The village is big vyazemy. History

The Bolshiye Vyazemy estate is located in the village of the same name in the Odintsovo district, not far from the city of Golitsino. On the territory of the estate there are buildings of the XVI-XIX centuries. Together with the Zakharovo estate, it is included in the State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve of A.S. Pushkin, created in 1987.

The history of the estate "Bolshiye Vyazyomy"

The estate in Vyazemy is a very significant architectural and literary historical monument. In addition to the fact that the great Russian poet often visited this place, many famous personalities visited this place over the years.

The long history of the estate began in the 16th century, after Tsar Fyodor Ioanovich donated these lands to Boris Godunov, who started a large construction project here. For example, a dam that dammed a river. Vyazemka was built by his decree and has survived to this day. Also, one of the oldest churches Moscow suburbs, also preserved to this day - the Transfiguration Cathedral.

The rest of the buildings, including Godunov's tower, have not been preserved.

In troubled times, the estate became country residence False Dmitry I. Under Peter I, it was presented to Prince Boris Golitsyn, after which it became the estate of the Golitsyn princes for many years.

Manor Vyazemy XVIII century. View from the side of Smolenskaya dogori (Mozhaisk highway)

Interesting facts about the Vyazyoma estate

It was in this estate, at the ball, that Pushkin met his future wife, Natalya Goncharova.
Princess Natalya Petrovna Golitsyna, who lived here, served as the prototype for the old countess from Pushkin's story The Queen of Spades.
The estate itself became the prototype of the estate of Eugene Onegin, described in the poet's work of the same name.

The territory of the A. Pushkin Museum-Reserve in Vyazemy

The territory of the estate is full of various historical objects. It is especially interesting here in the summer, when the boat station and horse yard are open. But even in winter there is something to see here.

First of all, of course, this is the Transfiguration Cathedral with its belfry, uncharacteristic for the architecture of these places.

Lieutenant Colonel Gerasim Osorgin rests under the walls of the cathedral.

And here you can also see the grave of Pushkin's younger brother, who died at the age of six.

There are many signs and QR codes throughout the estate, thanks to which you can instantly find out all the necessary information about the exhibit.

The central building of the estate is the Golitsyn Palace, built in 1784.

Now this building houses the Pushkin Museum, which presents exhibits related not only to the poet. Entrance is paid, but on some days the entrance to the museum is free, for example at.

Near the palace there is a park where we can observe several monuments.

The first is dedicated to Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn. A participant in the war of 1812, as well as the owner of the estate in the period from 1813 to 1844.

The second one was installed in honor of Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin himself.

And the third one was installed in memory of the Russian and French armies stopping here during the Patriotic War of 1812. First, during the retreat to Moscow, Kutuzov stopped here, and then Napoleon.

In general, there are many more interesting things here. Come and see for yourself!

Address and map

The address: Moscow region, Odintsovo district, pos. Big Vyazemy.

How to get there on your own: You get to the Golitsyno station (Belorusskaya branch), then by bus No. 38, No. 50, fixed-route taxi No. 38, No. 79, No. 1055 to the stop "Institute" (3rd in a row). From the railway the station can also be reached on foot (journey time about 20 minutes).

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Not far from Moscow, on the banks of the Vyazemka River, there is an old manor. It is famous as the former royal residence and the poetic homeland of A. S. Pushkin. Several dozens of monuments of Russian history and culture of the 16th - 19th centuries have been collected on the territory of the estate: a palace, a temple, a park, outbuildings. The estate Bolshie Vyazemy preserves a rich cultural heritage.

The fate of A. Pushkin is inextricably linked with it. Not far from Bolshiye Vyazem, on the estate of my grandmother, the poet's childhood passed. Subsequently, the prototype of the estate repeatedly appeared on the pages of Pushkin's writings. On the territory of the Bolshoi Vyazemy and Zakharovo estates, the State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve of A. S. Pushkin was created in 1994.

What to watch

In the center of the estate rises the ancient Church of the Transfiguration. This is a beautiful white stone building, decorated with vertical towers, decorative openings and arches. The architecture of the Church of the Transfiguration turned out to be so unusual for its time that it gave rise to a new type of temples, now called Godunov. An elegant three-span belfry was built next to the church, dating back to the same time as the temple itself. The whole complex is surrounded by a beautiful brick fence. The Church of the Transfiguration is listed among the most valuable historical and artistic elements of the Bolshoi Vyazemy estate.

Opposite the church there is a cozy park with access to the pond. Small paths divide it into even neat segments. In the park you can see the monument to Alexander Pushkin, erected on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the poet's birth. And there is also a memorial stone laid in honor of the stop in Bolshiye Vyazemy of the Russian and French armies in 1812. A small boat station was built on the shore of the pond. The cost of renting a boat is 220 RUB/hour.

