How to get to Krasnaya Presnya Park by metro Krasnaya Presnya Park (Studenets Manor) Entrance to Krasnaya Presnya Park
Entrance. 1950-1960: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/1477
Front gate recreated in 1998
History reference:
In the 14th century, the “village of Vypryazhkovo on Studenets” lay here, which belonged to the grandson of Ivan Kalita, the Serpukhov prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave, the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo. His yard was nearby - on the "Three Mountains".
"Every centimeter of the huge (16.5 hectares) protected park breathes history. At the beginning of the 18th century, on the banks of the Studenets stream, the country palace of the Gagarins was located. The water from Studenets had such healing power that the owners of the estate built a well from which all the suffering could quench their thirst .
Later, already in the 19th century, the new owner of the Studenets estate, Arseniy Zakrevsky, Adjutant General of Alexander I and hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, reconstructed the territory. The author of innovative ideas was the outstanding architect Domenico Gilardi. The estate made such an impression on contemporaries that it was deservedly called "absolute Venice in the gardens."
Then a lot has changed. Unfortunately, during the Soviet period, the park lost its original charm. Many sculptures and several beautiful gardens have disappeared without a trace. But today, constant, careful and painstaking work is underway to restore the lost. This is how the debt of history is returned to Muscovites," the official website of the park http://p-kp.ru/ reports.
In fairness, it must be clarified that Student's troubles began not in the Soviet period, but long before the revolution. Both the estate and the Garden of the Studenets School of Horticulture were pretty dilapidated at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. According to the commission's report, "the buildings were found in an extremely unsatisfactory condition. The property is not fenced, access is open to wandering people. One of the buildings is uninhabited due to dilapidation." Over the years, the estate suffered from fires and floods. As of 1908, the main house of the estate was destroyed, but outbuildings were preserved, part of the canals was filled up, greenhouses and greenhouses occupied the island. In 1915, the gardening school was going to be relocated as far as the suburbs of the city of Sochi, and the territory of the estate was to be adapted for industrial needs.
These plans were interrupted by the First World War and revolutionary cataclysms. After the revolution, the manor park became a resting place for workers and their families. The revival of the park began in earnest in the 1930s, when the railway line leading to the Tryokhgornaya manufactory was liquidated. In 1932, on the site of the Studenets estate and the Garden of the Studenets School of Horticulture, the Krasnaya Presnya Culture and Leisure Park was created with a concert stage, attractions, a children's town, and a boat pier. Festive festivities ended with fireworks on the water. There is no need to idealize Stalin's Moscow either - there were vegetable gardens, dumps and wastelands in the neighborhood.
1951: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/84424
Portrait of I.V. Stalin from carpet flowers (Krasnaya Presnya Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow). Made according to the sketch and under the guidance of the decorator A. Belyaev. Magazine "Spark" No. 47 November 1951
According to the General Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow in 1935, the territory was included in the huge Krasnopresnensky Park from the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val to the line of the Belarusian Railway (in this case, the Vagankovsky cemetery would have been destroyed). As an option, it was planned to create a Hydrotechpark in Studenets with canals, locks and other structures. These ideas were buried by a new war - the Great Patriotic War. Railway tracks were again laid to Trekhgorka.
Although projects to improve the park and recreate the historic manor arose in the 1960s and 1970s, work on the reconstruction of the main building began only in 2006 and should be completed in the second quarter of 2014. It seems that the builders are not in a hurry (not an Olympic facility), and the deadlines may move.
The name of the estate on the banks of the Moscow River comes from the Studenets stream. Before the construction of the Mytishchi water pipeline to Moscow, the wells on the Three Mountains had the best drinking water in the city, for which rich people sent water carriers even several kilometers away.
Pavilion "Octagon", 1904: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/11041
The Oktagon well pavilion, built in the 1820s by the famous architect Domenico Gilardi in the Empire style, has been preserved on Mantulinskaya Street. The pavilion is decorated in the ancient Roman spirit of the times of the first Roman emperor Augustus and topped with a small dome. The building got its name from the Latin word meaning octagon.
There were bronze lion masks on the walls, and natural spring water flowed from the mouths of predators. Around 1974, the masks were dismantled, and in 1975, in connection with the redevelopment of the territory, the pavilion was moved with winches and can now be seen in the park near the World Trade Center.
In 1955, on the site of the demolished buildings of the gardening school, a new cinema "Krasnaya Presnya" was opened (architect A. Raport). According to the Decree of the Government of Moscow, in 2001 the building of the cinema, which had become unprofitable, was leased "for educational and entertainment activities" to the International Fund for the Development of Cinema and Television for Children and Youth (Rolan Bykov Fund). Now there are no signs on it, the original stucco decorations, lanterns near the entrance have been preserved on the facade, although the building itself was repainted from light yellow to dark brown over time.
Reconstructed administrative buildings and cafes
Opposite the entrance to the park there is a monument to Lenin
Manor Studenets under reconstruction
The banner contains the necessary information about the construction, and on the fence there is a useful text about the history of the Studenets estate (which was used when compiling the text of this story).
