Photo and description. Where was Troy located - on the territory of the modern state? In what country nowadays? Where is the city now? Troy history study
We all heard about the Trojan War thanks to Homer's Iliad. Who were the inhabitants of Troy and what peoples can be their descendants?
Turks and Greeks
It is assumed that ancient Troy (according to Homer - Ilion) was located in the north of modern Turkey, on the shores of the Aegean Sea, near the entrance to the Dardanelles.
The inhabitants of Troy were actually called not Trojans, but Teucres. The mention of the people tjkr is found in the sources of the time of the Egyptian pharaoh Ramses III. Aeschylus and Virgil also spoke of them.
According to the historian Strabo, the Tevkrov tribe originally lived in Crete, from where they moved to Troad (Troy). After the fall of Troy, the Teucers moved to Cyprus and Palestine.
Today, the region where Troy was once located is inhabited by both Turks and Greeks. Therefore, most likely, it is among them that you can meet the descendants of the Trojans.
Etruscans
A number of researchers believe that the pre-Greek inscriptions found in Cyprus (the so-called Eteocypriot inscriptions) and revealing grammatical and
lexical similarity with the Etruscan language, belong precisely to the Teucrams. Almost all ancient authors speak of the Asia Minor origin of the Etruscans, which is quite consistent with the "Trojan" version.
True, the well-known expert on the Etruscans R. Bekes believed that they were not descendants of the Trojans, but only their closest neighbors.
Romans
Legends say that the Romans descended from Aeneas, who fled from the burning Troy. This is stated in the "History from the Foundation of the City" by Titus Livius, and in the "Aeneid" by Virgil. Tacitus also mentions the Trojan origin of the Romans. Julius Caesar himself declared that he descended from Ascanius, the son of Aeneas.
True, there is confusion with the dates. It is believed that Rome was founded in 753 BC, and the Trojan War took place in the XIII-XII centuries BC, that is, about 400 years before the founding of Rome.
Franks
The first Frankish kings were representatives of the Merovingian dynasty. It was necessary to create some kind of legend confirming their right to power, and then they came up with an ancestor named Francus or Francion, who allegedly was the son of Hector, the leader of the Trojan warriors.
For the first time Francus (Francus) is mentioned in 660 with reference to the "Chronicle" of the Roman historian Eusebius of Caesarea. From there, information was transferred to the "History of the Franks" by Gregory of Tours, the events in which date back to the 4th century.
According to legend, Frankus and his comrades fled from Troy during a fire and, after long wanderings, built the city of Sycambria on the Danube. Later, he erected another city on the Rhine - Dispargum. Subsequently, the descendants of Francus moved to the lands of Gaul and began to call themselves Franks in honor of the first leader.
The city of Paris allegedly got its name in honor of Prince Paris, who provoked the Trojan War, and was a distant relative of Francus. It was he who became the founder of the city on the Seine. Also, according to this version, many European cities were founded by Trojan heroes: among them Toulouse, London, Barcelona, Bern, Cologne.
Germans and Britons
The Germanic tribes considered their progenitor Troana, the daughter of the Trojan king Priam. As the Scandinavian sagas say, one of her descendants was the ruler of Thrace, a country located on the European coast of the Hellespont. He and his people managed to conquer the lands of Scandinavia and Jutland (Denmark), and then populate the entire northern part of Western Europe. One of the tribes that lived there - the Britons - gave the name to Britain, whose territory was settled in the 7th century BC. The natives of Troy differed from the native population in their white skin, tall stature, light eyes, and blond or red hair.
Russians
Theoretically, the Trojans could migrate not only to the West or East, but also to the North. Most likely, in the area of the mouth of Itil (as the Volga River was then called) and on the coast of the Dnieper. In particular, they could become residents of the Khazar Khaganate, and after its fall, settle further across the Slavic lands, mixing with the local population, and then with the Balts. It is possible that the legendary Vikings Rurik, Sineus and Truvor, called to reign in Rus', just descended from the Trojans. Yes, and in the "Word of Igor's Campaign" the adjective "Trojan" ("Trojan") is mentioned several times, formed, perhaps, on behalf of its own Troyan.
By the way, Ivan the Terrible, as you know, claimed that the Ruriks descended from the first Roman emperors. Maybe there were reasons for this?
Let only indirect facts speak in favor of this version, but why not fantasize that we, Russians, can also be descendants of the ancient Trojans?
“Discovery of Troy In the mass consciousness, the discovery of the legendary city is associated with the name of enthusiastic archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann. He was able, contrary to the opinion of skeptics, to prove the historicity of Homer's Iliad.
