ancient travelers. Great travelers of antiquity
Option 19
Form start
Part 1.
The answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, a phrase, a number or a sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer to the right of the task number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Read the text and do tasks 1-3.
(1) Scientists and travelers of Antiquity attracted distant countries no less than our contemporaries. (2) _____ did not wander idle then, there were no tourists familiar to our time. (3) Greeks and Romans set out on a journey to make pilgrimages to holy places, to take part in sports competitions, to enroll in education; merchants strove to trade in distant countries, and military leaders and soldiers - to conquer new lands.
1
1
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
1. Ancient merchants sought to trade in distant countries, and military leaders and soldiers sought to conquer new lands.
2. Travelers of Antiquity set off on a journey to make a pilgrimage to holy places.
3. Ancient Greek and Roman travelers were attracted to distant countries not by idle wanderings, but by the opportunity to take part in sports competitions, trade, and conquer new lands.
4. In ancient times, there were no tourists familiar to our time.
5. The opportunity to take part in sports competitions, conquer new lands, trade, and not idle wanderings attracted distant countries of ancient Greek and Roman travelers.
2
2
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
1. Since
2. However
3. Fortunately,
4. It seems
5. Apparently
3
3
Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word EARTH. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
EARTH, -and, wine. earth, pl. land, land, land,
1. (in the terminological meaning 3 is capitalized). The third planet from the Sun in the Solar System, revolving around the Sun and around its own axis. 3. - the planet of people.
2. Land as opposed to water or air. The ship saw land. Big h. (mainland or coast of the mainland in the speech of sailors, inhabitants of the island).
3. Soil, the top layer of the crust of our planet, the surface. Land processing. Sit on the ground. Get something out of the ground.
4. Loose dark brown substance that is part of the crust of our planet. 3. with sand and clay.
5. Country, state, and also some kind of general. a large area of the Earth (high). Native h. Russian z. Alien lands.
6. Territory with land, located in someone's. possession, use. Land ownership. Land lease.
4
4
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
lieAlakrapIvaencouragementYoushmoveHideexpert5
5
In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
1. All GREAT people have their little weaknesses.
2. The outgoing document must be assigned a number during registration.
3. Alexander Mikhailovich Opekushin was a native of the common people, at first a self-taught artist, then a RECOGNIZED artist.
4. The discovery turned out to be SUCCESSFUL, and above all because it largely determined the uniqueness of this pictorial system.
5. Some MICROSCOPIC bacteria glow, but this is not their most remarkable property.
6
6
In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
kitchen furniture
came running from the disco
SMARTER than everyone
FASHIONABLE couturierprofitable CONTRACTS
7
7
Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
GRAMMAR ERRORS OF A SENTENCE
A) violation of the aspectual correlation of verb forms 1) Blue bitter smoke spreads downstream the river, the leaves of old poplars rustle.
B) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members 2) More than eight minutes are needed for sunlight to reach the Earth. C) a violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate 3) The old man threw fresh chips into the fire and runs his finger along the tip of the ax.
D) violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application 4) At the last competition, the Zhiguli car came first.
E) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition 5) The magazine "Change" reports on the brightest literary discoveries of the year.
6) Children rarely listen to and follow the advice of their parents.
7) The story "The Last Bow" Viktor Astafiev calls his best book.
8) Society is concerned about the problem of the extinction of large animals: elephants, tigers and others.
9) According to scientists, there are about six hundred active volcanoes on Earth now.
Write your answer in numbers without spaces or other characters.
8
8
Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
accentuate...compare...compare...whack...wrinkle...negation9
9
Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.
in... produce, be... pitiful
on...cracked, on...jump
pr...overcome, adventure
post...infectious, without...activeand...worn, not...falling
10
10
Write down the word in which the letter O is written in place of the gap.
embarrassing...experience...rholsh...vyy
nothing... night... vka11
11
Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
pull out...shredder...wecut...shfill...shoulder...my12
12
Indicate all the numbers in the place of which the letter I is written.
No matter how much you n (1) look at the sea, it n (2) when n (3) gets bored: it is always different, new, n (4) seen.
13
13
Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
1. (B) BEGINNING E of the month, dad and grandfather moved to a new apartment, and ALSO (SAME) moved the cat Styopka there.
2. Apparently, they stopped (beyond) THAT house, TO (WOULD) have a little rest.
3. A (NORTH) EAST wind was blowing, and the sky was (STILL) overcast.
4. (B) SOON the sun completely disappeared behind a sharp ridge, and immediately (FROM) THERE a fan of bright red rays flew into the sky.
5. These places, familiar to the hunter only (BY) HEARING, (BY) RIGHT can count on wide popularity.
14
14
Indicate all the numbers in the place of which one letter H is written.
Meshchersky boats are hollow (1) from one piece of wood, only on the bow and stern they are crypt (2) with forged (3) nails with large hats.
15
15
Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1. In the forests, I love rivers with black water and yellow flowers on the banks.
2. He wanted to go with me to meet you, but for some reason changed his mind.
3. In the living and oscillating lace of leaves, the blue of the autumn sky tangles and trembles.
4. Obadiah tried to imagine the former oriental bazaars in India, Afghanistan or Turkey.
5. Rain streams swirl underfoot with a dull noise and fall on heads and shoulders from rocks and trees.
16
16
Old steamboats (1) coming from different countries (2) were dozing at the wooden piers (3) softly sniffing the steam.
17
17
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentences.
The water (1) seemed (2) to be a huge wavy mirror reflecting invisible light, and (3) maybe (4) it really was.
18
18
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
It seemed to me (1) that by some miracle I got from the twentieth century to the time of Ivan Kalita (2) and that (3) if you get off the ship (4) you will immediately disappear.
19
19
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
With wide eyes he looked at the endless panorama of the shores (1) and it seemed to him (2) that he was moving along a wide silver path to those wonderful kingdoms (3) where sorcerers (4) and heroes of fairy tales live.
Read the text and complete tasks 20-25.
