long and laborious journey. Following this, Jean-Pierre Houdin began to look for evidence for his hypothesis.

In support of his assumption, he accepted the research of a group of engineers from the French Academy of Sciences, who in 1986 scanned the interior of the Cheops pyramid for several months in order to find hidden cavities inside it. French researchers found wide bands around the perimeter of the pyramid at different heights with a density lower, by about 15% (see the Cheops pyramid gravimetry picture above). Areas with a density of 1.85 to 2.3 tons per 1 cubic meter are highlighted in different colors.

The French scientists could not explain why there are rarefied bands along the walls of the pyramid, and therefore the results of the study in the subsequent scientific world did not receive any discussion.

In June 2012, engineer Vladimir Garmatyuk uncovered the “secret” of the Cheops pyramid in Russia. Obvious evidence is given that the pyramid, like a kind of “Russian matryoshka” inside, consists of three pyramids of three pharaohs of different times. When it became known that inside the pyramid of Cheops (the third from the beginning of construction) there is an older (360 years earlier) second pyramid (see the picture - a recessed entrance to the second closed pyramid).

And there is an even more ancient first truncated pyramid (a mastaba that reveals itself in the underground hall under the pyramid and other signs), then the strips of material with a lower density inside the pyramid of Cheops found their explanation. The stripes show and confirm the separation of the bodies of the second and third pyramids.

How and how to explain it

The outer layer of the pyramid for the strength of the structure was laid out from hewn tightly packed blocks. Hence the high density of the outer layer of the walls. Whereas the inner rows of the pyramids consist of roughly fitted unhewn blocks. Therefore, the density of the inner rows of the pyramid is less.

See, for example, the picture below - the "insides" of the pyramid of Pepi II from South Saqqara. Outside the pyramid are tightly packed hewn blocks, and inside are ordinary stones mined from a horizontal cleavage of layered limestone deposits.

It is possible that the same thing happened inside the pyramid of Cheops (of course, not in the central part, where the burial chambers of the pharaohs are located) as a filler of the volume, a mound of stones, rubble and sand, delivered to the pyramid in baskets, was used. After all, this significantly reduced the cost and accelerated the construction of the pyramids. A mound of stones easily explains the same vast spaces rarefied in density that were discovered in 2017 by French and Japanese physicists when studying the interior of the pyramid with muon telescopes.

With an accurate measurement of the plane of the side faces of the pyramid of Cheops, it is noticeable that they have some concavity inward (to a depth of one meter). Indeed, for 4.5 thousand years since the construction of the pyramid, there have been many earthquakes, which over and over again gradually shook its contents. And because of this, the walls (since there is loose material inside the pyramid), due to their lower density, somewhat fell inward.

According to the gravimetry of the pyramid of Cheops (white) stripes along the perimeter of the walls of the second pyramid have a density of 1.85-2.05 tons per cubic meter. This just says that there is a mound of stone.

The third (outer visible today) pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops increased the second (inner) pyramid on the sides and in height by 10-12 meters. The inner unhewn blocks of the third pyramid are laid along the dense, hewn outer walls of the second pyramid. Therefore, French researchers of gravimetry in 1986 recorded a difference in the density of the material inside the pyramid, it is this (density difference) that creates the appearance of a "serpentine". This circumstance was noted by French researchers, but they could not explain.

Other arguments by Jean-Per Houdin and Bob Bryer, given in support of the assumption of the "serpentine" construction of the pyramid, each separately has its own explanation. Researchers in 2009 did not yet know that the Cheops pyramid consists of three different pyramids. For example, longitudinal stripes of stone blocks of the same color on the faces of the pyramid of Cheops, interpreted by them as “dusty roads” from transporting blocks, are explained by the uniform color of the stones mined in the quarry from one layer of rock.

The third pyramid was built up with stone blocks evenly in height and perimeter on the walls of the second pyramid, like “cream on a cake”. The stone was mined in one place, and therefore there is a similarity of blocks in color. In what order the stone blocks were mined, in such a sequence they were laid into the walls. When they took the blocks in another place, their color was somewhat different.

Or their other argument is a small pothole-depression on the edge near the top of the pyramid, which they called the transport corridor. The pothole may have been made after the pyramid was built, for example, as an unsuccessful attempt to get inside. Or the pothole could be made like:

the guardhouse of the guards for giving a signal,

as a guard post for religious, ascetic, cult or other purposes.

The fact that the Cheops pyramid consists of three different pyramids, separated by hundreds of years of construction time, means that it was built by more than one generation of people, and there was no such great construction “in one breath”.

This significantly alleviates the troublesome problem of the complexity of building a pyramid, but does not cancel and does not in any way reduce the grandeur of the undoubtedly greatest building of the ancient Egyptian civilization in the history of mankind.