Tourism in Buryatia. Sports recreation and tourism in Buryatia Tourism in Buryatia statistics

Buryatia, due to its geographical location, rich history and unique natural resources, is ideal for tourism. Buryatia has everything for the development of tourism: impressive natural sites, rich cultural heritage, interesting national and ecological traditions, and a variety of tourist routes - horseback, hiking, water, mountain. Everyone notes the exceptional originality of the main natural object of the region - Baikal. The climate on Baikal is special, its main peculiarity is a huge mass of pure water. In Baikal, summers are not very hot, and winters are milder than in the continental part. In terms of the number of days a year in the Baikal region, it surpasses even the resorts of the South of Russia.

The Republic of Buryatia has a recreational potential, the full use of which can largely satisfy the need for sanatorium treatment, tourism and recreation of the population of the Republic itself, as well as in other regions of Russia, the CIS, as well as foreign tourists from Asia, Europe, America. This is a sufficient prerequisite for the creation of a highly profitable tourist and recreational complex in Buryatia as one of the promising sectors for the development of the republic's economy. The uniqueness of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal and the natural and cultural landscapes of its basin, which meet all the criteria of a World Heritage Site, creates broad prospects for the development of the recreational sector of the economy.

There are 3 reserves in Buryatia: Barguzinsky, Baikalsky, Dzherginsky and two national parks - Zabaikalsky and Tunkinsky. The main tourist attractions of the republic are concentrated in three geographical areas: Northern Baikal, Podlemorye and Tunka. The most promising for the development of tourism are the Pribaikalsky, Barguzinsky, Kurumkansky, Kabansky, Kyakhtinsky, Tunkinsky and Okinsky regions.

The Republic of Buryatia has unique opportunities for developing a network of rest houses and sanatoriums. This is facilitated by the rich nature of Lake Baikal and the presence of multiple natural healing sources that contribute to the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system.

On the territory of the Republic of Buryatia, there are 35 tourist enterprises with a license to conduct international tourism activities (12 of them received licenses in 2001), 5 sanatorium and resort institutions, 270 tourist accommodation facilities providing various services, incl. hotels, camp sites, recreation centers, boarding houses, sanatoriums, houses of a fisherman and a hunter, etc.

The nature of the republic gave people more than three hundred healing springs, which are called arshans, which means “healing water”, “drink of the gods”. In the Eastern Sayans, carbonic, thermal and cold waters are developed. Within the Baikal rift, nitrogen-silica hot springs are common, containing radon and hydrogen sulfide, in addition, there are cold sulfide and ferruginous waters in the region. The accommodation conditions at the resorts are very different: individual cottages, hotel-type bedroom buildings, individual summer houses, tent camps. The most famous health resorts in Buryatia are the sanatoriums Arshan, Sayany, Goryachinsk, and Baikalsky Bor.

State natural reserves are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the conservation, restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.

As of January 1, 2002, in the Republic of Buryatia there are 3 state natural reserves of federal significance - Altacheysky, Kabansky, Frolikhinsky (with a total area of ​​​​181.3 thousand hectares; the Kabansky state nature reserve is a structural subdivision of the Baikal State Natural Biosphere Reserve), 17 regional reserves values ​​(with a total area of ​​884.8 thousand hectares).

The reserves of Buryatia do not have a zoning regime, with the exception of the Pribaikalsky reserve, in which the zoning of the territory was carried out in accordance with the TACIS program "Natural Resource Management in the Lake Baikal Region" in 1999.

Monuments of nature - unique, irreplaceable, valuable in ecological, scientific and aesthetic terms, natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.

In the Republic of Buryatia, 266 natural monuments have been identified (for 93 of them there are resolutions of the Government of the Republic of Belarus): 19 landscape, 82 geological, 111 water, 25 botanical, 9 zoological, 20 natural and historical.

The Main Directorate of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia for the Republic of Buryatia is considering documents on the organization of two botanical monuments of regional significance "Relic grove of Japanese elm" in the Baikal region (village of Tataurovo, village of Mostovka).