STRAIGHTENED
(1) Without a goal and without the slightest definite desire to walk along this or that street, I once walked dozens of miles across Paris, carrying in my soul a load of something bitter and terrible, and quite unexpectedly reached the Louvre. (2) Without the slightest moral need, I entered the museum, mechanically walked back and forth, mechanically looked at the ancient sculpture, in which I understood absolutely nothing, but felt only fatigue and tinnitus - and suddenly, in complete bewilderment, not knowing myself why, struck by something extraordinary, incomprehensible, he stopped in front of the Venus de Milo.
(3) I stood in front of her. looked at her and constantly asked himself: (4) "What happened to me?" (5) I asked myself about this from the first moment, as soon as I saw the statue, because from that very moment I felt that great joy happened to me ... (6) Until now, I was like (I suddenly felt so) here on this glove crumpled in the hand. (7) Does it look like a human hand? (8) No, it's just some kind of leather lump. (9) But then I breathed into it, and it became like a human hand. (10) Something that I could not understand blew into the depths of my crumpled, crippled, exhausted being and straightened me, ran with goosebumps of a reviving body where there seemed to be no sensitivity, made everything “crunch” just like that, when a person grows, it also made him wake up cheerfully, not even feeling the signs of a recent dream, and filled his expanded chest, the entire grown organism with freshness and light.
(11) I looked at this stone riddle with both eyes, wondering why it happened this way? (12) What is it? (13) Where and what is the secret of this firm, calm, joyful state of my whole being, which, it is not known how, has flowed into me? (14) And he resolutely could not answer a single question for himself; I felt that there was no such word in human language that could define the life-giving mystery of this stone creature. (15) But I didn’t doubt for a minute that the watchman, the interpreter of the Louvre miracles, was telling the absolute truth, claiming that Heine came to sit on this narrow sofa upholstered in red velvet, that he sat here for whole hours and cried. (16) From that day on, I felt not only a need, but a direct necessity, the inevitability of the most, so to speak, impeccable behavior: to say something that is not what should be, even if only in order not to offend a person, to be silent about what something bad, hiding it in oneself, to say an empty, meaningless phrase solely out of decency now, from that memorable day, has become unthinkable. (17) It meant losing the happiness of feeling like a person that I became familiar with and which I did not dare to want to reduce even by a hair. (18) Valuing my spiritual joy, I did not dare to go to the Louvre often and went there only if I felt that I could accept the life-giving secret with a clear conscience. (19) Usually I woke up early on such days, left the house without talking to anyone and entered the Louvre first when no one else was there. (20) And then I was so afraid of losing, due to some accident, the ability to fully feel what I felt here, that at the slightest mental inconsistency I did not dare to approach the statue close, but if you come, look from afar, you will see that it is here, the same one, you will say to yourself: (21) “Well, thank God, you can still live in this world!” - and leave. (22) And yet I could not determine what is the secret of this work of art and what exactly, what features, what lines give life, straighten and expand the crumpled human soul. (23) In fact, whenever I felt an irresistible need to straighten my soul and go to the Louvre to see if everything was all right there, I never understood so clearly how bad, bad and bitter it is for a person to live in this world right now. (24) No smart book depicting modern human society gives me the opportunity to understand so strongly, so concisely and, moreover, quite clearly the grief of the human soul, the grief of the entire human society, all human orders, as one look at this stone riddle. (25) And all this was thought about thanks to the stone riddle, it straightened out the human soul crumpled by the present life in me, introduced, no one knows how and in what, with the joy and breadth of this feeling.
(26) The artist took what he needed, both in male and female beauty, catching in all this only human; from this diverse material he created the true in man that is in every human being, which at the present time looks like a crumpled glove, and not a straightened one.
(27) And the thought of when, how, in what way a human being will be straightened to the limits that the stone riddle promises, without resolving the question, nevertheless draws in your imagination endless prospects for human perfection, human future and gives birth to a living sorrow for the imperfection of the present man. (28) The artist has created for you a sample of a human being. (29) And your thought, grieving about the endless "vale" of the present, cannot but be carried away by a dream into some infinitely bright future. (30) And the desire to straighten, to free the crippled present person for this bright future, even without having already defined outlines, joyfully arises in the soul.
(According to G. Uspensky *)
Gleb Ivanovich Uspensky (1843-1902) - Russian writer. He began his literary activity in the summer of 1862 in the pedagogical journal of L. N. Tolstoy "Clear Payana". Uspensky's first works, a series of essays The Morals of Rasteryaeva Street (1866) and Ruin (1869), were devoted to depicting the life of the urban poor. In 1868-1884. Ouspensky constantly collaborated with the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. In 1871 Ouspensky went abroad, visited Germany and France. He traveled a lot in Russia (to the Caucasus, to Siberia), collecting material for his works.
20
20
Which of the statements contradict the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
1. The hero stood for a long time at the statue of Venus de Milo, as he was a great connoisseur of ancient sculpture.
2. The hero could not understand what was the secret of the statue that caused his transformation.
3. The hero often went to the Louvre to look at the Venus de Milo.
4. According to the stories of the watchman, Heinrich Heine sat for hours in front of the statue of Venus de Milo and cried.
5. The contemplation of Venus de Milo awakens in the hero not only joy, but also sorrow for the imperfection of the present person.
21
21
Which of the following statements are false? Specify the answer numbers.
1. Sentences 1-3 present the narrative.
2. Proposition 14 contains the answer to the questions formulated in proposals 11-13.
3. Sentence 17 indicates the reason for what is said in sentence 16.
4. Sentences 27-30 present reasoning.
5. Sentences 23-24 provide a description.
22
22
From sentences 18-19 write out the phraseological unit.
23
23
Among sentences 21-26, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of a coordinating conjunction, attributive and demonstrative pronouns, as well as lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer.
Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while doing tasks 20-23. This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps (A, B, C, D) with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write in the table under each letter the corresponding number. Write the sequence of numbers in the ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the task number 24, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters. Write each number in accordance with the samples given in the form.
24
24
“In the essay Straightened Out, Gleb Uspensky reflects on the mysterious power of art. The transformation that happened to the hero under the influence of Venus de Milo is depicted by the author using such lexical means as (A) _____ (“something ... blew into the depths of my ... being and straightened me” in sentence 10), as well as syntactic means: (B) ____ (“need, necessity, inevitability” in sentence 16) and (C) ____ (proposals 4.21). With the help of (D) ____ (sentences 11, 12, 13), the writer builds a reasoning text, inviting readers to think about the problem together.