Although in modern times stories about Trojan War were considered legends, scientists and amateurs tried to find the legendary city. In the 16th and 17th centuries in Troad visited by two explorers and travelers - Pierre Belon And Pietro della Valle. Each of them concluded that the legendary Troy is the ruins of the city of Alexandria of Troy, which were located 20 kilometers from Hissarlik.
At the end of the 18th century, another traveler and archaeologist Jean-Baptiste Lechevalier visited these places and wrote the work Notes on a Journey to Troas. Lechevalier argued that the ancient city was located near the town of Pinarbazi, five kilometers from Hissarlik. For a long time this theory was dominant.
In 1822 a Scottish journalist Charles McLaren published in Edinburgh a dissertation on the topography of the Trojan Plain. A hundred years later, Karl Blegen wrote that this work would have deserved more attention than it received. Maclaren collected all the information from the Iliad that had topographical significance and compared it with the maps of his time. Then the Scot tried to restore the appearance of the landscape as it was in antiquity. McLaren's conclusions were agreed by some British scientists and several German Homer researchers.
Charles Maclaren was the first to suggest that the legendary city was located on the Hissarlik hill. The basis of his conclusion was the assumption that the city of Homer was located in the same place as the Greek city of the Classical and Hellenistic eras.
The last of Schliemann's predecessors was Frank Calvert, Englishman, British Consul in Turkey. He was an amateur archaeologist and was fascinated by the history of Troy all his life. Frank, like Schliemann, believed that Troy was a real city, contrary to the skepticism of many contemporaries.
Frank's brother purchased a small piece of land in the Troad, part of which covered the territory of the Hissarlik Hill. Calvert excavated "his" part of the hill, but they yielded modest results. Later, it was Frank Calvert who shared his thoughts with Heinrich Schliemann, who decided to conduct his own research on the hill.
In the 1860s Heinrich Schliemann already explored Ithaca, where he found, as it seemed to him, monuments associated with the names of Laertes and Odysseus. In 1868, an archaeologist decided to excavate in Turkey. It took Schliemann and his friends in Constantinople three years to obtain permission from the Turkish government to excavate. The firman (permission) was handed over to Schliemann on the condition that half of the finds be handed over to the Turkish museum.
October 11, 1871 Heinrich Schliemann with his wife Sophia and several workers, he arrived at the Hissarlik hill and immediately began excavations. The workers were Greeks from Asia Minor from the surrounding villages, sometimes joined by Turks.
Schliemann excavated on the hill until June 1873. During this time, the archaeologist was able to excavate seven archaeological layers of the city. He himself believed that Troy Priam is the Troy-II layer. Toward the end of the excavations, Schliemann discovered a large hoard of gold objects, which he called "Priam's Treasure". After leaving Turkey, Schliemann continued to study the monuments in Orchomenus and Mycenae, published the work "Troy and its ruins".
In 1878 Heinrich returned to Troad and continued his excavations. After them, he returned twice more for excavations to the Hisarlyk hill, and now he was accompanied by professional archaeologists. In 1882 he joined Schliemann in Troy Wilhelm Dörpfeld, second secretary of the German Archaeological Institute in Athens.
Schliemann died in 1890, and Dörpfeld continued the excavations. The archaeologist in 1893-1894 discovered the fortifications of Troy-VI. The German archaeologist considered them to be the city of Priam.
Forty years after Dörpfeld's work, excavations ceased. From 1932 to 1938, the Hissarlik hill was explored by an archaeologist Carl Blegen, director of the University of Cincinnati. The American proved that there were nine settlements on this site, one after another. These nine levels of Troy he divided into 46 sublevels.
The next stage of research of the archaeological site was associated with the expedition Manfred Korfman. His excavations refined the data of his predecessors and made it possible to create a modern chronology of Troy.
Early Bronze Age (Troy-I - Troy-V)
The first five archaeological layers of the settlement show a continuous history of the city, which lasted until the 17th century. BC.
Troy-I existed for about 400 years from 300 to 2600. BC. It had common features with the culture of central Anatolia, but was quite independent. The city had external connections with the islands and the north of the Balkans.
Troy II arose on the ruins of the previous city. Presumably Troy-I died from a strong fire. This settlement was the successor of the previous one in terms of culture. The city had a mighty fortress wall with a diameter of about 110 meters. The fortification was a citadel from where its masters exercised power over the territory of the Troad.
The standard of living of the Trojans has become higher: the houses have become more spacious and comfortable. The fortress housed a majestic megaron. The Trojans of this time were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. Archaeologists have found many terracotta whorls. Weaving also developed. Trade contacts with the Cyclades continued to develop. The Trojans supplied their neighbors with grain and pottery.