In the structure of the tourist flow, domestic tourism is more than 80%, inbound tourism 13%, outbound 7%. The ratio of types of tourism indicates the predominant development of domestic tourism, which is a positive factor, amounted to 186,729 people, including 165,404 people for domestic tourism, 21,296 people for inbound tourism, tourism and sanatorium-resort resources of the republic, issues are being worked out to create information (visit) centers in the regions of Buryatia.

The promotion of the tourist product of Buryatia in professional tourism markets contributes to the development of international relations, attracting investment resources not only in the tourism sector, but also in other promising sectors of the economy, the development of promising enterprises and projects, which ultimately leads to an increase in tourist flow to the republic.

There are positive changes in the field of development planning and organization of tourism at the local level, which is a factor that increases the manageability of the industry and reduces the negative economic, environmental, socio-cultural results of uncontrolled tourism development. Programs and development plans have been prepared and are being prepared in the Kabansky, Barguzinsky, Tunkinsky, Okinsky, Pribaikalsky, Muysky districts, municipal tourist enterprises and sanatorium-resort associations have been organized in the Tunkinsky, Kurumkansky, Severobaikalsky districts.

Work has begun on creating a mechanism for managing and protecting the resources of territories actively used for tourism, recreation and treatment. The concept of tourism development in the Republic of Buryatia for the period up to 2010 was approved. The materials necessary for giving the status of specially protected natural areas of local importance to areas with valuable medical, health and recreational resources suitable for organizing tourism and recreation are under preparation.

The revival of domestic tourism is also evidenced by the fact that since the beginning of 1999 the railway has served, according to the republican departments, about 200 thousand people who went on vacation through Buryatia.

The Republic of Buryatia has the richest historical and cultural heritage. Peoples with different historical past and cultural traditions live in the republic. The combination of at least two types of cultural mutual influences (Mongol-Buryat and Slavic-Russian), as well as two religions (Buddhism and Christianity) determines the uniqueness of these places, the originality of culture, as well as cultural and historical values.

Monuments of outstanding significance or especially characteristic of the architecture of the region, of interest for cultural and educational use (museums, exhibitions, guided tours), - datsans, churches, temple complexes, monasteries, buildings associated with memorable historical events and persons, etc. are in extremely poor or disrepair condition. For this group of monuments, there are practically no other opportunities to attract significant one-time investments for conservation and restoration, except for state and local budgetary support with the participation of communities of believers, as well as individual users for a number of objects.

Require reconstruction of buildings intended for commercial purposes (hotels, malls, shops), and buildings, the purpose of which does not contradict commercial tourist use (residential buildings, estate complexes, outbuildings). For this group of monuments, along with budgetary support, it is necessary to organize private investment financing.

It is required to carry out research ahead of archaeological work on historical and cultural monuments subject to restoration at sites of reconstruction and new construction in the historical zones of cities, rural settlements, on the routes of historical roads.

There is an acute issue of developing a network of craft houses, art schools, and workshops; wider involvement in the training of adolescents, pensioners, migrants, demobilized military personnel; participation in the teaching of craftsmen who own the production techniques characteristic of the given territory. It is necessary to expand and develop home-based work, to provide assistance to craftsmen in providing materials and equipment.

The need to overcome the economic crisis by implementing specific tourism development programs for each region is associated with the features of the current period of market formation in the country, and in particular, with the ability to manage and finance program activities and the subsequent distribution of tourism revenues to address the pressing problems of the population of the region and further development.

At present, the following tasks should be set before the republican tourism management bodies:

• · development and adoption of a tourism development program that does not contradict the Federal Program;
• · Development and adoption of a new law on tourism in the Republic of Belarus;
• · promotion of the republic's image;
• · development of a system of regional and local programs of tourism projects with the allocation of priority for each area of ​​promising types of tourism activities;
• streamlining property relations in the field of tourism, taking into account the peculiarities of tourism activities;
• · integration of the region into the system of the Russian and world tourism market and participation in international cooperation in tourism;
• · Creation of a modern differentiated tourist market based on the development of competition, specialization and cooperation in the work of tourist organizations of all forms of ownership;
• · stimulating the development of tourism infrastructure by attracting extrabudgetary sources (including foreign investment);
• · implementation in the republic of the concept of sustainable development in tourism as an economically safe form of using natural and cultural resources;
• · creation of a republican system of training, retraining and advanced training of tourist personnel that meets modern conditions;
• · development of regulations on the coordinating center for personnel training, information and statistical support, marketing and sociological research; regulations on advertising for travel agencies; regulations on guides and guide-interpreters;
• · Assistance in the development and implementation of progressive technologies of tourist services in the republican market;
• · formation of a system of advertising and information support for the tourism industry of the republic;
• Support for social and especially children's tourism;
• · targeted use of funds coming to the budget from enterprises of the tourism and excursion industry;
• · development of a system of statistical reporting on the types of tourism activities and related sectors of the economy of the republic;
• · efficient use, maintenance and restoration of recreational resources of the republic (introduction of additional fees and charges for the use of recreational resources);
• · Ensuring sufficient attractiveness of the tourist complex and the tourist potential of the region as a sphere of active international entrepreneurship and business cooperation;
• · providing favorable conditions for small businesses that can develop without attracting public funds;
• · expansion of a network of hotels of different categories (with parks, beaches, etc.), including a network of small hotels;
• · expansion of hunting and fishing areas (with the possibility of equipment rental, etc.);
• · Organization of recreation centers, youth centers, campsites, tourist centers.

Based on the analysis, it should be noted that the potential of the analyzed territories allows developing in historical centers and other actively visited areas of historical cities and villages the necessary systems of objects of culture, trade, food, production and sale of handicrafts and tourist accommodation facilities, however, this requires reconstruction , modernization and restructuring of the existing material base of tourism, administrative, cultural and business facilities, housing and related social facilities, household and industrial facilities.

To expand the geography of tourist trips, it is necessary to develop routes (tours) based on a fuller use of the outstanding historical, cultural and natural potential of the region, which will be able to meet the needs of domestic and foreign citizens with different income levels and spiritual needs (cognitive, business, religious, scientific and educational, environmental, sports and recreational, equestrian, specialized in interests).

According to world experience, the catalyst for the development of tourism in similar territories can be the organization of cultural projects, festivals, holidays, congresses, exhibitions, competitions.

The task of preserving and consolidating, stabilizing the tourism sector involves reaching the pre-existing flow parameters (1991), but at a qualitatively new level; creation of conditions for the further development of tourism, mainly by improving the reconstruction and functional restructuring of the existing base at the same time as changing its structure, including through the new construction of hotels, tourist villages, club hotels, motels and campsites on the main route routes.

Tourism- a priority sector of the economy of Buryatia. Tourist assets allow the republic to be one of the most competitive regions of Russia. According to the agency "Expert RA", Buryatia in terms of tourism potential in the investment rating of Russian regions rose from 45th place in 2006 to 14th place in 2010.

Buryatia attracts tourists from all over the world with Lake Baikal and other unique natural, historical and cultural attractions.

Statistics

In 2011, Buryatia received 586.5 thousand tourists from more than 60 countries of the world and regions of Russia. The volume of paid services amounted to 114.2 million rubles. The number of employees in the tourism industry of Buryatia is 4.8 thousand people.

For the nine months of 2013, the influx of tourists in Buryatia increased by 7.5% compared to the same period last year and amounted to 617 thousand people, of which 53.9% were in the Tunkinsky district.

The flow of tourists to Buryatia increases annually by an average of 10-20%. According to the forecasts of the government of Buryatia, in the coming years the republic will receive up to 1 million people a year.