List of terms:
1) metaphor
2) litote
3) hyperbole
4) synonyms
5) gradation
6) parceling
7) rhetorical appeal
8) direct speech
9) interrogative sentences
Part 2.
Write an essay based on the text you read.
25
Show a fragment of a journalistic article.
Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.
Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting).
Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations, the first two arguments are taken into account). The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
1 35
2 however
3 5
4 lied
5 lucky or fortunate
6 discotheques7 36259
8 declination
9 crackedjump10 canvas
11 fill
12 12
13 shortly there14 123
15 24
16 123
17 34
18 14
19 123
20 13
21 25
22 in good conscience23 25
24 1589
Form start
Approximate range of problems Author's position
The problem of the impact of a work of art on a person. (How does genuine art affect a person?) The power of art can transform a person. The statue of Venus de Milo became for the hero a kind of measure of physical and spiritual beauty. The contemplation of this work of art awakens in the hero not only the joy of the sight of beauty, but also sorrow for the imperfection of man.
End of form
The first collectors of information about the Earth were warriors and merchants: their profession simply forced them to travel. With the help of brave explorers, the ancient states expanded not only their territory, but also the circle of their knowledge about the world around them.
Examining the fertile valley of the Lower Nile, the ancient Egyptians in the III-II millennium BC made trips to Libya, up the Nile and to the mysterious country of Punt. They also dared to sail along the coast of Africa. Around the same time, other ancient travelers, the Sumerians, went on sea expeditions around Arabia.
Achaean merchants from the Mediterranean entered the Black Sea and reached Colchis (the territory of modern Georgia). Perhaps their journey became the basis for the myths about the Argonauts. The Achaeans crossed the African continent on the quicksands of the Sahara and reached the Niger River.
One of the best navigators of antiquity were the Phoenicians. In the XI century BC, their routes passed not only the Mediterranean, but also the Red Seas. Nimble Phoenician seafaring merchants managed to cross the seething Strait of Gibraltar, enter the Atlantic Ocean, sailing more than 1000 kilometers to the north and reach England. Even more incredible are the voyages of the Phoenicians to the south: they circled Africa by sea, establishing trade relations with India.
The ancient Chinese expanded their possessions from the Pacific coast to the Tibetan Plateau, explored the lower reaches of the Red River and advanced deep into the Indochinese Peninsula. And in 138 BC, the Chinese emperor sent explorers to the west. Zhang Qiang, who headed this embassy, returned only thirteen years later, having covered about ten thousand kilometers through the mountains and deserts of Central Asia. His route then laid the Great Silk Road, which united the ancient peoples of the Old World.
Phoenician biremes, Chinese junks and Viking drakars were famous for their seafaring qualities. The Phoenicians were the first to come up with a keel and strong ribs-frames, the Chinese equipped their ships with hemp ropes and a rudder, and the prows of long Viking sailboats were decorated with images of dragon heads - hence their name.
Christopher Columbus is considered the discoverer of America, who reached its shores in 1492. However, five centuries before him, the warlike ancestors of today's Norwegians (the Vikings) had already crossed the North Atlantic, visited Greenland and the island of Newfoundland.
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Julian of Hungary,"Columbus of the East" - a Dominican monk who went in search of Great Hungary, the ancestral home of the Hungarians. By 895, the Hungarians had settled in Transylvania, but they still remembered the distant lands of their ancestors, the steppe regions east of the Urals. In 1235, the Hungarian prince Bela sent four Dominican monks on a journey. After a while, two Dominicans decided to go back, and the third companion of Julian died. The monk decided to continue the journey alone. As a result, having passed Constantinople, passing along the Kuban River, Julian reached the Great Bulgaria, or Volga Bulgaria. The Dominican's way back ran through the Mordovian lands, Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir, Ryazan, Chernigov and Kyiv. In 1237, Julian of Hungary went on a second trip, but already on the way, having reached the eastern lands of Russia, he learned about the attack on Great Bulgaria by the Mongol troops. The description of the monk's travels has become an important source in the study of the history of the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria.
Gunnbjorn Ulfson. Surely you have heard about Eirik the Red, a Scandinavian navigator who first settled on the shores of Greenland. Thanks to this fact, many mistakenly think that he was the discoverer of the giant ice island. But no - Gunnbjorn Ulfson had been there before him, heading from his native Norway to Iceland, whose ship was thrown by a strong storm to new shores. Almost a century later, Eirik the Red followed in his footsteps - his path was not accidental, Eirik knew exactly where the island discovered by Ulfson was located. 
Rabban Sauma, who is called the Chinese Marco Polo, was the only native of China to describe his journey through Europe. As a Nestorian monk, Rabban went on a long and perilous pilgrimage to Jerusalem around 1278. Having advanced from the Mongol capital Khanbalik, i.e., present-day Beijing, he crossed all of Asia, but having already approached Persia, he learned about the war in the Holy Land and changed the route. In Persia, Rabban Sauma was warmly received, and a few years later, at the request of Arghun Khan, he was equipped with a diplomatic mission to Rome. First, he visited Constantinople and King Andronicus II, then visited Rome, where he established international contacts with the cardinals, and eventually ended up in France, at the court of King Philip the Handsome, offering an alliance with Arghun Khan. On the way back, the Chinese monk was granted an audience with the newly elected Pope and met with the English King Edward I. 
Guillaume de Rubuc A Franciscan monk, after the end of the Seventh Crusade, he was sent by King Louis of France to the southern steppes in order to establish diplomatic cooperation with the Mongols. From Jerusalem, Guillaume de Rubuc reached Constantinople, from there to Sudak and moved towards the Sea of Azov. As a result, Rubuk crossed the Volga, then the Ural River, and eventually ended up in the capital of the Mongol Empire, the city of Karakorum. The audiences of the great khan did not give any special diplomatic results: the khan invited the king of France to swear allegiance to the Mongols, but the time spent in overseas countries was not in vain. Guillaume de Rubuc described his travels in detail and with his usual humor, telling the inhabitants of medieval Europe about the distant eastern peoples and their lives. He was especially impressed by the religious tolerance of the Mongols, unusual for Europe: in the city of Karakorum, both pagan and Buddhist temples, a mosque, and a Christian Nestorian church peacefully coexisted. 