The Church of the Transfiguration is listed among the most valuable historical and artistic elements of the Bolshoi Vyazemy estate.

Simultaneously with the park, the house-palace of Prince Golitsyn was founded. It was he who became the prototype of the estate of the famous rake Eugene Onegin. There is an interesting exposition inside the palace. It tells about the life of the estate in Pushkin's times. It is known that the palace contained a huge library and an archive with rare documents. But the interiors are much more interesting to see with a guide.

Manor Vyazyoma(Russia, Moscow region, Odintsovsky district, Bolshiye Vyazemy), a little away from Mozhayskoye highway

How to get there? Directions public transport: from Belorussky railway station by electric train to Golitsyno station, then by bus No. 38, No. 39, No. 50 or fixed-route taxi No. 38, No. 39, No. 79 to the stop "Institute" (3rd stop) or 20 minutes on foot (~ 1 km) . By bus or car: 44 km of Mozhayskoye Highway.

Driving directions

For the first time this name is found in documents of the 16th century, starting from 1556. Under Ivan the Terrible, Vyazemy was the last station before Moscow along the Great Smolensk Road. At the end of the XVI century. here was listed "a church with five peaks and a stone dam near the pond" - according to the Piskarevsky chronicler. At the same time, a belfry of the Pskov type was built, uncharacteristic for these places in its architecture. When the Vyazemy went to Boris Godunov is unknown; the first mention of this is dated to 1585-1586. Under Godunov, there was a boyar house in the village, numerous services, and orchards. But the village still owes its fame to the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord.
The monumental, four-pillar temple on a high arched basement is extraordinarily beautiful. On the sides, the building has two aisles, completed with rows of kokoshniks and small domes. The facades are divided by shoulder blades into three strands and completed with semicircular zakomaras. Slit-like windows in profiled embrasures frame the archivolts. On three sides, the building goes around the promenade on the arcades. The temple is completed with canonical five domes.

At the end of the 17th century, or rather, in 1694, the estate in Vyazemy was granted by Peter I to his tutor, Prince B.A. Golitsyn "for salvation during the Streltsy revolt". The new owner did not consider Vyazemy as his main fiefdom, he gave the main attention to another granted estate - Dubrovitsy.
The manor house was built on May 1, 1784 by the great-grandson of B.A. Golitsyn - retired colonel Nikolai Mikhailovich. The strict architecture of the building is already somewhat archaic for the end of the 18th century. and seems more likely to belong to the time of Peter the Great. The outbuildings were built earlier than the main house: the left one in 1771, the right one in 1772.
locals They called the Golitsyn Palace - "The House of Spades Queen". The prototype of the heroine of the Pushkin story was Princess N.P. Golitsyna is a powerful woman who enjoyed exceptional influence at court, who lived to almost a hundred years of age. Big Vyazemy was owned by her son, Boris Vladimirovich Golitsyn. Thus, the "Queen of Spades", contrary to popular belief, has never been the mistress of Vyazem. But she often came here, exercising vigilant control over the property of her kind.
Now all the manor buildings have been repaired, in the main manor house - a museum, a temple - given to believers.