Troy-II again destroyed by fire, but soon the settlement was occupied by the same people around 2250 BC. The ceramics of the third city practically did not differ from the ceramics of the previous era. Reasons that killed Troy-III unclear. It seems that there was no fire that destroyed the entire settlement, but the houses were destroyed.
Troy-IV existed in the period 2100 - 1950 BC. The territory of this city occupied about 17 thousand kilometers. The new settlement had strong fortifications. The houses of this Troy were built close to each other, forming complexes that were separated by narrow streets. Pottery of this time continues the traditions of past eras of the settlement. But the number of products created using the potter's wheel has grown.
Period Troy-V began with the remodeling of the entire settlement. Residents built a new wall for protection. The city existed until the 18th century BC. The reason for its destruction is unclear. Again, there are no traces of the devastating fire. But the builders of the city Troy VI created a completely different city, which did not take into account the location of the buildings of its predecessor. The city of Troy-VI presumably perished around 1300 BC. as a result of an earthquake. It was replaced by a settlement Troy-VII. It had four periods of existence until the middle of the 10th century BC.
King Alaxandus and the Hittites
During Troy-VII the inhabitants of this city were in close contact with neighboring states - the Hittite state, the kingdoms of Asia Minor and the Greeks of Akhkhiyava. It is believed that the Hittites knew Troy under the name Wilus states.
In the XVII century BC. the Hittite king Labarna subjugated Artsava and Vilusa. The latter after a certain period of time became independent, but maintained neutral relations with Hittite kingdom. In the XIV century BC. the state of Wilus came to the attention of the rulers of the Hittite state.
An ally of the Hatti kings of the XIV century. BC. Suppiluliumas I and Mursilis was king of Vilusa Kukunnis. It is known that he helped Mursilis during his campaign against Artsava.
Kukunnis, under the changed name "Kykn", entered the cycle of legends about the Trojan War. Legends made him a representative of a side branch of the royal house, which ruled one of the cities of the Troad. He was the first to meet the Greeks who landed and died at the hands of Achilles.
At the end of the XIV century BC. The king of Vilusa was the son of Kukunnis Alaksandus. His reign is known thanks to the treaty between Alaksandus and King Muvattalis of Hatti.
The treaty states that Koukunnis adopted and made Alaxandus his heir. The population of Vilusa grumbled against the new king. They said that the inhabitants of the country would not accept the son of Alaksandus as a new sovereign. It also refers to the "children of the king", who claimed the throne, inherited by Alaksandus.
Muvattalis promised the ruler of Wilusa and his heirs protection. In exchange, Alaxandus became a dependent king. He was supposed to inform the overlord about possible rebellions in the west of Asia Minor. In the event of a war between Hatti and the states of Asia Minor, Alaksandus had to personally come to the rescue with his army. For wars with Mitanni, Egypt or Assyria, the king of Wilusa had to send his troops.
According to one clause, Alaxandus was obligated to fight an enemy who might invade the land of Hatti through Wilusa. This enemy is supposed to be the Achaean Greeks, who at that time were trying to gain a foothold in Asia Minor.
Soon after the submission of the Hittite power of the kingdoms of Asia Minor, the famous battle of kadesh in Syria. The Egyptian text dedicated to this battle lists the units of the Hittite army. Among others, the people of Drdnj are mentioned there (probable decoding - Dar-d-an-ja). This people is identified with the Dardanians who lived within the Vilusa.
The dominance of the Hittite monarchs over Vilusa did not last long. Already the letter of the king of the Hittites to the king of Ahkhiyava, dating from the turn of the XIV - XIII centuries BC. shows the situation has changed. It follows from the document that a conflict occurred between Hatti and Ahkhiyava, as a result of which the Hittites lost control over Vilusa, and the Achaeans strengthened their influence in this country.
In the XIII century BC. the land of Hatti was ruled by the militant Tudhaliyas IV. He fought with a coalition of small states of Asia Minor, united in Hittite documents under the common name Assuva. Among them was Wilusa. Tudhaliyas IV won and Vilusa again became a dependent state.
From the letter of the Hittite king to the ruler of Milavanda, it follows that Tudhaliyas made his protege Valma the ruler of Vilusa. For some reason, he fled and the Hatti king was going to restore him to power. Probably, the expulsion of Valmu happened before Assuva's speech against the Hittites, and the restoration after the victory of Tudhaliyas, when "the gods gave him" these lands.
Troy VII and the legend of the Trojan War
Already in Antiquity, different dates for the Trojan War were expressed. Duris of Samos refers it to 1334 BC, Eratosthenes - 1183, Ephor - 1136. Herodotus wrote that she was 800 years before he began work on the "History", that is, in the last third of the XIII century BC.