The main countries from which tourists come to Buryatia

Priority types of tourism in Buryatia

• Ski
• Adventure
• Religious

Districts of Buryatia

№	Municipal district of Buryatia	Administrative center
1	Barguzinsky district	Barguzin village
2	Baunt District	Bagdarin village
3	Bichursky district	Bichura village
4	Dzhidinsky district	Petropavlovka village
5	Yeravninsky district	Sosnovo-Ozerskoye village
6	Zaigraevsky district	the village of Zaigraevo
7	Zakamensky district	city ​​of Zakamensk
8	Ivolginsky district	Ivolginsk village
9	Kabanskiy district	Kabansk village
10	Kizhinginsky district	Kizhinga village
11	Kurumkansky district	Kurumkan village
12	Kyakhtinsky district	city ​​of Kyakhta
13	Muisky district	Taksimo village
14	Mukhorshibirsky district	Mukhorshibir village
15	Okinsky district	Orlik village
16	Pribaikalsky district	Turuntayevo village
17	Severo-Baikalsky District	Nizhneangarsk settlement
18	Selenginsky district	city ​​of Gusinoozersk
19	Tarbagatai district	Tarbagatai village
20	Tunkinsky district	Kyren village
21	Khorinsky district	village Khorinsk

Popular places

1. Arshan- balneological resort at the foot of the Eastern Sayan Mountains
2. Baikal- the oldest, deepest and cleanest lake on Earth, a shrine for the peoples living on its shores, a place of extraordinary beauty and powerful energy, an attractive tourist brand of Russia, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3. Goddess Yanzhima- patroness of fertility, bestows vitality on women
4. Burin Khan- sacred mountain, one of the most revered Buddhist shrines in Central Asia
5. Valley of Volcanoes in Gornaya Oka
6. Ivolginsky datsan- the official center of Russian Buddhism
7. Ivolginskoye settlement- northern outpost of the Xiongnu Empire, the largest archaeological site in Transbaikalia
8. Kyakhta- an old merchant settlement, the city of millionaires, the tea capital of Russia, sandy Venice
9. Kyakhta Museum of Local Lore- one of the oldest museums in Transbaikalia, a unique Xiongnu collection
10. Mamai is a cult place for lovers of winter extreme sports
11. Sartul-Gegetui datsan- a beautiful Buddhist temple in the south of Buryatia
12. Svetlaya Polyana- ecological and ethnographic park in Maksimikha, built in the form of a Cossack prison from the 17th century.
13. Transbaikal Old Believers(family) - original old Russian culture, a masterpiece of the oral and intangible heritage of mankind (UNESCO)
14. Tagley- a mysterious lake in the remote mountain taiga, which has healing properties
15. Ulan-Ude- the heart of Russian Asia, the cultural center of Transbaikalia
16. Ushkany Islands- rookeries of the Baikal seal (nerpa)
17. Chivyrkuisky Bay- one of the most picturesque places on Baikal
18. Egitui datsan- one of the most visited datsans of Buryatia

Protected areas

Resorts

• Kuchiger
• Umhei

Mineral springs

• Agsurga
• Aksanga
• Bezymyansky
• Goujekit (Sunny)
• Gegetui
• Zelinda
• Engorboy
• Zhebkhehensky arshan
• Joigan
• Golden Key
• Inzagatuy
• Kotelnikovsky
• Kotokel
• old keys
• Halyuta
• Hoyto-Gol (Okinsky)

Monuments of culture and history

• Baga-Zarya - the largest petroglyphs in Transbaikalia
• Bayan-Under - Xiongnu fortress in the south of Buryatia
• Dyrestuisky Kultuk - Xiongnu burial grounds in the south of Buryatia
• Ivolginsk settlement - the northern outpost of the Xiongnu empire
• Ilm Pad - burial grounds of the Xiongnu nobility
• Orgoiton - Xiongnu princely burial ground in the south of Buryatia
• Varvarina Gora - Paleolithic site in the vicinity of Novaya Bryan