Fountain, 1987-1990: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/95107
The Tuscan column has been preserved on the island, the pedestal of which is decorated with swords in scabbards and wreaths. But the sculptures of commanders - the heroes of the war of 1812 - created according to the designs of V. Stasov, have been lost. These monuments were erected in 1820-1830 on the initiative of the then owner of the estate, Count A.A. Zakrevsky. Each of the islands of the park was dedicated to the memory of one of the heroes under whose command Zakrevsky served: Kamensky, Barclay, Volkonsky.
Until recently, the park housed a gallery of Russian ice sculpture with a permanent year-round exhibition. To prevent visitors from freezing in summer, warm fur coats were given out at the entrance.
Among the numerous cultural events held in the Krasnaya Presnya park, the Street of History festival was remembered: Russian warriors from different eras, domino players with a glass of beer, a dissident samizdat activist and other characters from the ancient and recent past appeared before the townspeople.
There is a dance floor in front of the concert stage, ballet and dance circles work in the park. And you can get acquainted with ethnic foreign dances at the festival "Latinofest".
Krasnaya Presnya is a modern and well-equipped recreation park located in the Central District of Moscow. The park was laid out at the beginning of the 20th century, but recently it has changed significantly and has been “overgrown” with modern infrastructure. That is why this location is one of the favorite and most picturesque vacation spots in the Central District of Moscow. The park is a good place for a picnic, a relaxing family walk or a bright themed photo shoot.
The area of the park "Krasnaya Presnya" is about 16 hectares.
History of Krasnopresnensky Park
In the 18th century, this territory was part of the country estate of the princes Gagarins. It was at that time that a system of Dutch ponds appeared on the territory of Krasnaya Presnya and landscape design was laid. By the beginning of the 20th century, the territory ceased to belong to the wealthy boyars, and the lands, once well-groomed, fell into disrepair. In 1932, the Krasnaya Presnya park was founded on this site, which is currently a cultural monument of regional significance.
Despite the fact that almost 100 years have passed since the park was founded, the natural ensemble of the park has been preserved almost in its original form - arched bridges, ancient alleys and picturesque ponds, all this remained here, but over time, elements of modern infrastructure appeared in the park.
Infrastructure and green spaces
The park is open daily from 9:00 to 22:00. Entrance to the park "Krasnaya Presnya" is free of charge.
In 2019, Krasnaya Presnya Park is a multifunctional recreation area with a well-developed infrastructure. Firstly, the park has a huge number of sports grounds for playing streetball, table tennis, an artificial turf field with a safe surface, as well as a three-level skate park for riding a scooter, skateboard or roller skates. For visitors who are fond of street workout, the park is equipped with sports equipment for exercising with its own weight. In other words, visitors who are fond of sports will definitely find a cozy and functional place in Krasnaya Presnya Park.
Quite often, in the summer, tents and recreation areas with comfortable sunbeds or pouffes are opened in Krasnopresnensky Park. These venues usually host training or other events. Also for these purposes, a stage has been equipped on the territory of Krasnaya Presnya Park - a small stage, a parquet dance floor and an area for an audience with seating.
In the park "Krasnaya Presnya" equipment rental is available. In summer you can rent a bike to move around the park, and in winter you can rent a sled, skates or a cheesecake.
For children, the park is equipped with two playgrounds - large and small. The large playground is one of the largest in Moscow, which is why local children really like it. It is equipped with a mini "city" with slides, swings and a trampoline. According to the organizers, the equipment for the children's play complex was selected taking into account the development of their motor skills, dexterity and strength. It is also reported that all equipment is made of hypoallergenic materials. The coating in the children's complex is designed specifically to reduce injury risk. In addition, the area of the children's town is sufficient to accommodate a large number of children, so there is enough space for everyone.
It is impossible not to mention the landscape design of the park, which has been preserved almost in its original form since its foundation. Firstly, lovers of rare and ancient plants will be interested in visiting the park - centuries-old linden trees with a huge history grow in Krasnaya Presnya. Secondly, due to the “noble origin”, the park has many canals and miniature ponds. Also in the pavilion there is a pavilion with a fountain and a water tower.
In winter, the park does not lose its functionality - two skating rinks are filled in Krasnopresnensky Park, with artificial and natural ice, with an area of 800 and 600 square meters, respectively. Also, during the winter season, a tubing slide operates in the park on a permanent basis.
Events and festivals in the park "Krasnaya Presnya"
Due to the versatility of the park, it often becomes a platform for daily events of various formats. Firstly, the park "Krasnaya Presnya" quite often hosts dance, music, folk and other thematic festivals. As part of these events, Moscow residents can take part in master classes, as well as watch performances by various artists.
Secondly, for residents of the Central District of Moscow, Krasnopresnensky Park often hosts festivities and a festive program in honor of state holidays. As a rule, in this case, a very large audience gathers in Krasnaya Presnya Park.
Also, the administration of Krasnopresnensky Park has developed a plentiful entertainment and educational program for schoolchildren and preschoolers. In addition to the events taking place in the Krasnaya Presnya park, in the summer everyone can visit the city camp "House of the White Rabbit" with a thematic schedule and an entertainment and educational program.