The city of Troy-VII-a perished at the turn of the 13th and 12th centuries BC. There are different points of view on the time of its fall. L.A. Gindin and V.L. Tsymbursky date the fall of the city to 1230-1220 BC. This was the beginning of the so-called campaign period. "peoples of the sea".
The campaign of the Greek states against Troy was often associated with the heyday of Mycenaean civilization. According to the reconstruction of the researchers, the campaign took place after the beginning of the decline of the Mycenaean civilization. Greece was subjected to one invasion from the north, which led to the destruction of part of the palace centers. The danger of new attacks from the north pushed the Achaeans to overseas enterprises. The flourishing of Rhodes at the expense of immigrants is also attributed to this time.
Speaking about the population of Troy in period VII, the deep ties of its population with the Thracians are noted. The top of the city in this era probably adopted the culture of Mycenaean Greece, which confirms the name Alaksandus, consonant with "Alexander".
The forms of ceramics of Troy VII-a resembled the ceramics of the Northern Balkans inhabited by the Thracian tribes. The composition of the Teucres (inhabitants of Priam Troy), presumably, was dominated by early Thracian elements.
After the destruction of Troy by the Achaeans, the city was reborn. Now it was a sparsely populated settlement, which is identified with the layer Troy VII-b I. The surviving Teucers themselves, for the most part, did not remain in their former places, but joined the campaigns of the peoples of the sea. These campaigns destroyed the Hittite kingdom of a number of small states of Asia Minor, and were also a threat to Egypt.
The depopulation of Troad made it possible for the Thracians to move here, who re-populated Troy. The period is associated with the settlers Troy VII-b II. But, given the previous contacts, the inhabitants of the city and the Thracians, their settlement of these places was peaceful.
Troy after the Trojans: another Greek city
Around 950 B.C. the settlement on Hissarlik ceased to exist. In the Archaic era (VIII-VI centuries BC), life resumed on the hill. In 480 B.C. Xerxes at the beginning of the campaign to Greece visited this place. The king examined the ancient acropolis and sacrificed a hundred bulls to Athena of Ilion. Its magicians made libations in honor of the heroes who died here. In 411 BC. this place was visited by the Spartan navarch Mindar, who made sacrifices to Athena of Ilion.
Ilion had almost no political significance and was controlled by more powerful neighbors. In 360 B.C. the city was captured by the mercenary adventurer Haridem of Oreos, and again the horse played a fatal role in the fall of the city.
Haridem persuaded a slave of one of the influential citizens to help them pass into the city. This slave went outside the walls for prey and returned at night. The mercenary persuaded him to return at night on horseback. The guards opened the gate for him, and a group of mercenaries broke into Ilion. The story of this event was preserved by Aeneas Tacticus, a contemporary of Haridem. He was interested in military tricks, so he did not write anything about the fate of the settlement after its capture by Haridem. Probably the commander of the mercenaries began to rule here as a tyrant - a typical case for the 4th century BC.
In 334 BC. ruins of Troy visited Alexander the Great. As they write in the writings about his campaign, he made sacrifices here in honor of the ancient heroes. At the end of his life, the ruler decided to build a new temple here. These works were completed in the reigns of his Diadochi: Antigonus, Lysimachus and Seleucus.
Epigraphic sources report that during the years of the existence of the state of Antigonus the One-Eyed, one of the Greek interpolis associations in his lands was Ilion Union. The date of foundation of this interpolis association is unknown. Both Alexander and Antigone are called the founder of the Ilion League.
The messages of the union to Antigonus are known. The Ilionian Union had a Sanhedrin (council of allied cities), whose representatives met on the territory of the sacred site of Athena of Ilion. Among the other members of this association, two cities are known - Gargara and Lampsak.
For modern science, the ratio of the Aeolian and Ilion unions that existed in the time of Antigonus remains a mystery. It is assumed that these could be different names of one interpolis association. It is known that Troad was part of the Aeolis region.
Presumably, Antigonus formed two unions from Asia Minor cities - Aeolian and Ionian. The center of the Ionian Union was in the ancient sanctuary of Panionius, the center of the Aeolian was in the temple of Athena of Ilion.
Troy again became a significant city: temples, a bouleuterium (a meeting place for the city council), and theaters appeared there. At the same time, ancient burial mounds were restored. The revived city had about 8 thousand inhabitants.
Around 250 B.C. the walls of Troy were restored. The city was visited by famous people of that time: the king of Syria Antiochus III, the Roman senator Mark Livius Salinator, the commander Lucius Cornelius Scipio.