main house

Guest wing

Kitchen outbuilding

Church

Belfry

gatehouse

church fence

horse yard

Outbuildings in the horse yard

Monument to A.S. Pushkin

regular park

The plan of the estate in 1949 according to the measurements of E.P. Shchukina

Archival materials of the Vyazemy estate

Personalities

B.V. GOLITSYN, 1769-1813, son of foreman Prince Vladimir Borisovich and Princess Natalya Petrovna, born Countess Chernysheva, elder brother of the Moscow Governor-General, His Serene Highness Prince Dmitry Vladimirovich, born January 6, 1769; began service in 1781 in the Semyonovsky regiment, in which he served until 1796, to the rank of colonel. During the Polish War of 1794 he was awarded the Order of St. George 4th class. In 1798 he was promoted to major general, and the following year to lieutenant general. This was the era of the short-lived, but rich in surprises, reign of Paul I, in which extraordinary favors were often followed by an equally quick disgrace of the face, which even the day before enjoyed honors and influence. Prince Golitsyn, apparently, did not escape the fate of many: on March 24, 1800, he was dismissed from service, “for having ordered the drum to be beaten in front of the house of the German consul in Riga Trompovsky for so long that the baby of this Trompovsky died of fright.” Upon the accession to the throne of Emperor Alexander, he was again accepted into service (March 26, 1801) and then successively made chief of the Pavlovsky Grenadier Regiment (1802) and infantry inspector of the Smolensk inspection. He took part in the main battles of the Patriotic War of 1812 and was wounded near Borodino; from this wound he died in Vilna on January 6, 1813; buried in the church of the village of Bolshie Vyazemy, Moscow province.
Prince Golitsyn was single, but he left two daughters "Zelensky", of whom one was married to Professor S.P. Shevyrev, and the other, Anna Borisovna, behind the Tver governor Bakunin. Princess Tat. You. Golitsyna, his brother's wife, "out of kindness, took these orphans to her and raised them, but they hid their existence from the old princess (the prince's mother," princesse moustache ")."
In Russian literature, Prince Golitsyn is known as a novelist, poet and critic. Having received an excellent education at home, he excellently studied foreign, especially French, literature and was fluent in the language of Molière and Racine, as evidenced by a number of his literary-critical writings in French.
In Russian literature, Golitsyn wrote under the pseudonym Dm. Pimenov and published critical articles and poems in magazines of that time. In 1809 he published in Moscow, Duc de la Rochefoucauld's Moral Discourses, trans. from French", about which S. N. Glinka says: "He very successfully translated Rochefukold's thoughts and printed them under a false name."
According to the recall of the same Glinka, Prince Golitsyn was a truly Russian man in his soul and in his convictions. “I want to study in Russia in Russian,” he said, and be Russian. I read a lot in French and, to my shame, studied little Russian. Cato the Elder set to work on the Greek alphabet; some condemned him for it, but not me. Coming to the Russian teaching, I will say in Russian: "live for a century, learn for a century." He convinced Merzlyakov to teach him Russian literature, Kalaidovich - Russian history. Prince B.V. Golitsyn started Russian evenings at which everything Russian was read, and the owner of the house had the reputation of being stopped when he mixed French with Russian. As a magnificent dancer, he had the nickname "Boris-Yestris"; according to a contemporary, he was "very good-looking, smart and in his time received an education like a few."

(From a portrait painted by Isaba; property of Prince N. I. Obolensky, in Moscow)

V.V. Suslov Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and belfry, in the village of Vyazemakh, Moscow province, Zvenigorod district

V.V. Suslov Monuments of ancient Russian architecture, c. 2, St. Petersburg, 1896