Afanasy Nikitin, Tver merchant, in 1466 he went on a commercial voyage, which turned into incredible adventures for him. Thanks to his adventurism, Afanasy Nikitin went down in history as one of the greatest travelers, leaving behind the heartfelt notes "Journey Beyond the Three Seas." As soon as they left their native Tver, Afanasy Nikitin's merchant ships were plundered by the Astrakhan Tatars, but this did not stop the merchant, and he continued on his way - first reaching Derbent, Baku, then to Persia and from there to India. In his notes, he colorfully described the customs, customs, political and religious structure of Indian lands. In 1472, Afanasy Nikitin set off for his homeland, but never reached Tver, having died near Smolensk. Afanasy Nikitin became the first European to cross the path to India. 
Chen Chen and Li Da- Chinese travelers who made the most dangerous expedition to Central Asia. Li Da was an experienced traveler, but he did not keep travel notes and therefore was not as famous as Chen Chen. Two eunuchs went on a diplomatic journey on behalf of Emperor Yong-le in 1414. They had to cross the desert for 50 days and climb along the Tien Shan mountains. After spending 269 days on the road, they reached the city of Herat (which is located on the territory of modern Afghanistan), presented gifts to the Sultan and returned home. 
Odorico Pordenone- A Franciscan monk who visited India, Sumatra and China at the beginning of the 14th century. The Franciscan monks sought to increase their presence in the countries of East Asia, for which they sent missionaries there. Odorico Pordenone, leaving his native monastery in Udine, proceeded first to Venice, then to Constantinople, and from there to Persia and India. The Franciscan monk traveled widely in India and China, visited the territory of modern Indonesia, having reached the island of Java, lived in Beijing for several years, and then returned home, passing Lhasa. He died already in a monastery in Udine, but before his death he managed to dictate his travel impressions rich in details. His memoirs formed the basis of the famous book "The Adventures of Sir John Mandeville", which was read in medieval Europe. 
Naddod and Gardar The Vikings discovered Iceland. Naddod landed off the coast of Iceland in the 9th century: he was on his way to the Faroe Islands, but a storm brought him to a new land. After examining the surroundings and not finding signs of human life there, he went home. The next to set foot on the land of Iceland was the Swedish Viking Gardar - he went around the island along the coast on his ship. Naddod called the island "Snowland", and Iceland (i.e. "land of ice") owes its current name to the third Viking, Floki Vilgerdarson, who reached this harsh and beautiful land. 
Veniamin Tudelsky- Rabbi from the city of Tudela (Kingdom of Navarre, now the Spanish province of Navarre). The path of Veniamin Tudelsky was not as grandiose as that of Athanasius Nikitin, but his notes became an invaluable source of information about the history and life of Jews in Byzantium. Benjamin of Tudelsky left his native city for Spain in 1160, passed Barcelona, and traveled through southern France. Then he arrived in Rome, from where, after a while, he advanced to Constantinople. From Byzantium, the rabbi proceeded to the Holy Land, and from there to Damascus and Baghdad, bypassed Arabia and Egypt. 
Ibn Battuta famous not only for his wanderings. If his other "colleagues" set off on a trade, religious or diplomatic mission, then the Berber traveler was called by the muse of distant wanderings - he overcame 120,700 km solely out of love for tourism. Ibn Battuta was born in 1304 in the Moroccan city of Tangier in the family of a sheikh. The first point on the personal map of Ibn Battuta was Mecca, where he got, moving overland along the coast of Africa. Instead of returning home, he continued his journey through the Middle East and East Africa. Having reached Tanzania and finding himself without funds, he ventured on a trip to India: it was rumored that the Sultan in Delhi was incredibly generous. The rumors did not disappoint - the Sultan provided Ibn Battuta with generous gifts and sent him to China for diplomatic purposes. However, on the way it was plundered and, fearing the Sultan's wrath and not daring to return to Delhi, Ibn Battuta was forced to hide in the Maldives, visiting Sri Lanka, Bengal and Sumatra along the way. He reached China only in 1345, from where he headed towards the house. But, of course, he couldn’t sit at home - Ibn Battuta made a short trip to Spain (then the territory of modern Andalusia belonged to the Moors and was called Al-Andalus), then went to Mali, for which he needed to cross the Sahara, and in 1354 he settled in the city Fez, where he dictated all the details of his incredible adventures. 
To the question What great travellers, geographers in the ancient world, helped to accumulate knowledge on earth? what did they do, what year? given by the author Olive the best answer is Antique mediterranean geography
The pre-Socratic philosophical tradition has already generated many prerequisites for the emergence of geography. Anaximander suggested that the Earth was a cylinder and made the revolutionary suggestion that people must also live on the other side of the "cylinder". He also published separate geographical works.
In the IV century. BC e. - V c. n. e. ancient scientists-encyclopedists tried to create a theory about the origin and structure of the surrounding world, to depict the countries known to them in the form of drawings. The results of these studies were the speculative idea of the Earth as a ball (Aristotle), the creation of maps and plans, the determination of geographical coordinates, the introduction of parallels and meridians, cartographic projections. Crates of Mallus, a Stoic philosopher, studied the structure of the globe and created a model of the globe, suggested how the weather conditions of the northern and southern hemispheres should correlate.
"Geography" in 8 volumes of Claudius Ptolemy contained information about more than 8000 geographical names and coordinates of almost 400 points. Eratosthenes of Cyrene for the first time measured the meridian arc and estimated the size of the Earth, he owns the term "geography" (earth description). Strabo was the founder of regional studies, geomorphology and paleogeography. In the works of Aristotle, the foundations of hydrology, meteorology, oceanology are outlined, and the division of geographical sciences is outlined.
Among the geographical ideas of the ancient world, inherited by modern geography, the views of scientists of antiquity are of particular importance. Ancient (Greco-Roman) geography reached its peak in Ancient Greece and Rome in the period from the 12th century to the 12th century. BC. to 146 AD
In ancient Greece around 500 BC. The idea of the sphericity of the Earth was first expressed (Parmenides). Aristotle (4th century BC) gave the first reliable evidence in favor of this idea: the round shape of the earth's shadow during lunar eclipses and the change in the appearance of the starry sky when moving from north to south. Around 165 BC Greek scientist Crates from Malla made the first model of the globe - a globe. Aristarchus of Samos (III century BC) for the first time approximately determined the distance from the Earth to the Sun. He was the first to teach that the Earth moves around the Sun and around its axis (the heliocentric model of the cosmos).