On an ongoing basis, the following list of free events is held in Krasnopresnensky Park:
- qigong,
- kids football,
- running club,
- fitness,
- dance classes of various directions - bachata, salsa, rueda,
- running club.
In addition, on the basis of the Krasnaya Presnya park, films are shown in an open-air summer cinema. The full list of free master classes and their schedule can be found on the official website.
Facilities in the park
According to numerous visitors, the park meets all the necessary conditions for the stay of children, the elderly and the disabled. Firstly, ramps are placed wherever necessary. Some of the machines on the park's sports ground are also adapted for people with physical disabilities. In addition, Krasnopresnensky Park has amenities for mother and child - you can move around with a stroller along all paths and passages, and then “park” it in a convenient place. Secondly, Krasnaya Presnya Park has several dry closets, a children's toilet, and a mother-and-child room.
Tourists speak of the park quite positively, describing it as modern and clean. Many of them note its special functionality and suitability for children - Krasnaya Presnya Park has several playgrounds at once and a special program has been developed for children to stay in the park.
Why visit
Krasnaya Presnya Park in Moscow is a multifunctional place — it is ideal for a family walk, visiting a vibrant festival or taking a photo shoot. Also, Krasnopresnensky Park will appeal to nature lovers, because it is here that you can feel the landscape art of the 17th-19th centuries, admire the numerous canals and ponds.
The location of the park is also advantageous - it is located in the center of Moscow. Firstly, due to its location, it will easily fit into your walking route in the center of the capital. Secondly, in the event that during the walk you want to have a bite, you will certainly find a restaurant or cafe to your taste not far from the park. In addition, the advantages of the Krasnaya Presnya park include its transport accessibility.
How to get there
The address of the Krasnaya Presnya park in Moscow is Mantulinskaya street, 5. There are several ways to get to this point. First, you can use public transport. Getting on the metro, you can get off at the following stations - "Vystavochnaya", "Business Center", "Mezhdunarodnaya", "Krasnopresnenskaya" or "Ulitsa 1905 Goda". You can also use buses - No. 12, 243 and 423. For a more comfortable trip, you can use local taxi services - Uber and Yandex. Taxi.
Park "Krasnaya Presnya" on google-panorama
Krasnaya Presnya Park on video
The old noble estate Studenets is located on the left bank of the Moskva River, in the Presnensky district of the capital, on the territory of the Krasnaya Presnya recreation park. The official address of the estate: Mantulinskaya street, possession 5.
The Studenets estate, founded along the old Zvenigorodskaya road, near the Three Mountains tract, is one of the earliest Moscow estates and is a unique garden and park complex of the Petrovsky time.
Its history dates back to the 14th century. It is believed that the name "Studenets" was born from a cold spring, a stream that flowed through this area and subsequently filled the park's amazingly beautiful artificial canals and ponds with its purest waters. In the XIV century, the village of Vypryazhkovo on Studenets, which was the progenitor of the modern estate, belonged to the Serpukhov prince Vladimir Andreevich Brave, the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo, cousin of Dmitry Donskoy and grandson of Ivan Kalita. After the death of the prince, his widow, Princess Elena Olgedovna, in 1431 transferred the property to Metropolitan Photius. The same, in turn, handed it over to the Novinsky Vvedensky Monastery founded in 1430. Here, on the Studenets stream, the patriarch's ponds were built. The monastery owned the land until the first quarter of the 17th century, after which it gradually began to pass into the specific ownership of the Russian tsars and princes and was used for the needs of the palace economy.
At the end of the 17th century, the lands of the village of Vypryazhkovo were granted by Peter I to his closest associate, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, who built his country yard on them.
Gagarins - one of the oldest Russian noble families, which is a branch of the princely family of Starodubsky, the founder of which was Prince Ivan - the youngest son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. A descendant of Prince Ivan in the seventh generation, Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Golibesovsky-Starodubsky, received the worldly nickname "Gagara", which later passed to his ancestors in the form of a transformed surname. From Mikhail Ivanovich Gagara, four branches of the Gagarin princes went, one of which belonged to the owner of the Student, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, the most colorful character of the Petrine era.
Portrait of Prince Matvey Gagarin. Artist Salvator Tonchi.
The time of Peter the Great is a bright page in Russian history, an era of change and discovery, the formation of new ideas about aesthetics in art. Peter I's fascination with Europe is widely known. In 1697-1698, the young tsar made a long journey through Holland, the most advanced country of that time, the world's first bourgeois republic and the main maritime power, where he observed the lifestyle of the Dutch, studied shipbuilding, working at the shipyard as a simple carpenter, inspected factories, workshops, laboratories, visited theaters, museums, met with engineers, scientists and artists. The king also paid attention to park ensembles, he visited all the famous gardens of the Netherlands, and his travel notes were full of descriptions of European parks.