The designated village, Vyazemsky camp, is located 15 versts to the south-east. from the city of Zvenigorod, near the Smolensk tract, at the Vyazemka River (1). It belonged to Tsar Boris Fedorovich Godunov (d. 1605), and after his death it was assigned to the Palace Department.
At the end of the XVI century. there was a stone church in the name of the Life-Giving Trinity, the time of construction of which remained unknown (2). In 1680 she was added to the Zagorodskaya tithe.
In addition to the Trinity Church, in the village of Vyazemakh were located in the XVI century. a temple in the name of Nicholas the Wonderworker with side chapels (Athanasius of Alexandria, Sergius of Radonezh and the noble princes Boris and Gleb) and the monastery of John the Theologian. Both temples were destroyed in the 17th century, along with peasant households, by Lithuania.
In cadastral books of 7139 - 7141 (1631-1633) - among other things, it is mentioned: "... yes, under the village of Vyazemoy, the sovereign's pond is a stone dam, ...".
Under 7154 (1646) it is indicated that “in the village of Nikolsky, on Vyazem, the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, and in the limit the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, and other limits are empty without singing ...” (3).
According to the scribe books of the steward Ivan Afrosimov, and clerk Ivan Vasiliev 183, 184 and 185 (1675 - 1677) - “the village of Nikolskoye, Vyazema, too, on both sides of the Vyazema river, and in the village a stone church in the name of the Life-Giving Trinity, but at that the church has two stone limits w: the limit of the Annunciation Holy Mother of God, yes, the limit of the Archangel Michael was not consecrated, but near that church is the place that was the monastery of John the Theologian, and the church place of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker from the limits, ... ".
7202 (1694) March 23, by decree of the great sovereigns, the palace village of Vyazemy was granted to the boyar, Prince Boris Alekseevich Golitsyn, in the patrimony, and in the same year it was approved for him by a refusal book. At that time in the village, in addition to the Trinity Church, there was a wooden church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker with all church utensils (4). In 1701, Prince Boris Alekseevich Golitsyn divided the estates between his children, Princes Alexei, Sergei and Vasily. The latter got the village of Nikolskoye - Vyazemy, where in 1702 there was a stone church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord.
After Prince Vasily Borisovich Golitsyn, the estate was owned by his son, Prince Mikhail Vasilyevich (d. January 13, 1749), and from him passed to his widow - Prince. Avdotya Mikhailovna with her children, Princes Nikolai, Vasily and Alexander. The latter in 1755 divided the estate among themselves, and the village of Vyazemy went to Prince Nikolai Mikhailovich Golitsyn (5).
We find some indications about the village of Vyazemakh, among other things, in the diary of Marina Mnishek (6), which says: “On May 2, the queen had her overnight stay in Mozhaisk, and Pan Voevoda in the village of Vyazeme, 6 miles from Moscow. This village belonged to the deceased Tsar Boris. It has a palace, quite extensive, surrounded by a front garden and dug in with a moat with slingshots. Near the palace is a stone church, very handsome; the icons and candlesticks in it are rich and of excellent workmanship.” Elsewhere it is described that “the palace is wooden, but beautiful and even magnificent. The door locks in it are gilded with pure gold; the stoves are green, and some are surrounded by silver bars.” In the diary of the Polish ambassadors Olesnitsky and Gonsevsky (16o6) it is indicated that “in Vyazem there is a stone church; its fence, with six sharp wooden towers, looks like a fortress” (7).
IN existing descriptions In the village of Vyazema, it is strange that before 1702 there was no mention of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord. The timing of its construction thus becomes conjectural. Local residents attribute the construction of this church to Tsar Boris Godunov and date it to the same time as the construction of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in Moscow. This legend, judging by the general architectural forms and details of the temple, is quite probable, which is partly indicated by the crown preserved on the middle dome.
The Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord survived almost in its original form - only the staircase leading to the second floor of the church was destroyed. Based on local guidelines, it was open and led directly to the middle arch of the upper gallery. According to these instructions, the staircase in the drawings has been restored.
The church in question has the usual, in its time, structure; with two aisles, a sub-church and a two-story open gallery. It was built, apparently, all of white stone, at least the front sides of the church, with the exception of drums and zakomara of the main quadrangle, are lined with white stone. The upper parts are made of brick without cladding. It is difficult to say whether the church was originally covered with vaults, or, as at present, with a hipped roof. By analogy with other church monuments of the same period, we have to speak in favor of the first.
The exterior decorations have rather shallow profiles, which, like the depressions on the pilasters (above the gallery), indicate some influence in the construction of Italian architecture.
The western part of the temple is somewhat elongated, and therefore special arches are arranged under the snare drums. In the church chapels, the drums are each set on four arches, some of which go in a north-south direction, while others (creeping) in the reverse order and rest on the cheek surfaces of the first. The door from the gallery to the northern aisle has been expanded. The walls separating the altar from the church, to which the iconostasis is attached, are low and look like a barrier. The construction of the church is quite correct in terms of symmetry and dimensional accuracy, which is relatively rare in ancient Russian churches.
A few sazhens from the temple, to the northwest, there is a very interesting stone belfry. It has been completely preserved in its original form, with the exception of the upper covering of the walls, which has not survived at all. The restoration of the roofs is shown in a perspective view of the building. The platform of the belfry and the stairs are supported by a duct vault that is open from the outside. From the platform of the belfry, stone gutters were carried through the railing. The belfry is made of bricks; horizontal cornices are made of stone slabs and their profiles resemble the architraves of the church itself. By general impression, the belfry seems to be built simultaneously with the church. There are currently no bells in the belfry and the building seems to be somewhat neglected.

Semenov "Geographical and Statistical Dictionary" vol. I 1862, p. 585

We find an indication of this church in the parish books of the Patriarchal Kaz. Order for 7136 (1628) and in the census books from the city of Dmitrov, the Borisoglebsky Monastery of Archimandrite Pitirim. V and G. Kholmogorovs "Historical materials about churches and villages of the XVI-XVIII centuries", vol. III

Under 7164 (1655), it is said that "on December 8, the patriarch (Nikon) went to the sovereign's palace village of Vyazema to meet the sovereign ..."

It was stated above that the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was destroyed by Lithuania; here again it refers to the existing church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker; whether the church was only destroyed or rebuilt, it is not clear from the file

V. and G. Kholmogorovs “Historical materials about churches and villages of the 16th - 18th centuries”, no. III, pp. 195 - 200

Ustryalov "The Legend of Contemporaries about Dimitry the Pretender"

Ibid p. 123 The aforementioned palace and towers do not currently exist

S. Veselovsky Manor Bolshiye Vyazemy

While living in Zakharov, the Pushkins often visited Bolshie Vyazemy located nearby. Everything here was covered with ancient legends about the former owner of these places, Boris Godunov. “They also point to ponds, as if dug at his command ... Probably, the young Pushkin was often told about the former tsar - the owner of the village. Thus, we meet, - notes P.V. Annenkov, - even in Pushkin's childhood with objects that were later revived by his genius.
One of the sources in the work of the poet on "Boris Godunov" was the "History of the Russian State" by N.M. Karamzin. It also mentions Bolshie Vyazemy. Reading about the "military fun" of False Dmitry taking place here, about the passage of Marina Mnishek through this area, Pushkin could supplement these descriptions with his memories of this area.