The idea of geographic (climatic) zoning, based directly on the idea of the sphericity of the Earth, also originates in ancient geography (Eudoxus of Knida, 400-347 BC). Posidonius (on the border of the II-I centuries BC) identified 9 geographical zones (we currently distinguish 13 zones).
The idea of changes in the earth's surface also belongs to the oldest achievements of ancient thought (Heraclitus, 530-470 BC), and yet the struggle for it ended only after two and a half millennia, at the beginning of the 19th century. AD
In ancient Greece, the main directions of geographical science were born. Already by the VI century. BC. the needs of navigation and trade (the Greeks at that time founded a number of colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas) necessitated descriptions of land and sea coasts. At the turn of the VI century. BC. Hecataeus from Miletus compiled a description of the Oikoumene - all the countries known at that time to the ancient Greeks. “Earth description” of Hecateus became the beginning of the country-study direction in geography. In the era of "classical Greece" the most prominent representative of regional studies was the historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus (485-423 BC). His regional studies were closely connected with history and had a reference and descriptive character. Herodotus traveled through Egypt, Babylonia, Syria, Asia Minor, the western coast of the Black Sea; gave a description of cities and countries in the work "History in nine books". Such travels did not lead to the discovery of new lands, but contributed to the accumulation of more complete and reliable facts and the development of a descriptive and regional direction in science.
The science of classical Greece found its culmination in the writings of Aristotle of Stagira (384-322 BC), who founded in 335 BC. philosophical school - Lyceum - in Athens. Almost everything
Introduction
1. Great travelers of antiquity
1.1 Travelers of Ancient Greece
1.1 Herodotus
1.3 Eudoxus
1.4 Alexander the Great
1.5 Strabo
1.2 Travelers of Ancient Rome
1.2.1 Aeneas (mythology)
2.2 Apostle Paul
2.3 Pausanias
2.4 Gippal
Conclusion
Introduction
People have traveled at all times. As humanity developed, it discovered new lands, improved means of transportation. There is practically no culture in whose history the history of travel would not be woven.
Without travel it is impossible to imagine the development of human civilization. Thanks to travel, there was an opportunity to make contact with other peoples, to overcome the isolation of their culture. In other words, travel is the main means of dissemination and interpenetration of cultures.
Among scientists who study the cultures of different peoples, there are those who believe that the similarity of cultures on different continents is due to the travels of ancient people. These scholars believe that the history of world culture depends on "man traveling".
That is why the study of the history of ancient travels is of great importance.
The purpose of this work is to study the most famous travelers of the ancient era.
Within the framework of the goal, the following tasks are set:
.Study material on the research topic .Open the research topic based on the studied material. 1.Great travelers of antiquity In its most general sense, the word "antique" means "ancient". But there is also a narrower and at the same time more widely accepted meaning: when they talk about antiquity, they mean belonging to ancient Greek or ancient Roman culture (civilization), which have a long history: from the first centuries of the 1st millennium BC. and up to the 5th century AD. The geographical knowledge of the Greeks and Romans was at a very high level. For modern historians of geography, it is also extremely important that, among all ancient civilizations, ancient ones offer the most complete set of sources by which one can judge geographical knowledge as a real system, and not just a set of scattered information. 1.1 Travelers of Ancient Greece The era of antiquity includes several periods: the period of the archaic (Cretan-Mycenaean culture); the period of the beginning of the development of the civilization of Ancient Greece; Hellenistic period (the heyday and decline of the civilization of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome). The very word "antiquity" in Latin means "antiquity", "old times". The Minoan culture, which arose in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC on the island of Crete, reached its peak by the 17th - 16th centuries. BC. At this time, the Cretan fleet dominated the Eastern Mediterranean. XIV - XII centuries. BC. were the heyday of the Mycenaean culture. From Egyptian sources it is known that the Achaeans raided Egypt, Asia Minor and other countries. The reason for the death of the Mycenaean culture was the Dorian tribes who came from the north of the Balkan Peninsula. They laid the foundations of ancient Greek civilization. And the Creto-Mycenaean culture disappeared. Only fragments of it have survived to this day. From the 12th century BC. we can talk about the origin of the civilization of Ancient Greece. Moreover, from the XII to VIII centuries. BC historians call the "dark period" of the development of this era. During this time, all memories of the Cretan-Mycenaean culture were erased. Neither Thucydite, nor Herodotus, nor Aristotle even mention it in their writings. And only Homer in the 7th century. BC. in his poems he vaguely hinted at some mysterious culture of the past. Homer described the history of the Trojan War, which was fought in the XII century. BC. Thanks to the discoveries of Heinrich Schliemann and Arthur Evans, mankind was surprised to discover that the siege of Ilion by the Achaean army led by the Mycenaean king Agamemnon was not the fruit of Homeric fiction, but a real historical fact. Greek scientists call the "father of geography" Homer, who lived in the IX-VIII centuries. BC. According to tradition, the Spartan king Lycurgus was the first to introduce the Greeks to the poems of Homer. Their recording and final editing were made in Athens by a special commission appointed by the tyrant Peisistratus (6th century BC). Their obligatory popular reading was also established during the festivities in honor of the goddess Athena - Panathenay. These works were included in all school programs of numerous ancient Greek policies: city-states. Plato even expressed the following thought: "Homer brought up the whole of Greece." Dante Alighieri called Homer "the king of poets". The artistic culture of all subsequent eras, from antiquity to the present, is saturated with images of Homeric heroes. "Iliad" is dedicated to the Trojan War (c. 1200 BC), and "Odyssey" tells about the return to his homeland after the end of this war, King Odysseus of Ithaca. There is every reason to believe that the Odyssey describes a real journey of sailors in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. There are a lot of similarities in the wanderings of the Argonauts and Odysseus. They describe the well-known, but not yet fully studied ecumene, the outskirts of which are "inhabited" by all kinds of monsters and wizards. Therefore, only such heroes as Jason, Odysseus can visit there (even having visited Hades, like the Argonaut Orpheus