In Holland, on the orders of Peter, specialists from various fields of activity, including gardeners, were hired to work in Russia. Upon his return to his homeland, the tsar sent Russians abroad to study crafts and sciences, in particular, gardening and landscape art. Books were bought abroad on the improvement of parks, botany, small-form architecture, albums with illustrations and plans of the best palace and park ensembles were purchased, which Peter personally examined and studied during his trip in order to further apply the acquired knowledge in practice. The great reformer strove for the development in Russia of exquisite tastes in horticulture and the introduction of the latest techniques of decorative art. According to historians, Peter had a strong aesthetic sense and was gifted with an extraordinary sense of beauty. Attracting masters from Europe to work in Russia, he invariably opted for the best and most gifted. Peter's favorite garden master was the Dutchman Jan Roosen (Rosen), whom he invited in 1712 to create in St. Petersburg the Summer Garden conceived and designed by the tsar. With the founder of the Moscow hospital, the Dutch doctor Nikolaas (Nikolai Lambertovich) Bidloo, who arranged a garden “at his house” on the Yauza on land allocated by the tsar, Peter personally corresponded, guiding, prompting, advising how to dig canals, ponds, throw bridges and lay alleys to create a real "Dutch garden".
The classic prototype of Dutch gardens throughout the 17th century was Frederik Hendrik's "canal garden", created in 1621. A small garden unfolded on a flat area, has two main axial alleys, intersecting at right angles and dividing it into four parts. Rectangular parterres are accentuated by sheared alleys, water channels are emphatically geometric. The owner's house closes the main compositional axis of the park. It was precisely such gardens - with a strict linear composition, a simple and clear rectangular layout, a system of small decorative reservoirs - that Peter admired in Holland during his trip and subsequently sought to create ensembles in their own image and likeness in his homeland.
Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, the owner of the Studenets estate on the Moskva River, belonged to the inner circle of Peter I. One of the tsar's favorites, he accompanied him on European trips, and upon his return from them actively participated in all his affairs and undertakings. In his younger years, he served as a steward at the Moscow Court, later was a governor in Irkutsk and Nerchinsk, and for some time was an ambassador to China. According to contemporaries, Peter respected Gagarin for many excellent qualities.
After Russia's victory over Sweden and the annexation of new territories, the issue of connecting the country's interior regions with the Baltic and with the new capital under construction became topical. To solve it, Peter planned to turn the river beds with the help of canals into convenient transport arteries. The first such waterway connecting central Russia with St. Petersburg was the Tveretsky Canal in Vyshny Volochek. In 1703, M.P. was appointed head of its construction. Gagarin (that's why the channel was called Gagarinsky for a long time). During the implementation of the project for the construction of the canal, Gagarin proved himself to be a capable engineer who, with the assistance of the Dutch masters involved in the work, was able to skillfully use the hydrotechnical potential of the area. In 1708, immediately after the completion of the construction of the Tveretsky Canal, Peter established a governor's post in Moscow, appointing M.P. Gagarin and instructing him first of all to strengthen the ancient walls of the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod with new bastions.
Probably, it was during this period that M.P. Gagarin, who became the Moscow governor, arranges a "canal garden" in his estate Studenets in the Dutch manner. After all, his royal patron is sincerely passionate about Holland, he dreams of creating a Russian Amsterdam. Focusing on the tastes of Peter and wanting, probably, to pleasantly impress him, Gagarin hurries to equip a Dutch garden in Studenets. It is quite possible that the creation of the park ensemble was timed to coincide with a very specific event: at the end of 1709, at the behest of Peter I, a grandiose eight-day celebration was scheduled in Moscow on the occasion of the victory of Russian troops near Poltava, and Prince Gagarin was entrusted with organizing the celebration. Naturally, the new governor wanted to arrange a magnificent reception for Peter in his newly built estate.
During the construction of the estate complex M.P. Gagarin benefited from the experience of working on the construction of the Tveretsky Canal, the technical knowledge and skills of Dutch specialists and the strength of Russian builders engaged in digging work turned out to be in place.
The flat nature of the land plot, the abundance of water: the Moskva River, the ponds of the former patriarchal estate that existed for a long time, streams and springs - these natural conditions created an amazing resemblance to the landscapes of Holland and provided an opportunity for the successful implementation of the planned garden project. All natural factors were taken into account and used to create a large-scale and picturesque hydropark, consisting of a whole labyrinth of water channels and islands between them, unfortunately, only partially preserved to this day. For the Russian estate culture of the 17th-18th centuries, it was considered traditional to place palace and park complexes on the banks of rivers or near ponds in order to maximize all the advantages of such an arrangement and develop the water resources of the area for utilitarian and decorative purposes. The Studenets park ensemble was created in the spirit of these traditions - with the active and free role of water in its landscape. But the main difference that distinguishes Studenets from a number of estate ensembles of other eras that preceded or followed Peter's is the amazing strict simplicity, clarity of planning and the vastness of the water surface in the composition. In the project implemented by Gagarin, two elements were effectively combined - water and air. The dryness of the lines of the regular composition of the ensemble is gently diluted with an airy perspective, in which distant plans disappear, and water and greenery create a picturesque, eye-pleasing picture.