A visitor to Bolshie Vyazem can even now pay attention to a small column of gray stone standing near the church fence, which is interesting in its design. This is a monument on the grave of N.S. Pushkin, who died in Zakharov in 1807. The death of his younger brother is one of the painful impressions of the great poet's childhood. He mentions her in the outlines of the plan for the autobiographical notes he marked.
In Pushkin's time (since 1803), Bolshiye Vyazemy belonged to B.V. Golitsyn. Having received a brilliant education abroad, Golitsyn made a military career, in particular, fighting under the banner of Suvorov. However, in the reign of Paul, having risen to the rank of lieutenant general, he was forced to retire.

Having settled in Moscow, B.V. Golitsyn studies Russian history, is fond of collecting ancient manuscripts, spending most of the year in Bolshiye Vyazemy.
An English traveler who visited Moscow in 1805 writes: “We spent the evening at Prince. Boris Vladimirovich Golitsyn. Here I saw all your poetry: Zhukovsky, Kokoshkin, Merzlyakov and many, many other poets and prose writers of yours. The owner was unusually kind, affectionate and friendly with everyone... Sometimes I wonder where Moscow got so many friendly people from!” In 1811 B.V. Golitsyn hosted the well-known writer de Stael, who had fled from France, an opponent of Napoleon.

He was very close to I.I. Dmitriev, and A.F. Merzlyakov belonged to the circle of his friends and often visited Bolshiye Vyazemy. Merzlyakov awakened B.V. Golitsyn's interest in the monuments of Russian literature and folk literature. On the initiative of B.V. Golitsyna A.F. Merzlyakov at the beginning of the year began in his Moscow house for public readings on literature and the theory of fine arts. These readings were a great social event and the first public lectures in Russia. They were interrupted by the war with Napoleon.
Since the beginning of hostilities, B.V. Golitsyn left for the army. During the Battle of Borodino, he was under M.I. Kutuzov and, passing his orders to the troops, was seriously wounded. Ashes B.V. Golitsyn, who died from a wound in January 1813, was transported to Bolshiye Vyazemy and buried in a local church.
After the Battle of Borodino, the Russian army stopped in Bolshiye Vyazemy for the night. M.I. lived in the manor house. Kutuzov. In one of the letters, he says: “I am at Vyazem, but since there is no position here, General Benigsen went back to look for a place where it would be more convenient to give battle.”

The mother of B.V. Golitsyn, Natalya Petrovna, “The Queen of Spades”, repeatedly visited Bolshie Vyazemy. Indeed, as Tomsky tells in A.S. Pushkin, “went to Paris and was there in great fashion. People ran after her to see "La Venus moscovite" (Moscow Venus). Daughter P.G. Chernyshev, envoy to the English and French courts, N. P. Golitsyna spent her youth abroad, participated in court evenings. N.P. Golitsyna was immensely power-hungry and arrogant. As A.S. Pushkin, "she hosted the whole city, observing strict etiquette and not recognizing anyone by sight." At the same time, N.P. Golitsyna, according to her contemporaries, was “a great master of organizing her affairs”, significantly increased the fortune of the family, and the management of the Bolshiye Vyaz farm was more subordinate to her than to the owner of the estate B.V. Golitsyn.

On April 7, 1834, a month after the publication of the story, A. S. Pushkin wrote in his diary: “My Queen of Spades is in great fashion - the players pont for three, seven and ace. At court, they found a similarity between the old countess and Prince. Natalya Petrovna and, it seems, they are not angry ... "N.P. Golitsyna outlived the great poet by only a few months. She died in December 1837 at the age of 97.
Prof. M. Ya. Mudrov, an outstanding therapist, had close relations with the Golitsyn family. He often spent the summer at Bolshiye Vyazemy. Mudrov was one of the most famous doctors in Moscow and was considered an unsurpassed diagnostician. L.N. Tolstoy writes in "War and Peace" that, having visited the sick Natasha Rostova, "Mudrov determined the disease even better" than other celebrities of Moscow.

Bolshiye Vyazemy is located on the big Smolensk road. According to the famous historian I.E. Zabelin, this name means "in general, a tie or connection, the union of one locality with another, or, rather, one path with another." From time immemorial, this road has connected Moscow with the West, ambassadors and merchants passed along it. The last pit station before entering Moscow was located in Bolshiye Vyazemy. In the play "Dmitry the Pretender and Vasily Shuisky" A.N. Ostrovsky mentions the stay of the father of Marina Mnishek here.
A.I. drove along this busy road every summer in his youth. Herzen. Talking in "Past and Thoughts" about trips to Vasilyevskoye, he recalls how "a few miles from Vyazema, Vasilyevsky headman was waiting for Prince Golitsyn, on horseback, at the edge of the forest, and escorted by country road."