or Odysseus) and return to their homeland. Travels of this rank were perceived by the Greeks as heroic deeds. In ancient Greece, travel reached its greatest upsurge in the 5th - 4th centuries. BC. The same period is the heyday of philosophy, art, mathematics, astronomy, cosmology and other sciences. The centers of civilization were the cities of Asia Minor - Miletus, Ephesus and Colophon. But the center of attraction was Athens. With the aim of understanding the world, sages, natural philosophers and poets traveled to all corners of the world. Almost all major ancient Greek philosophers carried out distant wanderings. The sage and philosopher Thales of Miletus studied in Egypt for more than twenty years. The philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, the legislator Solon, visited the Nile Valley in order to gain knowledge. The philosopher Plato, having made a long journey, upon returning home, founded a philosophical school. Xenophanes of Colophon was an itinerant rhapsodist. But not only knowledge attracted travelers to these countries. They were attracted by the grandiose ancient monuments of architecture. So ancient that Pythagoras, in comparison with them, is perceived as our contemporary. When visiting Egyptian monuments, travelers often left short notes on their walls - "graffiti", which means "scratched" in Italian. Only at the tombs of the pharaohs in Thebes, the Egyptologist J. Baye discovered more than two thousand such inscriptions dating back to the times of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. 1.1.1 Herodotus One of the first learned travelers was Herodotus, who, according to Cicero, is the "father of history." Herodotus was born around 484 BC in the Asia Minor city of Halicarnassus. He came from a wealthy and noble family with extensive trading connections. At a young age, due to political troubles, he left his native city and lived on the island of Samos. Disillusioned with politics, Herodotus began to take an interest in the history of his people and, above all, in mythology. Many researchers believe that it was the desire to visit the places where Hercules performed his exploits that prompted Herodotus to travel. Being from a wealthy family, Herodotus did not need money. He traveled all over Greece and Asia Minor, then sailed to the Phoenician city of Tire. Most of all, Herodotus was attracted by the East and its rich cultural heritage. Herodotus traveled around Libya, visited Babylon, but he was especially struck by Egypt, where he stayed for three months. In Egypt, he asked the inscriptions to be translated for him, asking the priests about the history of this state. He was interested not only in the life of the pharaohs, but also visited the workshops of embalmers. He measured the length of the perimeter of the base of the pyramids in steps, making specific mathematical calculations. Returning to Greece, Herodotus shared his knowledge with his compatriots. This was his first trip. The second journey of Herodotus passed through Asia Minor, from where he arrived by ship to the Northern Black Sea region, through the Helespont to the Milesian colony of Olbia at the mouth of the Dnieper-Bug estuary. There he met with the nomadic tribes of the Scythians, observed their customs, rituals, studied their social system. Herodotus devoted his third journey to the study of the Balkan Peninsula. He traveled around the Peloponnese, the islands of the Aegean Sea (Delos, Pharos, Zakif and others), then traveled through southern Italy and the north of the Balkan Peninsula. Herodotus traveled for 10 years (from 455 to 445 BC), and set out all his observations in 9 books, each of which was named after one of the muses. In his famous work "History" Herodotus described not only the history of many peoples, but also ethnographic signs, i.e. description of facial features, skin color, type of clothing, way of life, rituals, folk signs, general way of life, etc. The "History" of Herodotus bizarrely combines his personal observations, real information about distant countries, obtained in wanderings, with a retelling of mythological events. Herodotus is skeptical about stories of goat-legged people or werewolves from the Neuri tribe, but quite seriously describes giant gold-mining ants from the desert of India. Herodotus did not believe the testimony of the Phoenicians, who circled the African continent, that during the voyage the sun turned out to be on their right side. Despite the existing inaccuracies, it is difficult to overestimate the significance of Herodotus' work. He collected many ancient ideas about the world, described the geography of many countries, the life of different peoples. Only fragments of his writings have come down to us, but the main thing is that Herodotus is the first Greek tourist, because, unlike his predecessors, he wandered not for the sake of achieving some other goals, but for the sake of the journey itself, i.e. for the sake of pleasure, the satisfaction of one's own inquisitiveness and curiosity. Herodotus believed that the Etruscans, or, as the Greeks called them, Tyrrhens or Tyrsenes, came from the state of Lydia, located on the territory of Asia Minor, are the clearest example of a traveler people. The name of the legendary Etruscan prince Tiersen is preserved in the name of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Returning as a young man to his homeland, to Halicarnassus, the famous traveler took part in the popular movement against the tyrant Lygdamis and contributed to his overthrow. In 444 BC, Herodotus attended the Panathenaic festivals and read passages from the description of his travels there, causing general delight. At the end of his life, he retired to Italy, to Thurium, where he died about 425 BC, leaving behind the fame of a famous traveler and an even more famous historian. traveler tourism geography country studies 1.1.2 Pytheas In the VII-VI centuries. BC e. Etruscan civilization reached its peak. By this time, it was compared in its influence on the sea with such great maritime powers as the Hellenic and Carthage. During this era, travel was made mainly for economic, political and military purposes. One example of travel for economic purposes was the journey of the Greek merchant Pytheas. The intensification of competition between the Greek policies, on the one hand, and Phoenicia and Carthage, on the other, for dominance in trade in the Western Mediterranean basin, which led to local military conflicts, forced Pytheas to set out on his own in search of new Western European markets. The Phoenicians did not let foreign merchants through the Strait of Gibraltar, the movement through which was controlled by special garrisons located in Gadiz (Cadiz) and Tingis (Tangier) on both sides of the strait. The Phoenicians had a monopoly on such goods as tin, amber, a number of expensive furs, which they supplied to the Mediterranean countries from the British Isles and the countries of Northern Europe. In 325 (according to other sources in 320) BC. Pytheas sailed on one ship from his native city of Messalia (now Marseille), to the Mediterranean Sea. He sailed through Gibraltar and, rounding the Iberian Peninsula, entered the Bay of Biscay. Then he sailed along the coast of the country of the Celts and reached the English Channel. There he landed