Although the canals of the eastern part of the park disappeared at the end of the 19th century, elements of the park's water system that have survived to this day can be used to recreate the original structure of the Studenets layout. This is a measured regular "Dutch" garden with straight lines of canals, extensive water surfaces and clear axial alleys of short cut trees. However, in the western part of the park, several very old oaks, over 300 years old, have been preserved. As you know, Peter I loved big old trees and ordered to preserve them when forming new park ensembles. The presence of 300-year-old oaks in Studenets, apparently, indicates the desire of the creator of the garden to follow the wishes of the king in this. Perhaps other tree species were also present here, because in addition to oaks, Peter also loved lindens, elms, larches, hornbeams, beeches, chestnuts, and several thousand seedlings of these species were brought from Holland to Russia. The Dutch garden was traditionally decorated with whimsical gazebos and galleries, trellises for climbing plants, grottoes, and sculpture. Flowers were also actively used: the gardens abounded with flower beds, mainly from “scented” flowers.
The fate of the founder of the estate Studenets, a comrade-in-arms of Peter I, Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, was tragic. Luck often spoiled him, accompanied him on the path of career growth, until one day he turned away from him and left him forever. The sovereign highly appreciated the merits and business qualities of Gagarin in the construction of the hydrotechnical complex on Tvertsa and the Moscow governorate, therefore, after the establishment of the provinces in 1708, it was he who was appointed governor of Siberia.
During his leadership of this region, Gagarin did a lot for him: he completed the stone Kremlin in Tobolsk, decorated the Siberian capital with numerous stone buildings, made rich contributions to the Tobolsk Sophia-Assumption Cathedral and other churches, donated funds to the distressed captured Swedes who were in Siberia, strengthened relations between Russia and China. Initially, Prince Gagarin followed the instructions of the sovereign, but later he began to autocratically rule a rich and vast land, not denying himself personally the luxury and pleasures, the fame of which reached the capital. At dinner, the prince served about 50 different dishes on silver and gold dishes; the horseshoes of Gagarin's horses were silver, the wheels of the carriage were also bound with silver; in Moscow, on Tverskaya Street, the prince built for himself chambers, stunning in their splendor, in which the walls were mirrored, and the ceilings were glass aquariums with live fish; among his wealth was the most precious of all the rubies known at that time, brought to him from China (later he was presented to Prince Menshikov, and from him passed to Catherine I). It seems that the prince thought less and less about the benefits of the state and more and more about his own. There is also an opinion that Gagarin not only abused the financial spending of state funds, but even intended to separate Siberia from Russia and create a separate state under his control.
The ill-wishers did not fail to report to the tsar about Gagarin's actions, and Peter abruptly changed his attitude towards that. The governor, who was officially fined, was put on trial for financial fraud, but many called the rebellion he was plotting the real reason for the disgrace. The Big Investigation Commission, after conducting an investigation and considering the case, accused Gagarin of embezzlement. Trying to save himself, he wrote a letter to Peter, admitting his guilt and asking for mercy. But the tsar did not forgive the excess of power given to him in Siberia and, apparently wanting to put an end to bureaucratic embezzlement once and for all, he ordered the prince to be publicly executed. In 1721, the former Siberian governor was hanged in St. Petersburg as a warning to his contemporaries and descendants. And his body, as a sign of intimidation of corrupt officials, remained for many months hanged on the gallows for all to see. Simultaneously with the execution of the prince, all his property was confiscated, the seized estates were granted to Pashkov, Bruce, Devier, Mamonov, Moscow and suburban courtyards were transferred to Olsufiev. The closest relatives of the executed prince were also punished. His son, Alexei Gagarin, was demoted to the sailors.
During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, Studenets was returned to the grandson of M.P. Gagarin - to Matvey Alekseevich, who again equipped the estate. During the reign of Elizabeth I, "Gagarin's dacha" was a popular place for festivities, where various amusements were held: performances by magicians, tightrope walkers, numerous musicians and singers, fireworks, illumination, etc.
Despite the ups and downs in the fate of the owners of the Studenets estate, throughout the 18th century, the original appearance of the “water” regular park created there did not change significantly. Several plans of the estate of the second half of the 18th century have been preserved in archival materials. At that time, it was listed in the documents as the Gagarins' country house, and in unofficial sources it appeared as "Gagarin's Ponds". The plans of 1763, 1767, 1778 show that a stream flows along the western border of the park, feeding the western half of the canal. A small regular garden is marked in the western corner of the estate. The eastern part of the canals is connected to a pond dug below the spring water well. Written sources also mention “the master's wooden house, in which dug ponds with islands” and “Hay mowing is good. Forestry ".
A fragment of the village of Studenets, the property of Mr. Matvey Alekseevich Gagarin. 1763. A copy of the RGADA drawing.
In the second half of the 18th century, the noble festivities organized at the Gagarin Ponds were widely known in Moscow and enjoyed success with the honorable public. “Moskovskie Vedomosti” dated June 27, 1754 reports: “This week on Tuesday ... in the graveyard on the Three Mountains, there were so many people who are rarely remembered in previous years ... Finally, to the famous Prince Gagarin’s house located there for many carriages in closeness to drive up, and it was hardly possible to disperse along the ponds due to crampedness. Moreover, in the local imperial capital there is no noble and rich, beautiful and magnificent, then everything could be seen here. The same publication a year later informed readers that on June 24 "... a great meeting of the people was on the Three Mountains, where on this holiday there is usually an amusement park, and especially on the glorious ponds of Prince Gagarin located in the vicinity of this place."