Bolshiye Vyazemy is also associated with N.V. Gogol, who in the summer of 1849 visited Professor S.P. Shevyrev and read to him the first chapters of the second volume of Dead Souls.

On one of the fine autumn days, we went to Bolshiye Vyazyomy, to look at the majestic Transfiguration Church, the furnishings of the manor house, the stable building and the surrounding landscapes. The origin of the word "Vyazyoma" is not exactly established. There are two main theories. According to the first, the word comes from the Slavic “viscous”, perhaps this is due to the viscous banks of the river flowing through the territory of the estate, bearing the name Bolshaya Vyazemka, similar to the estate. Another theory relates the word "vyazema" to the Finno-Ugric roots, characteristic of the hydronymy of the Russian North (the Kama, Lakshma, Lekshma, Padma rivers).

Monument to A.S. Pushkin. 1999
sculptor Yu.S. Dines, architect A.V. Klimochkin.

Manor park. Autumn.

Back in 1585, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich granted Bolshie Vyazemy to the patrimony of Boris Godunov, and from the beginning of the 90s of the 16th century, Boris Godunov began large-scale construction in his new possession. At this time the estate was built, wooden palace, boyar house, numerous services, fruit orchards. By the end of the sixteenth century, a five-domed church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord with a belfry was built on the estate.

The whole complex of manor buildings was surrounded by a wooden wall with five towers. Additionally, the walls were reinforced with a moat. Thus, by the end of the 16th century, the entire complex was a well-defended, powerful fortress. The fortifications of the estate have not survived to this day, which is understandable, the need for them has disappeared a long time ago.

Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior in the village of Bolshiye Vyazyomy

In the era of troubled times, Bolshie Vyazyomy became the residence of False Dmitry - here was his country palace and here, on the way to her fiancé in the spring of 1606, Marina Mnishek stopped with her retinue of many thousands. After her departure, a terrible fire broke out on the estate, destroying more than half of the village. In one of the fires of the Time of Troubles, the wooden palace of Boris Godunov also burned down.

Pricht's house

Church school. The building is modern.

Lower Golitsynsky Pond, on the Bolshaya Vyazemka River. Also known as the Sovereign's Pond.

After the coming to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich, in 1618, the Vyazemy were assigned to the palace department. And in 1694, Peter the Great granted the estate to Prince Boris Golitsyn, "for salvation during the Streltsy rebellion." Despite the fact that the prince rarely came here, considering Dubrovitsy his main estate, the prince put a lot of effort into the revival of Bolshoi Vyazy. He restored the devastated Trinity Church, re-consecrated the church into Preobrazhenskaya, and rebuilt the palace. According to the diaries of Peter the Great, the emperor visited Bolshie Vyazyoma in 1701 and 1705. The manor house in Bolshiye Vyazemy was built on May 1, 1784 by the great-grandson of Prince Boris Golitsyn, retired colonel Nikolai Mikhailovich Golitsyn. The bas-relief on the pediment of the house speaks about the date of construction.

Further there will be many pictures of the interior decoration of the manor house, which is probably more correct to call a villa.

The War of 1812 did not cause much damage to the estate. After the Battle of Borodino, on the way to Moscow, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, stopped in Bolshie Vyazemy. A few hours after his departure, Emperor Napoleon arrived at the estate. Dracoon and infantry corps were placed in Golitsyn's palace. In memory of those days, a commemorative sign in honor of the stop of two armies in the Patriotic War of 1812.

In 1882, the estate appears new owner- the son of the Most Serene Prince Dmitry Borisovich Golitsyn. Since its appearance, the estate has returned to its former livability. In 1908, the new owner arranges in the vicinity of the estate suburban village, under which a part of the land is allocated, separated by the railway. Over time, the current city of Golitsyno was formed on the site of the village. Dmitry Borisovich Golitsyn became the last owner of the Bolshie Vyazemy estate.
The changes that 1917 brought to Russia did not bypass the Golitsyn estate.

We rise to the second floor. There are many more pictures of the interior of the manor house.

In the autumn of 1918 and in the spring of 1919, more than 60 items of cultural and historical value were taken from the estate to the National Museum Fund, among which was an engraving depicting the family tree of the Golitsyn princes. The family jewels of the Golitsyn family were later transferred to the Armory. A unique collection of books, more than 30 thousand volumes, collected by Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn, was distributed among the libraries. The estate was used as a colony for the homeless, then as a sanatorium for the old Bolsheviks, a school for pilots and paratroopers, a tank school, and an evacuation hospital. By the way, during the First World War, there was also an infirmary with 50 beds.