on the island of Albion, which means "White", named because of the frequent fogs. On this island, Pytheas learned from the inhabitants that to the north of them lies the land of "Thule", which in translation from the local dialect means "edge", "limit". Pytheas rounded the British Peninsula from the west, and through the North Strait between Britain and Ireland entered the Atlantic Ocean. Pytheas tried to reach the land of "Thule" (now the island of Iceland). He sailed through the Orkney and Shetland Islands and, reaching the Ferry Islands, went further, to 61 ° north latitude. None of the ancient Greeks and even the Romans did not go so far to the north. But the impenetrable fogs that formed from the ingress of northern ice into the warm Gulf Stream prevented the further voyage of Pytheas. Pytheas was forced to turn south to the shores of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Later, in his notes, Pytheas will call the land of Thule "the last limit", which in Latin sounds like "ultima tule". But Pytheas' journey did not end there. Pytheas sailed east and arrived at the mouth of the Rhine, where the Ostions lived, and then the Germans. From there he sailed to the mouth of the Elbe and returned to Messalia. Information about the travels of Pytheas is contradictory. Some ancient authors believe that Pytheas sailed further east on his way back, entered the Baltic Sea and then descended along the Dniester into the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus) and through the Bosporus and the Dardanelles entered the Mediterranean Sea and returned home. However, many ancient Greek historians distrust such descriptions. But the northern journey of Pytheas and his achievements are indisputable. 1.3 Eudoxus The interests of the ancient Greeks were very diverse. They turned their eyes to all corners of the world. The ancient Greeks held the primacy of Europeans in sailing to the shores of India. But, in fairness, it must be said that the Greeks used the information they received from Egyptian travelers. So, for example, the Greek navigator Eudoxus of Cyzicus, on the orders of Pharaoh Ptolemy III, undertook a voyage to the shores of India, sailing from Egypt, accompanied by an Indian guide. Mariners safely reached the desired goal. Eudoxus made the second expedition to India on the instructions of Queen Cleopatra for a cargo of incense. But on the way back, the winds carried the ship south of Ethiopia, and Eudoxus was forced to move along the coast of Africa. During his third journey (120 - 115 BC), he sailed around Africa, as the Phoenicians did, but died at the end of the journey. 1.4 Alexander the Great Considering the travels of the Hellenistic era, one cannot fail to note the military campaigns of Alexander the Great, which lasted for 10 years. In the ancient world, these campaigns were considered an unheard of, almost legendary feat. The fame of the brilliant military victories of the great Alexander was reflected in the folk traditions of the entire Middle Ages. In 330 BC the troops of Alexander the Great, having defeated the Persian kingdom, reached southern Afghanistan. Then, through modern Kandahar and Ghazni, they poisoned themselves in Kabkl. From there, having passed the Khavak pass (3,548 m) in the Hindu Kush mountain system, we arrived in northern Afghanistan. After that, the Macedonian king made his campaign to the Syr Darya and reached modern Khujand (until 1991 - the city of Leninabad). Then the army turned south and invaded the Punjab, where, due to the discontent of the soldiers, heat and illness, Alexander was forced to go back, during which he was overtaken by death. Without going into the military details of this campaign, we can safely say that it ended for the Greeks, and then for the Romans, by opening the way to India. Thanks to this campaign, the Greeks and Macedonians got acquainted with little-known, or even completely unknown before, peoples, their culture, way of life, and traditions. Personally, Alexander the Great was interested in the study of Asia. Alexander's entourage included not only warriors, but also outstanding scientists and artists. In their works, they described in detail everything they saw, heard and studied during this campaign. This campaign marked the beginning of museology. Alexander, after the victory over the Persians, sent money to his teacher Aristotle. With this money, Aristotle founded a natural science museum. Aristotle asked his royal disciple to send him samples of unknown plants and skins or stuffed animals of unusual animals, which was done at the behest of Alexander. During the voyage of Nearchus, not only was a map of the coast drawn up, but also natural phenomena were studied, in particular monsoon winds, and knowledge of botany and zoology was expanded. Nearchus got acquainted with many tribes and peoples, learned their customs and laws. Thus, the campaign of Alexander the Great can also be considered a "scientific expedition", since the conqueror surrounded himself with natural scientists, mathematicians, historians, philosophers, botanists and artists. 1.1.5 Strabo The geographical representations of Herodotus were expanded by the ancient Greek scientist and traveler Strabo, who was born in the 1st century BC. BC. in the southeastern part of the Asia Minor peninsula. Strabo, coming from a noble and wealthy family, received an excellent education and had the opportunity to travel to various parts of the Roman Empire. He visited Italy, Asia Minor, Egypt, Rome itself; in his distant wanderings, Strabo reached Armenia and the borders of Ethiopia. As a result of these travels, he collected extensive historical and geographical material, which was subsequently used in two major works: "Historical Notes" and "Geography", consisting of 17 books. The fates of these two creations of Strabo are completely opposite: if the first is almost completely lost, then the second has come down to our days almost entirely and brought fame to this scientist, which has already a thousand-year history. The "Geography" tells about Spain, Italy, Greece, India, Egypt, Central and Eastern Europe, Central, Central and Asia Minor. Strabo not only describes nature and population, but also makes historical excursions, mentioning some facts that are no longer known to any sources. Strabo considered geography a part of philosophy, interpreting it from the standpoint of the Stoic ideas of Posidonius. He considered Homer to be a completely reliable source of geographical information. Strabo had no idea about mathematical geography, limiting himself to descriptive, hence his often unfair criticism of his predecessors, in particular Eratosthenes. Strabo's descriptions are accurate, and some still seem to be the main source of our knowledge to this day, for example, descriptions of the Nile Delta and Alexandria. Strabo also paid attention to the history, and in particular, the history of the culture of the countries described. He addressed his essay to a wide circle of readers; in it he also expressed a kind of admiration for the power of Rome. According to Strabo, the Earth was an island washed by the Ocean, which created 4 gulfs: the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. He was the first to express the idea of a gradual dismemberment of the land. He divided the