In 1804, Studenets changed its owner - Count Fyodor Andreevich Tolstoy, a senator, privy councilor, landowner, bibliophile, member of the Society of Russian Literature Lovers, collector of manuscripts and old books, became its new owner. In 1818, the dacha in Studenets passed as a dowry to his daughter Agrafena Feodorovna when she married Arseny Andreyevich Zakrevsky, the Minister of the Interior, and later the Governor-General of Moscow. The new owners of the Zakrevskys live in the dacha for a long time, relax, drink the three-mountain water, go boating, fish and enjoy the views of the beautiful garden.
Portrait of Count A.A. Zakrevsky. Unknown artist. 1810s
Portrait of Countess A.F. Zakrevskaya. Unknown artist. 1810s
A.A. Zakrevsky participated in the Patriotic War of 1812, and when arranging the estate devastated during the hostilities, he decided to give it a special memorial character, to turn the park into a kind of monument to the recent war. By his order, a new wooden house with outbuildings is being built (it has not survived to this day). The park is decorated with monuments, pavilions, grottoes dedicated to the war and its heroes: M.B. Barclay de Tolly, N.M. Kamensky, P.M. Volkonsky, A.P. Yermolov and others. The main symbol of patriotism in the renovated manor complex is the Studenets key, because it was here that Russian soldiers took communion before the battle with the enemy in the fall of 1812. An octagonal Octagon pavilion is being built over the Holy Spring.
Many famous people visited the Zakrevsky family in the renovated estate. It is known that one day Studenets was visited by General A.P. Yermolov, to whom the owners solemnly showed the monument erected in his honor. Perhaps D.V. also visited. Davydov - a famous poet and partisan of the war of 1812 - in any case, he often visited another estate of the Zakrevskys - Ivanovsky near Podolsk.
The wife of A.A. Zakrevsky Agrafena Fedorovna Zakrevskaya, who since girlish times was affectionately called “Grushenka Tolstaya”, was known in the world as a beautiful, brilliantly educated and well-mannered, independent woman with a lively and sharp mind. She was the object of admiration for many. E.A. dedicated poems to her. Baratynsky, admired P.A. Vyazemsky, before her marriage, A.S. was fascinated by her. Pushkin. The latter in his letters to A.I. Vyazemsky called her "copper Venus". She often inspired him, was the muse of his work. A.F. Zakrevskaya appears in one of the chapters of "Eugene Onegin" as "brilliant Nina Voronskaya", "Cleopatra of the Neva". And after his marriage, the poet did not cease to admire the beauty, intelligence and manners of Zakrevskaya, recreating her image in poetry and prose. In the unfinished stories “Egyptian Nights”, “Guests Came to the Cottage”, “We Spent the Evening at the Cottage”, Pushkin again and again refers to the plot of Cleopatra, in whose heroine the same prototype was clearly visible - the “soul of society” and the mistress of the Studenetskaya estate . Whether the great poet visited Studenets is not exactly known. But he had a close acquaintance with A.A. Zakrevsky, repeatedly turned to him, was familiar and kept in touch with many members of the family, so he could well visit the student's dacha in the late 1820s, when he lived in Moscow for a long time.
The first half of the 19th century is the period of a new bright heyday of the Studenets estate. Many art historians attribute the merit of creating a new main house and other buildings in the park to the famous architect Domenico Gilardi (although some call the authors V.P. Stasov and A.G. Grigoriev). The drawings of the buildings are close in their execution technique to the style of Gilardi, and some strongly resemble his other buildings, however, accurate evidence of the work of D.I. Gilardi on the project of the updated Student is not present at the moment. Two monuments of that era have survived to our time - the Octagon Pavilion and the Monument-Column in the park, which was restored in the 1960s, and previously had a completion in the form of a winged figure with a sword. During the reconstruction of the Zakrevsky estate in the park, a landscape layout appeared between the columns with picturesque paths and paths among asymmetrically placed monuments and pavilions; channels were cleared and filled with clean running water; The islands are connected by wooden footbridges. The Dutch motifs of the time of Peter the Great, which were previously traced in the construction and design of the park complex, were replaced by Italian ones. Contemporaries enthusiastically called the Zakrevsky's dacha "absolute Venice with Gardens." In general, A.A. Zakrevsky did not seek to change the foundations laid down in the composition of the park during construction at the beginning of the 18th century, the park retained the features of the original image, but under Zakrevsky its design was updated, and the idea of \u200b\u200bthis renovation acquired a memorial character, introducing additional semantic meaning to individual architectural elements of the ensemble and making the park is a kind of monument to the heroes of the war of 1812.
General plan of the estate Studenets. 1830s - 1840s. A copy of the RGADA drawing. Schubert's plan of Moscow.
Main manor building with outbuildings. RGIA. 1830s
Main manor house with outbuildings.