Former stable. It is currently undergoing restoration.

After the closing of the hospital, the training zootechnical institute of horse breeding was located on the estate, which was personally supervised by Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny, who repeatedly came to the estate. In 1952 he laid the foundation stone for the new building of the institute.

School of Arts, formerly the building of the Institute of Horse Breeding.

Not far from Bolshiye Vyazy there is the Zakharovo estate - the former estate of the grandmother of the great Russian poet Maria Alekseevna Gannibal. Here, in the grandmother's estate near Moscow, the future poet for the first time saw the beauty of Russian nature, peasant round dances, heard folk songs, got acquainted with peasant life. These first childhood impressions shaped his life views. In these places near Moscow, he began to write his first poems.

The grave of Pushkin's brother - Nikolai, who died at the age of six.

Nearby are several other ancient tombstones.

The story of Alexander Sergeevich's love for Natalia Goncharova is also connected with Bolshoi Vyazemy. It was here, in the estate, at one of the balls hosted by Prince Golitsyn, that Pushkin first saw Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova. The estate of Bolshie Vyazemy is found more than once in the works of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. It is believed that in the novel "Eugene Onegin" Zakharovo serves as a prototype for the Larin estate, and Bolshiye Vyazyomy became the basis for describing Onegin's estate. Now the estate of Bolshie Vyazemy, like the estate of Zakharovo, is part of the State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve of A. S. Pushkin. In the Golitsyn Palace, among the interiors of the 18th-19th centuries. Golitsyn readings "History of the Fatherland" are held. You can get to the estate from the Belorussky railway station by train to the stop "Golitsyno station". About 1 km walk from the station. You can also get from the station by bus or fixed-route taxis. Do not try to get off at the station "Malye Vyazemy" you will get lost and get lost. By car, you need to go along the Mozhaisk highway. Before entering the village of Vyazemy, turn left before the bridge, and after about 200 meters turn right to the parking lot at the Church of the Transfiguration.

The Golitsyn Palace has not faded over the centuries

During the time of Ivan the Terrible, a rare traveler passed by the Bolshiye Vyazemy estate without stopping - this was the last station before Moscow. In the twenty-first century, among the overgrown microdistricts of Golitsyn and the mansions of the Rublev building, you will not immediately find a master's estate.

In the autumn of 1918 and in the spring of 1919, more than 60 items of cultural and historical value were taken from the estate to the National Museum Fund, among which was an engraving depicting the family tree of the Golitsyn princes. The family jewels of the Golitsyn family were later transferred to the Armory. A unique collection of books, more than 40 thousand volumes, collected by Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn, was distributed to libraries. At the same time, first a colony for the homeless was organized in the building of the estate, then a sanatorium for the old Bolsheviks.

Belfry of the late 16th century

Almost the entire history of Vyazem is connected with the name of the Golitsyns. In 1654, Peter the Great granted his tutor, Prince Boris Golitsyn, an estate in Vyazemy as a token of gratitude for saving him during the Streltsy rebellion. And the manor house was built “on the first day of May 1784” by his great-grandson, retired colonel Nikolai Mikhailovich Golitsyn.

Countess Natalia Petrovna Golitsyna

Prince B.V. Golitsyn, who owned the estate in 1812

The estate of Vyazemy (former boyar, and then the royal residence) - architectural and thin an ensemble of 16th-19th centuries. For the first time, this name is found in documents of the 16th century. Under Ivan the Terrible, Vyazemy was the last station before Moscow along the Great Smolensk Road. Then the village was called Nikolskoe-Vyazemы - apparently, in honor of the wooden church that existed here (not preserved). The estate is located in the village of Bolshie Vyazyomy on the banks of the Vyazemka River in Odintsovsky district Moscow region, 30 km from Moscow, on the edge of the current Mozhaisk highway (former Bolshaya Smolenskaya road). The estate is included in the complex of the State Historical and Literary urn museum-reserve and A. S. Pushkin.

the inhabitants called the Golitsyn Palace - "The House of the Queen of Spades". The prototype of the heroine of Pushkin's story was Princess N. P. Golitsyna, a domineering woman who enjoyed exceptional influence at court, who lived to almost a hundred years of age. Pushkin wrote in 1834: At court they found a resemblance between the old countess and Princess Natalya Petrovna and, it seems, they are not angry.