In 85 BC the city was destroyed again. This year was the end of the first war Rome with Mithridates VI. In Greece and Asia Minor, it was led independently by two commanders: Sulla and the protege of his enemies, Fimbria. The latter crossed over to Asia Minor and began to punish the Greek cities that had previously gone over to the side of the Pontic king.
Among others, Fimbria laid siege to Ilion. The inhabitants of the city sent for help to Sulla. He promised them help and told them to tell Fimbria that the Ilions had already surrendered to Sulla. Fimbria persuaded the inhabitants of Ilion to let him in as a confirmation of surrender.
Entering the city, the Roman commander massacred and subjected the envoys to his enemy Sulla to a particularly cruel execution. Fimbria ordered to set fire to the temple of Athena of Ilion, where many residents fled. The next day, the Roman inspected the city, making sure that not a single altar was left intact.
The destruction of Ilion by Fimbria made an impression on contemporaries, because the Romans considered themselves to be from ancient Troy. The destruction of the city was compared with the one arranged by Agamemnon, and the time that separated the destruction of the cities was calculated. Appian of Alexandria, citing other authors, wrote that the destruction of the city by Fimbria happened 1050 years after the end of the Trojan War.
After defeating a rival, Sulla helped rebuild the city as a reward for his loyalty to him. The Ilionians responded by introducing a new calendar, where the account was kept from 85 BC. The years that followed were difficult for Ilion. Five years after Fimbria, the city suffered from pirate attacks.
When did the third war begin? Kingdom of Pontus, Ilion remained faithful to the alliance with Rome. Plutarch relates the tradition that when a storm destroyed the Pontic siege engines near Cyzicus, many Ilionians saw Athena in a dream. The goddess was in a torn robe and said that she came from Cyzicus, where she fought for its inhabitants. After that, the Ilionians helped the Roman general Lucullus, who fought against the Pontics in the Troad.
At the end of the war, the Roman general Pompey, who ended the war, arrived in Ilion. He was proclaimed the benefactor of the city and the patron of the temple of Athena of Ilion. Fifteen years later, he rendered good deeds to Ilion and Julius Caesar. He emphasized the loyalty of the city to Rome during the war with Mithridates.
In 42 BC. after defeating Caesar's assassins, Octavian and Antony settled the veterans of the sixteenth legion in Ilion. After 22 years, Emperor Augustus again visited this city. Descent from the Trojan hero Aeneas played an important role in his propaganda. By his order, repair work was carried out in Ilion. On the site of the former bouleuterium, on the orders of the princeps, an odeon (a building for musical performances) was erected.
During his visit to Ilion, Augustus lived in the house of a wealthy citizen Melanippus, son of Euthydippus. Eight years later, when the theater was completed, Melanippus erected a statue of the emperor there.
In the era Roman Empire Ilion lived off travelers who were interested in ancient history. Another component of its economy was the extraction and export of stone. In 124 AD Ilion was visited by the famous philhellenic emperor Hadrian. He ordered a new reconstruction of the city.
After the visit Adriana Ilion began to flourish as a Roman city: baths, a fountain, an aqueduct were built in it. A new repair of the odeon was made by order of the emperor Caracalla, who visited Ilion in 214 AD.
In 267 AD Asia Minor the Goths devastated, and Ilion was again destroyed. But the city continued to exist in the IV century. Constantine the Great even considered it as a possible capital of the empire, until he chose Byzantium. By 500 AD, Ilion ceased to exist.