Pavilion Octagon. RGIA. 1830s
Pavilion in the garden. RGIA.
Arbor in the garden. Monument on the grave of the horse A.A. Zakrevsky, so-called. "Tomb of Zakrevsky's horse".
The Studenets estate in the 19th century enjoyed no less interest from the public than when it was owned by the Gagarins. On holidays, the Zakrevskys' dacha was open to the public, various events were held on its territory, and performances were given. So, for example, on August 19, 1828, a balloon was launched in Studenets, but in which “aeronaut Mrs. Ilyinskaya fearlessly rose quite high under a huge balloon on a fragile boat, lit several rockets at her zenith and landed very happily on a meadow near the dacha. There were a lot of curious people."
Student. General view of the estate. Painting by an unknown artist. 1820s
Student. View in the park. Painting by an unknown artist. 1820s
Around 1834, after the resignation of A.A. Zakrevsky from the post of Minister of Internal Affairs, Pavel Nikolaevich Demidov, the richest nobleman, owner of the Ural iron-smelting plants, a well-known philanthropist and philanthropist, acquired Studenets for 400 thousand rubles. The new owner, however, did not use the estate for personal purposes, but as another of his acts of charity, for which he was very famous, he presented it at the beginning of 1834 to the state to establish a public institution, adding another 15 thousand rubles to the gift for repairs main house. The wife of Emperor Nicholas I, Alexandra Feodorovna, ranked Studenets among the charitable institutions of the Office of Empress Maria Feodorovna, and in 1835 allowed the Society of Gardeners to open a gardening school in the estate "in order to train experienced gardeners."
Portrait of Pavel Nikolaevich Demidov. Artist P.P. Vedenetsky.
The school of horticulture set up extensive flower nurseries and greenhouses on the estate, in which plants were grown for sale. Studenetsky standard roses more than a sazhen high were very famous, collections of dahlias repeatedly received first prizes at exhibitions. Seedlings of various species of trees and shrubs were grown on the islands of the park. Grapes and peaches ripened successfully in greenhouses, and there were 60 varieties of pears and 15 plums in the garden. Pupils of the school were taught the theoretical and practical foundations of gardening, were engaged in the acclimatization of plants.
During the period when the school of gardening was located in Studenets, visitors also constantly gathered in the manor. In the summer, every Sunday, festivities, musical evenings, performances, dinners were organized here, boating and boat rides along the canals of the garden, fireworks and other spectacular spectacles were organized.
Studenets was still famous for its springs and springs. Studenetskaya water, in which there were no organic impurities, was highly valued in Moscow: it was used to prepare artificial mineral waters, taken to the imperial court when he was in the capital, and to the houses of the nobility and wealthy merchants, "used" in the production at the nearby Trekhgorny brewery.
In the new period, the estate continued to be reconstructed, some restructuring took place in it, which was not of a global nature. Art critic E.I. Kirichenko gives information about the participation in construction work in Studenets in the second half of the 19th century by the architect M.D. Bykovsky. The archives of CIAM contain interesting plans for the northern part of the park dating back to 1908, which show a very peculiar landscape structure and layout of a small garden in the Art Nouveau style, and the assortment list of the garden is rich in various ornamental plants.
Manor Studenets on the topographical plan of Moscow in 1838.
Studenets estate on the Khotevsky plan of Moscow in 1852.
Manor Studenets on the plan of the capital city of Moscow in 1878.
The School of Horticulture of the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria Feodorovna existed in Studenets until the 1917 revolution. After the estate was nationalized, and in troubled times, the park complex had a hard time. The cultural heritage of tsarism suffered seriously as part of the ideological struggle of the new Soviet system with the traditional order. The canal park, which turned out to be in the center of the district of revolutionary workers, was no exception. Disorders, misuse and mismanagement did not have the best effect on its appearance and condition. In 1931, the park was transferred to the Trekhgornaya Manufactory, and in 1932 it was decided to create the Krasnaya Presnya Park of Culture and Leisure on its basis. It would seem that this could save the park from destruction. But the desire of the new government to change everything in its own way exceeded the limits of reason. Transformations began: part of the ponds were covered up, the banks of the canals were dressed in concrete, which adversely affected the state of the waters, many old picturesque bridges were destroyed, and new ones were built, not distinguished by sophistication and harmony of style, most of the monuments in memory of the heroes of the war of 1812 disappeared forever. Of the memorial objects of the park, only the Tuscan column on the island has survived to this day, however, the winged figure that once adorned it has been lost. The old manor house was actually destroyed in the first half of the 20th century, by the 60s only the foundation and one outbuilding remained from it. The beautiful Empire gates that formed the entrance to the park were dismantled. In 1955, on the site of the demolished buildings of the horticultural school, the Krasnaya Presnya cinema building was built.
Manor Studenets on the plan of Moscow in 1952.
In 1975, the preserved pavilion-water tower Oktagon was moved 22 meters to the side due to the construction of high-rise buildings of the World Trade Center and lost its original meaning of arranging the spring key of the Holy Spring, and the key itself was removed into an underground collector overlooking the Moscow River. On the territory of the former estate, some outbuildings and sports facilities were also erected, breaking into the park and violating its original structure and layout.