“After the battle of Borodino in Vyazemy, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, stopped with his headquarters. In Vyazemy, after receiving the news that there would be no reinforcements for the troops, he decided to surrender Moscow without a general battle. And a few hours after Kutuzov and his retinue left the estate, the emperor of France, Napoleon, occupied the palace, here he spent the night .After the battle of Borodino, the mortally wounded General Bagration was brought to Bolshie Vyazemy, where the prince was provided with medical assistance. In Vyazemy, there were generals and marshals, who are proud of both in Russia and in France.

The childhood years of the great poet are closely connected with Bolshoi Vyazyomy

The estate of Bolshie Vyazyoma is closely connected with the name of Pushkin. As a child, the young master often spent time at his grandmother's estate, the neighboring village of Zakharovo. There was no church of their own there, and the Pushkins went to mass three miles away to the estate of their distant relatives, the Golitsyns.

The Transfiguration Cathedral (end of the 16th century) in the village of Bolshie Vyazemy was built in 1598 by order of Tsar Boris Godunov. The monumental, four-pillar church on a high arched basement is unusually beautiful. On the sides, the building has two aisles, completed with rows of kokoshniks and small domes. The facades are divided by shoulder blades into three strands and completed with semicircular zakomaras. Slit-like windows in profiled embrasures frame the archivolts. On three sides, the building goes around the promenade on the arcades. The temple is completed with canonical five domes.

There was a library here, numbering more than 40 thousand volumes in its catalog, and there is documentary evidence that Vasily Lvovich Pushkin often used the treasures of this book collection, now dispersed in various repositories of the country.

XVIII century - the heyday of Bolshoi Vyazy

A wonderful woman lived here - Princess Natalya Petrovna Golitsyna, she served as Pushkin's prototype of the old countess from the story "The Queen of Spades". Her sons Boris Vladimirovich and Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn made the estate a real home for a large and friendly family.

In 1935, a training airfield for the training of paratroopers and pilots was created near Maly Vyazyomy, and a parachute school was placed in the estate. Later, in 1940, the estate housed a tank school.
In 1941, the former Golitsyn estate ended up in the front line and an evacuation hospital was organized on its territory. (During the First World War, an infirmary for 50 beds was also located here.) Although the German troops did not reach Bolshiye Vyazem, the surroundings of the estate were badly damaged by bombing and shelling. The hospital operated until 1943, as stated Memorial plaque at the manor house. After the closure of the hospital, the zootechnical institute of horse breeding was located on the territory of the estate, which was personally supervised by Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny, who repeatedly came to the estate. In 1952 he laid the foundation stone for the new building of the institute. In 1954, the Institute of Horse Breeding was replaced by the Moscow Polygraphic Institute, which was located in the estate until 1958, and gave way to the All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology.
After a decision was made in 1948 to restore historical and cultural monuments, Bolshie Vyazyomy was included in the list of monuments of national significance. Gogol, and Bryusov, and Leo Tolstoy, and Przhevalsky, and Lunacharsky also visited the estate.

Over the years, Marina Tsvetaeva and Anna Akhmatova visited the Bolshiye Vyazemy estate.

Portrait of Prince D.V. Golitsyn

Princess Tatyana Vasilievna Golitsyna, nee Vasilchikova (1781-1841), wife of D.V. Golitsyn.

Photo from the Golitsyn archive. On the porch in the foreground Ekaterina Vladimirovna and Dmitry Borisovich Golitsyn

Palace and park buildings have been preserved in Vyazemy th ensemble of the 16th-19th centuries: the Church of the Transfiguration, the belfry of the end of the 16th century, the palace and two wings of the 18th century, outbuildings, parks, ponds of the 16th-19th centuries. In total, there are more than 20 monuments of history and culture on the territory of Vyazem. These places are associated with key events in the history of Russia: "Times of Troubles", Peter's transformations, the Patriotic War of 1812, the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars. Boris Godunov, False Dmitry I, Peter I, Paul I have been here.

Park in the estate

Dining room in the Golitsyns' house

Masonic Hall

On the floor of the Masonic hall of the palace, a symbol of a secret brotherhood is laid out in mosaic, which cannot be stepped on, so it is better not to walk in the center of the hall, the guide notes. On the walls are portraits of members of the Masonic Lodge - famous military leaders and public figures: Princes Dolgoruky and Golitsyn, Count Stroganov. Here you can see the details of the Masonic costume, the diploma of the Masonic lodge "Palestine"

Cabinet decoration

Now on the territory of two estates ( estates of Zakharovo and Vyazemy) the State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve of A. S. Pushkin (GILMZ A. S. Pushkin) is located.It has become a tradition conduct concert seasons of "Musical Evenings in the Russian Estate".Hereinvite pianists, violinists, performers of romances.