populated world into Europe, Asia and Libya, that is, Africa. Strabo's "Geography" is the largest geographical work that has come down to us from antiquity. Along with the work of Claudius Ptolemy, it represents the source of our information about ancient geography. Strabo wrote simply and concisely, without rhetorical embellishments. Strabo's work was little known until the 5th century. AD Then it became a classic work on geography, and Strabo was simply called the Geographer. Ancient Greek culture enriched humanity with knowledge about the world around us, elevating travel to the rank of a mass phenomenon, but we can talk about the initial stages of the tourism industry from the era of Ancient Rome. 1.2 Travelers of Ancient Rome 2.1 Aeneas (mythology) Travel is at the heart of the civilization of Ancient Rome. The ancestor of Rome is considered one of the main defenders of Troy during the Trojan War - Aeneas. After the defeat, Aeneas was forced, saving his family, to flee from the city captured by the Achaeans. Virgil devoted the poem "Aeneid" to this journey. The path of the small fleet of Aeneas lay across the Aegean Sea, then, having rounded the Peloponnese through the Adriatic Sea, the travelers arrived in Epirus, located on the western coast of the Balkans, from where they proceeded to Sicily. A sudden storm threw their ships to the northern coast of Africa, and only the intervention of Neptune himself saved them from imminent death. In Carthage, Aeneas was overwhelmed by the love charms and hospitality of the dowager queen Dido. But the supreme god of the Romans, Jupiter, sent Mercury (later the patron of wanderers) to Aeneas to remind him of the need to continue the journey. Aeneas resumes his journey. The Trojans arrive on the Apennine Peninsula, where they initially stop at the city of Kuma, and then, after the prophetess Sibyl gave Aeneas an "excursion" to the Kingdom of the Dead, where the ghost of the deceased father told him about the future great destiny of Rome, they continue their journey, which ends on the banks of the Tiber. And five centuries later, Rome was founded there. The Trojans had many more trials ahead of them. The local population - the Latins - start wars against them. And only the marriage of Aeneas with the daughter of the king of the Latins, Lavinia, ended this bloody conflict. But, in order to appease the local gods, in particular Juno, they undertook to adopt the language and traditions of the Latins. The emperor Octavian Augustus played a big role in editing and spreading the myth about Aeneas. This allowed Roman aristocrats to trace their lineage back to the Trojans. The history of the formation and spread of Christianity is directly connected with the journey of both Jesus himself and his apostles. 2.2 Apostle Paul The most prominent preacher of the new religion was the apostle Paul. He accepted the new faith after he had a vision while traveling to Damascus in which Jesus spoke to him. Paul traveled extensively during his missionary work. He visited Asia Minor, Greece, Syria, Palestine. Paul returned to Jerusalem after three long journeys to the eastern part of the Roman Empire, where he was arrested and sent to Rome. This was the last journey of the apostle: in 64 AD. e. Paul was executed on the outskirts of Rome for his active missionary work and the development of Christian theology. Christian doctrine in the Roman Empire was persecuted until the 4th century. n. e. 2.3 Pausanias The first traveler of our era, whose name is preserved in history, was the Greek writer Pausanias. He lived in Rome and traveled extensively in the Greek and Roman provinces. A description of his travels, compiled in the form of a guide ("Description of Hellas"), he published in ten books around 180 AD. Pausanias described Attica (the southeastern part of central Greece) and Athens in particular detail. From Attica, he moved to Corinth and explored the islands of the Aegean. He then gave a description of Laconia and Sparta, listing the names of all the roads and provinces. 2.4 Gippal Of great importance for the development of trade was the journey of the merchant Gippal in 14-37. AD He set out from East Africa and reached the Indus Delta. He established the pattern of monsoon movement in the Indian Ocean, sailed from Cape Fartak to the Indus Delta. Gippal wrote the book "Sailing around the Eritrean Sea". This essay describes the coast of Africa from Cape Guardafui to the island of Zanzibar. The southern coast of Arabia and most of the western coast of India are also described. "Description of a journey along Pontus Euxinus" (the Black Sea) was written by the Greek historian Arrian, who lived in the 2nd century BC. n. e. In his work, Arrian tries to characterize the countries and peoples living along the shores of this sea. Truly encyclopedic works were "World History" by Polybius and "Geography" by Claudius Ptolemy. Travelers in Ancient Rome were apostles and emperors (Trajan, Adrian, Marcus Aurelius), commanders and scientists. The military campaigns of the Romans, such as Caesar in Gaul, Claudius in Britain, Scipio in Africa, led to the expansion of reliable geographical knowledge. The Romans build roads, lay fortresses, some of them will eventually become the capitals of European states: Singidunkum (Belgrade); Aquincum (Buda, later merged with the left-bank Pest); Vindobona (Vienna). There is even a philosophy of tourism. Lucius Annei Seneca in his "Letters to Lucilius" substantiates the idea that for tourism it is necessary "to choose places healthy not only for the body, but also for morals." Because, according to Seneca, "and the area, no doubt, is not devoid of the ability to corrupt." As haunts of all vices, they cite such famous resorts as Canop and Bailly. But at the same time, the philosopher argues that "it is not the sky that needs to be changed, but the soul", because "your vices will follow you wherever you go." In support of this thesis, Seneca cites the statement of Socrates: "Is it strange that you have no benefit from wandering if you drag yourself around everywhere?" Traveling, in order to get the maximum benefit and pleasure, is necessary with a pure soul - ancient scientists believed. Conclusion Travelers of antiquity made a huge contribution both to the history of the development of tourism, geography and culture, regional studies, ethnography, various sciences and teachings, and to world history as a whole. Travelers throughout the history of mankind have obtained important information that served as a valuable source of knowledge of various sciences. On the basis of the collected materials, scientists built various concepts explaining the historical development of a particular country. They resorted to their help when they tried to prove or disprove any hypotheses and ideas. Thus, thanks to the travelers of antiquity, new lands and peoples were discovered, rich geographical material was accumulated, which contributed to further travels and discoveries. List of used literature 1.M.V. Belkin, O. Plakhotskaya. Dictionary "Ancient writers". Access mode: Makarenko S.N., Saak A.E. History of tourism. Access mode: Sokolova M.V. History of tourism: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2006. Encyclopedia for children: T. 3 (Geography). - Comp. S.T. Ismailov. - M.: Avanta +, 1994.