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Ancient city
An excerpt characterizing Troy- So I didn’t know! .. - Stella exclaimed. “I was just thinking yesterday about the dead that you helped, and I asked my grandmother how they could come back. It turned out - you can, you just need to know how to do it! Here I come. Aren't you happy?- Oh, well, of course, I'm glad! - I immediately assured, and she panicked trying to come up with something so that it would be possible to simultaneously communicate with her and with all my other guests, without betraying either her or myself. But then suddenly an even bigger surprise happened, which completely knocked me out of an already rather complicated rut .... - Oh, how much light-o-skov! ... And class-and-how, ba-a-tuski !!! ... - in complete delight, lisping squeaked, spinning "top" on his mother's knees, a three-year-old baby . - And ba-a-boski! ... And what boboski-s-s! I stared at him dumbfounded, and for a while I sat like that, unable to utter a word. And the baby, as if nothing had happened, happily continued to mumble and break out of his mother’s hands holding him tightly in order to “feel” all these “pretty things” that suddenly suddenly fell from somewhere, and even so bright and so colorful.... Stella, realizing that someone else saw her, with joy began to show him various funny fairy-tale pictures, which finally fascinated the baby, and he, with a happy squeal, jumped on his mother's knees from the wild delight pouring "over the edge" ... - Girl, girl, who are you girl?! Oh, ba-a-tyuski, what a big mi-i-ska !!! And quite creepy! Mama, mama, can I take him home? His wide-open blue eyes enthusiastically caught every new appearance of the “bright and unusual”, and his happy face shone with joy - the baby accepted everything that happened in a childish way, as if that was how it should have been ... The situation was completely out of control, but I did not notice anything around, thinking at that moment only about one thing - the boy saw!!! I saw it just as I saw it!.. So, it was still true that such people exist somewhere else?.. And it means that I was completely normal and not at all lonely, as I thought at first!. So, it really was Dar? .. Apparently, I was too dumbfounded and looked at him intently, as the confused mother blushed a lot and immediately rushed to “calm down” her little son, so that only no one could hear what he was talking about ... and immediately began to prove to me that “he just invents everything, and that the doctor says (!!!) that he has a very violent fantasy ... and you shouldn’t pay attention to him! ..”. She was very nervous, and I saw that she would very much like to leave here right now, if only to avoid possible questions ... “Please don't worry! I pleaded softly. - Your son does not invent - he sees! Same as me. You must help him! Please don't take him to the doctor again, your boy is special! And the doctors will kill it all! Talk to my grandmother - she will explain a lot to you ... Just do not take him to the doctor anymore, please! .. - I could not stop, because my heart ached for this little, gifted boy, and I wildly wanted what it would be no need to "save" it!.. “Look, now I’ll show him something and he will see - but you don’t, because he has a gift, but you don’t, and I quickly recreated Stella’s red dragon. “Oh-oh-oh, what a hundred-oh is this?! ..” the boy clapped his hands in delight. - It's a dlaconsik, right? Like in a fairy tale - dlakonsik? .. Oh, how beautiful he is! “I also had a gift, Svetlana ...” the neighbor whispered softly. “But I won’t let my son suffer the same way.” I have already suffered for both ... He must have another life! .. I even jumped in surprise!.. So she saw?! And I knew?! .. - here I just burst out of indignation ... "Didn't you think he might have the right to choose for himself?" It's his life! Just because you couldn't handle it doesn't mean he can't either! You have no right to take away his gift from him even before he realizes that he has it! .. This is like murder - you want to kill a part of him that he has not even heard of yet! .. - hissed indignantly at I am her, but inside I just "stand on end" from such a terrible injustice! I wanted to convince this stubborn woman to leave her wonderful baby alone! But I clearly saw from her sad, but very confident look, that it’s unlikely that at the moment I will be able to convince her of something at all, and I decided to leave my attempts for today, and later talk with my grandmother, and perhaps together come up with what could be done here ... I just looked sadly at the woman and asked again: “Please don’t take him to the doctor, you know he’s not sick!” She only smiled tightly in response, and quickly taking the baby with her, went out onto the porch, apparently to get some fresh air, which (I was sure of it) she really lacked at the moment ... I knew this neighbor very well. She was a rather pleasant woman, but what struck me the most at one time was that she was one of those people who tried to completely "isolate" their children from me and poisoned me after the "lighting the fire" accident! .. (Although her eldest son, we must give him his due, never betrayed me and, despite any prohibitions, still continued to be friends with me). She, who, as it now turned out, knew better than anyone else that I was a completely normal and harmless girl! And that I, just like she once, was just looking for the right way out of that “incomprehensible and unknown” into which fate had so unexpectedly thrown me ... Without a doubt, fear must be a very strong factor in our lives if a person can so easily betray and so easily turn away from someone who needs help so much, and whom he could easily help if not for the same one, so deeply and reliably settled in him fear ... Of course, it can be said that I don’t know what happened to her and what made her suffer an evil and ruthless fate... But if I knew that someone at the very beginning