Movement of the Octagon pavilion. Copy of E.M. Handel. 1975
Nowadays, the former country cottage continues its life in the urban environment, being almost in the very center of the noisy metropolis. In 1960, the central part of the park (about 18 hectares) was declared a monument of history and culture of federal significance and taken under state protection. True, in 2011 the status of a protected object was lowered to regional significance. Since the 1990s, attempts have been made to partially restore the estate complex.
Gate pylon restoration project. Mosproekt-2, Workshop-13. 1993
Based on archival photographs of the 1930s in 1998 by restorers N.F. Zhurina and A.S. The entrance gates of the park were recreated by the Queen. The memorial traditions of the estate were supported by Afghan soldiers who planted an alley of horse chestnut in the park. The choice of tree species was not accidental: it is known that horse chestnut grew in Studenets before, it was planted on one of the islands between the canals by A.A. Zakrevsky on the third anniversary of the birth of his daughter Lydia (in 1829). Since 2010, work began on the restoration of the main house of the estate with outbuildings. In the near future, they should be completed, and Muscovites, I want to believe, will finally have the opportunity to see the recreated historical appearance of the magnificent estate in the past.
Restoration project of the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets estate. Front view. 2006-2008 years.
Restoration project of the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets estate. Isometric view. 2006-2008 years.
Restoration project of the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets estate. Additional types. 2006-2008 years.
Summing up and looking back at the historical past of the Studenets estate, it is worth noting that Peter I's passion for the example of progressive Holland and his active work to promote the ideas he noted abroad in landscape art laid such strong foundations and traditions in this area that in the future Russia gave world culture truly magnificent examples of park landscapes that can compete with their European prototypes. And the “canal garden” of M.P. Gagarin in the Studenets estate is one of the earliest such specimens and is completely unique for Moscow and Russia.
Pavilion Octagon. Photo by Evgeny Chesnokov / yamoskva.com
Tuscan column. Photo by Evgeny Chesnokov / yamoskva.com
The park was founded in 1932 on the territory of the monument of landscape architecture of the XVIII century - the estate "Studenets". This is the only example of the park of the time of Peter the Great "in the Dutch manner" that has been preserved in Moscow. It is believed that the name "Studenets" appeared due to the key well near the road. The water from this well was famous for its taste and mineral qualities throughout Moscow.
The first information about this place dates back to the 14th-15th centuries, when the entire territory on the banks of the Moskva River at the confluence of the Studenets stream was occupied by the village of Vypryazhkov, owned by Prince Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky. In the second quarter of the 15th century, the village passed to the Novinsky Monastery, which owned it until the beginning of the 18th century. At this time, the lands were granted to the Siberian governor, Prince Matvei Petrovich Gagarin. He laid the foundation for the estate, planned a park with artificial ponds, built a wooden palace.
In 1721, Gagarin was convicted and hanged for bribery and embezzlement, and all his property, including the estate, was confiscated. Under Anna Ioannovna, the lands were returned to his son Alexei. Under him, the estate became a place for out-of-town festivities with the name "Gagarin's Ponds".
Alexei Gagarin's daughter Anna married Privy Councilor Count D.M. Matyushkin and received the estate as a dowry. Her daughter Sofya Matyushkina, in turn, married Count Yu.M. Vielgorsky and also received the estate as a dowry. Her son Matvey Vielgorsky sold the estate in 1816 to the merchant N.I. Prokofiev, from whom she passed to Count Fyodor Tolstoy. His daughter Agrafena Tolstaya married the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Arseny Zakrevsky, and received the estate as a dowry. Zakrevsky is credited with the arrangement and transformation of the estate.
Under him, the manor house was rebuilt (project), a unique system of canals and ponds was created, a landscape layout of the park with asymmetrically located pavilions. The main idea of Zakrevsky was to create a kind of monument to the Patriotic War of 1812 here. He filled the park with sculptures of military leaders, erected a monument to the war in the form of a Tuscan column (architect V.P. Stasov, preserved). An octagonal arbor-fountain “Octagon” (architect D.I. Gilardi) was placed above the well with spring water. At the end of 1973, the pavilion was moved to another location. It survived with some losses.
In 1831, Zakrevsky sold the estate to P.N. Demidov, who in 1834 presented it to the state with the aim of arranging a school for the Russian Society of Gardeners in it. After the nationalization of the estate in 1918, the Society of Gardeners was located here. Many new plantings appeared on the territory, but at the same time many monuments were lost, bridges were demolished, some channels were filled up, sculptures were destroyed, the palace was destroyed. In the 1920s the park was crossed by a railway line from Trekhgornaya Zastava.
In 1998, the main entrance gates of the park were recreated, but in a new place. In 2010, the restoration of the manor house began.
From the Soviet period, the remains of a summer theater and a monument to V.I. Lenin (sculptor N.I. Bratsun, architect V.N. Eniosov).
The main plantings in the park are poplar and linden alleys, there are willows. The area of the park is 16.5 hectares.