Events

• Sagaalgan: folk holiday, meeting the New Year - the year of the Snake according to the lunar calendar. The date is “floating”, calculated according to the lunar calendar, in 2013 it is celebrated on February 11 (a day off in the republic)
• IX Ice Fishing Tournament "Baikal Fishing-2013". Barguzinsky district, Kholodyanka area. April 5 - 6, 2013
• Instrumental Music Festival - April 24-27, 2013
• Mountain festival "Munku-Sardyk": annually in the last days of April at the foot of the mountain peak Munku-Sardyk, in the gorge of the Irkut River, mountain tourism lovers from all over the world gather. Okinsky district.
• Night at the Museum - May 18, 2013
• Musical summer: every Saturday on the propylaea of ​​the Opera House, the audience can enjoy an open-air concert with the participation of the best folklore groups of the republic, as well as opera and variety artists
• Interregional festival of author's song and poetry "Songs of Bulat on Baikal": a music and poetry festival on the shores of Lake Baikal, where bards from all over Russia gather and arrange soulful concerts of author's songs with a guitar. June 20-23, 2013
• Festival of Cossack culture - takes place annually in July in different regions of Buryatia. In the summer of 2013 will be held in the Barguzinsky district
• Surkharban (Naadan): Buryat cultural and sports holiday - national wrestling, horse racing, Buryat archery, games, performances of folklore groups, treats with Buryat cuisine. Ulan-Ude. July 7, 2013
• V International Music Festival “Voice of nomads. Baikal/Buryatia": world music festival. In 2013 participation of teams from France, China, Bulgaria, Portugal, Finland and other countries is expected. The star of the festival will be a team from Ukraine "Dakha Braha" and Port Mone. Ulan-Ude, lake Baikal. July 9-13, 2013
• Baikal Information Forum: representatives of the media, libraries, museums, providers and telecom operators from all over Russia, Mongolia and China will discuss topical issues of the information society. A special participation of directors of libraries of the Siberian Federal District is planned. Ulan-Ude, lake Baikal. July 9-13, 2013
• Festival "Yokhor Night": the Buryat National Song and Dance Theater "Baikal" annually organizes a festival of Buryat folk circle dance, uniting all participants and spectators with the energy of youth, the ancient pagan spirit of worshiping the solar deity. Ulan-Ude. 13, 14 July 2013
• International Festival-Competition of Folklore of the Old Believers Artistic Groups "Razday, kogogod!": Folklore performance in a genuine folk manner that preserves the singing school of the Old Believers. The festival will be attended by Old Believer groups from the regions of Russia and abroad. Tarbagatai region. July 7-19, 2013
• Baikal Day - celebrated in early September in Ulan-Ude.
• Festival of Hun culture - takes place in early September on the banks of the Selenga, near the Ivolginsky settlement
• Day of the ancient city - takes place on the day of the city of Ulan-Ude at the Ivolginsky settlement, at other sites
• Book Salon 2013: Book Fair. Ulan-Ude. September 26-28, 2013
• International competition of throat singing "Breath of the Earth": masters of throat singing from Mongolia, China and Russian regions - Tyva, Gorny Altai and Khakassia will come to Buryatia. Ulan-Ude. November 14, 2013
• International Ballet Festival named after Larisa Sakhyanova: Soloists from Ulan-Ude, Moscow and St. Petersburg will perform on the stage of the Buryat Opera and Ballet Theatre. Ulan-Ude. November 19-25, 2013
• V Baikal Christmas Festival: festival of popular classical musical art. Ulan-Ude, Severobaikalsk. Opens December 25, 2013

Travel media

Tourist guides for Buryatia

• Baikal: Buryatia, Irkutsk region. - France: Le Petit Fute, 1998
• Khamaganova D. M. Baikal. - M.: Around the World, 2007
• Khamaganova D. M. Baikal. All Buryatia. - M.: VIZA, 2009
• Khamaganova D. M. Baikal: Buryatia, Irkutsk region. - M.: VIZA, 2010
• Kochergin I. Baikal. - M.: Ajax-Press, 2010
• Eroshenko L. Tourism and recreation in Buryatia. - Irkutsk: Travel time, 2011
• Baikal. Journey through the Baikal region. - Irkutsk: Garant, 2012

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Types of Buryatia

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Mystery Tsam-2.JPG

Mystery Tsam

Budazhap Tsyretorov.JPG

Buryat shaman Budazhap Shiretorov

The boy on the shamanic rite.jpg

At the shamanic ceremony

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Holy Trinity Selenginsky Monastery

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Old Orthodox Church in Tarbagatai

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Cranes in the Dzhidinskaya valley

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In the valley of volcanoes in the Okinsky district