of life has the same gift who made me suffer so much, I would do everything in my power to somehow help or guide this other gifted person on the right path so that he would not have to “wander in the dark” blindly and also suffer greatly... And she, instead of helping, on the contrary, tried to “punish” me, as others punished, but these others at least did not know what it was and tried to honestly protect their children from what they could not explain or understand. And now she, as if nothing had happened, came to visit us today with her little son, who turned out to be exactly the same “gifted” as me, and whom she was wildly afraid to show to someone, so that God forbid, someone I didn’t see that her cute baby was exactly the same “curse” that I was, according to her “ostentatious” concept ... Now I was sure that it didn’t give her much pleasure to come to us, but she didn’t refuse either she could very well, for the simple reason that her eldest son, Algis, was invited to my birthday, and there was no serious reason on her part not to let him in, and it would have been too rude and “not according to neighborly,” if she would go for it. And we invited her for the simple reason that they lived three streets from us, and her son would have to return home alone in the evening, therefore, naturally realizing that the mother would be worried, we decided that it would be more correct to invite her also along with her little son to spend the evening at our festive table. And she was “poor,” as I now understood, she was just tormented here, waiting for the opportunity to leave us as soon as possible, and, if possible, without any incidents, to return home as soon as possible ... - Are you okay, honey? - sounded near the gentle mother's voice. I immediately smiled at her as confidently as possible and said that, of course, I was perfectly fine. And I myself, from everything that was happening, was dizzy, and my soul was already beginning to “go to the heels”, as I saw that the guys were gradually starting to turn around at me and, like it or not, I had to quickly pull myself together and “set "iron control" over my raging emotions ... I was thoroughly "knocked out" of my usual state and, to my great shame, I completely forgot about Stella ... But the little girl immediately tried to remind herself. “But you said that you don’t have friends, and how many of them are there?! ..” Stella asked, surprised and even a little upset. “These are not real friends. These are just the guys I live next to or study with. They are not like you. But you are the real one. Stella immediately shone... And I, smiling "disconnected" at her, frantically tried to find some way out, absolutely not knowing how to get out of this "slippery" situation, and I was already starting to get nervous, because I didn’t want to offend my best friend, but I probably knew that soon my “strange” behavior would be noticed ... And stupid questions would again fall, to which I had not the slightest desire to answer today. - Wow, what a treat you have here! - Stella chattered delightedly looking at the festive table. - What a pity, I can’t try it anymore! .. And what did you get today? Can I have a look? .. - as usual, questions poured out of her. - They gave me my favorite horse! .. And a lot more, I haven’t even looked yet. But I will definitely show you everything! Stella simply sparkled with happiness to be with me here on Earth, and I was more and more lost, unable to find a solution from the created delicate situation. - How beautiful it all is! .. And how delicious it must be! .. - How happy you are - there is such a thing! The city of Ilion, or Troy, with whose name the events of the Trojan War were associated, was once the most famous and powerful city of Western Asia. According to Hellenic legends, he, along with his highly fortified fortress Pergamum, stood in a fertile, hilly country, between the spurs of Ida and the Hellespont. From two sides Troy was irrigated by two rivers: Simois and Scamander; both of them flowed through a wide valley and flowed into the nearest bay of the sea. In immemorial ancient times, long before the construction of Troy, the Tevkrian people lived on the slopes of Ida, ruled by King Tevkr, the son of the river god Scamander and the nymph Eden. Teucer friendly sheltered Dardanus, the son of Zeus and the galaxy of Electra: having fled during the famine from his homeland, from Arcadia, Dardanus first settled on the island of Samothrace, and from here he moved to the Phrygian coast of Asia, in the region of King Teucer. All this was before the construction of Troy. King Tevkr cordially received him, gave him his daughter Bataea in marriage and assigned him a strip of land; on that land Dardanus built the city of Dardanus. The Trojan tribe that settled this city and its environs became known as the Dardanians. Dardanus had a son, Erichthonius: he subjugated the entire Trojan land under his rule and was revered by his contemporaries as the richest of mortals. Three thousand silk-maned mares grazed in his meadows. Twelve of them possessed such lightness and speed that the Phrygians called them the offspring of the stormy Boreas: they rushed along the undulating fields and did not knock down ears of corn with their hooves, rushed along the seashore flooded with waves and did not touch the waves, did not wet their quick feet in their foam. Erichthonius was succeeded by his son Tros, after whom the people began to be called the Trojans. Tros had three sons: Il, Assarak and Ganymede. There was no man on earth who could compare with Ganymede in beauty; the father of gods and people, the world ruler Zeus ordered his eagle to kidnap the boy to Olympus: here he lived among the immortal gods and served Zeus - he filled his goblet at the meal. In return for the kidnapped son, Zeus gave King Tros a harness of divine horses. After the death of their father, Il and Assarak divided his kingdom among themselves. Assarak became the ancestor of the Dardanian kings; he had a grandson Anchises - a young man of such beauty that Aphrodite herself was captivated by him. From the marriage of Anchises with the goddess, the hero Aeneas was born, who was king over the Dardanians during the Trojan War. Il, the eldest son of Tros, was the ancestor of the Trojan kings. Once Il came to Phrygia and defeated all the fighters in the competition; as a reward for the victory, the Phrygian king gave him fifty young men and fifty virgins, gave him another, at the behest of the oracle, a motley cow and commanded: where the cow stops, let him build a city there. Il followed her and walked to a hill called Phrygian Ate Hill, where the cow stopped. The goddess Ate, the destroyer of people, the obscurer of the mind, once dared to confuse the mind of Zeus himself, for which he was cast down from Olympus; she fell to the ground in Phrygia, near the hill that was later named after her. On this hill, Il built the famous city of Troy (Ilion). Starting to build Troy, he asked Zeus for a good sign and, waking up in the morning, saw in front of his tent a palladion thrown from heaven to earth by Zeus - a wooden image of Pallas Athena, three cubits high. The goddess was represented with a spear in her right hand, and in her left with a spindle and yarn. The image of Athena was supposed to serve as a pledge of divine help, a stronghold and protection for the citizens of the emerging city. Joyful, then Il set about building Troy and erected a temple to store the palladion. Having built Troy, he surrounded it with high walls with loopholes. The lower part of the city of Troy was walled later - under the son of Il, Laomedont. Excavations of ancient Troy Once Poseidon and Apollo came to Laomedont: for some fault, Zeus sent them to earth and ordered them to spend a year in the service of a mortal. The gods, without revealing their divinity, offered Laomedont - for a certain reward - to surround his city of Troy with a wall. As once Zeta and Amphion erected the walls of Thebes, so did Apollo and Poseidon work on the construction of the Trojan walls. Powerful Poseidon put a lot of effort; he dug out blocks of stone from the bowels of the earth, dragged them to Troy and made a wall out of them; Apollo, on the other hand, set the stones in motion with the sounds of the strings of his lyre: the stones folded by themselves, and the wall was erected by itself. The stronghold built by the gods would be indestructible - the enemies of Troy would never defeat it, but along with the gods, a mortal also participated in the construction of fortifications - Aeacus, the ancestor of the strong Aeacids, to whose family Telamon and Ajax, Peleus and Achilles belonged; part of the wall of Troy, erected by Aeacus, was destroyed. Countless civilizations and great states have disappeared forever. One of the best examples of this is the city of Troy, also known as Ilion. It has long excited the minds of historians and archaeologists. There is a curious story of its appearance, existence and fall. Date of formation and location of the cityThe history of the famous city begins from 3000 BC. It was located on the Troad peninsula in Asia Minor. Now this area belongs to Turkey. The people living in this area were called Tevkry. On the square where Troy was located, the rivers Scamander and Simois flowed on both sides. There was an unimpeded way to the Aegean Sea. Consequently, Troy during its existence was famous for its advantageous geographical position, not only in the economic field, but also in terms of defense against enemy attacks. For many centuries, ancient Troy was a significant trading center between East and West, constantly subjected to raids, arson and looting. What is the city of Troy famous for?The state is primarily known to the world for the Trojan War. According to Homer's Iliad, the ruler of Troy, King Priam, fought with the Greeks. The reason was the kidnapping of Elena. She was the wife of Menelaus, who was the ruler of Sparta. As it turned out, she ran away with Paris, who was the prince of Troy. The latter did not agree to return Elena, which was the reason for the unleashing of a war that lasted for a long 10 years. Another poem by Homer, The Odyssey, tells about the destruction of the city. The war broke out between the Trojans and the Achaean tribes (ancient Greeks), the latter won the battle thanks to military cunning. The Greeks built an impressive wooden horse and brought it to the gates of Troy, after which they left. The inhabitants of the city allowed the statue to be brought inside the walls, after which the soldiers hiding inside it captured Troy.
The final fall of TroyFrom 350 BC and until 900 the city was ruled by the Greeks. In the future, its rulers constantly replaced each other. First, the Persians captured the city, later it became the property of Alexander the Great. Only the Roman Empire, which captured Troy, revived the city again. In 400 B.C. Troy fell into the hands of the Turks, who finally destroyed it. The remaining human settlements in the place where the great city previously existed disappeared in the 6th century AD. What is now in the place of Troy?
Modern Troy is not at all like the place described by Homer. For a long time, the coastline moved little by little, so the city was discovered on a completely dry hill.
People from all over the world constantly come to the city-museum. The ruins have an excellent appearance. Of particular interest in the place where Troy once was is a copy of the same wooden statue of a horse. Anyone can enter inside, trying on the role of a Greek warrior.
On the territory of the excavations there is a museum where you can study photographs, samples and things that allow you to thoroughly familiarize yourself with the stage of the excavations of Troy. Tourists can go to the temple of Pallas Athena, walk inside the sanctuary of the gods and the Odeon concert hall. Oops, no related posts... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