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Center of Ulan-Ude

Opera and Ballet Theater in Ulan-Ude.jpg

Opera and ballet theater in Ulan-Ude

Fountain at Theater Square Ulan-Ude.JPG

Light and music fountain in Ulan-Ude

Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Kyakhta.JPG

Resurrection Church in Kyakhta

Khoroy-Shuluun.jpg

Stone fortress Horoy-Shuluun in the Marakta valley

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Mountain Oka

horse ride.jpg

Horse riding in the mountains of Khoito-Gol

Eagle dance

The tree at the Big Eravna.jpg

On the bank of the Big Eravna

Family house in Novaya Bryan.jpg

Family House in Novaya Bryan

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An excerpt characterizing Tourism in Buryatia

The countess, with a coldness that her son had never seen, answered him that he was of age, that Prince Andrei was marrying without the consent of his father, and that he could do the same, but that she would never recognize this intriguer as her daughter.
Blown up by the word intriguer, Nikolai, raising his voice, told his mother that he never thought that she would force him to sell his feelings, and that if this was so, then he would say the last time ... But he did not have time to say that decisive word, which, judging by according to the expression of his face, his mother waited with horror and which, perhaps, would forever remain a cruel memory between them. He did not have time to finish, because Natasha with a pale and serious face entered the room from the door at which she was eavesdropping.
- Nikolinka, you are talking nonsense, shut up, shut up! I'm telling you, shut up! .. - she almost shouted to drown out his voice.
“Mom, my dear, it’s not at all because ... my dear, poor thing,” she turned to her mother, who, feeling herself on the verge of a break, looked at her son with horror, but, due to stubbornness and enthusiasm for the struggle, did not want and could not give up.
“Nikolinka, I’ll explain to you, you go away - you listen, mother dear,” she said to her mother.
Her words were meaningless; but they achieved the result to which she aspired.
The Countess, sobbing heavily, hid her face on her daughter's chest, and Nikolai stood up, clutched his head and left the room.
Natasha took up the matter of reconciliation and brought it to the point that Nikolai received a promise from his mother that Sonya would not be oppressed, and he himself promised that he would not do anything secretly from his parents.
With the firm intention, having arranged his affairs in the regiment, to retire, come and marry Sonya, Nikolai, sad and serious, at odds with his family, but, as it seemed to him, passionately in love, left for the regiment in early January.
After Nikolai's departure, the Rostovs' house became sadder than ever. The Countess became ill from a mental disorder.
Sonya was sad both from separation from Nikolai and even more from that hostile tone with which the countess could not but treat her. The count was more than ever preoccupied with the bad state of affairs, which required some kind of drastic measures. It was necessary to sell the Moscow house and the suburban one, and to sell the house it was necessary to go to Moscow. But the health of the countess forced her to postpone her departure from day to day.
Natasha, who easily and even cheerfully endured the first time of separation from her fiancé, now every day became more agitated and impatient. The thought that so, for nothing, her best time wasted for no one, which she would have used to love him, relentlessly tormented her. Most of his letters annoyed her. It was insulting to her to think that while she lives only by the thought of him, he lives a real life, sees new places, new people who are of interest to him. The more entertaining his letters were, the more annoyed she was. Her letters to him not only did not bring her consolation, but seemed to be a boring and false duty. She did not know how to write, because she could not comprehend the possibility of expressing in a letter truthfully at least one thousandth of what she was accustomed to express in her voice, smile and look. She wrote him classically monotonous, dry letters, to which she herself did not ascribe any significance and in which, according to bruillons, the countess corrected her spelling errors.
The health of the countess did not improve; but it was no longer possible to postpone the trip to Moscow. It was necessary to make a dowry, it was necessary to sell the house, and, moreover, Prince Andrei was expected first to Moscow, where Prince Nikolai Andreevich lived that winter, and Natasha was sure that he had already arrived.
The countess remained in the village, and the count, taking Sonya and Natasha with him, went to Moscow at the end of January.

Pierre, after the courtship of Prince Andrei and Natasha, for no apparent reason, suddenly felt the impossibility of continuing his former life. No matter how firmly he was convinced of the truths revealed to him by his benefactor, no matter how joyful he was at that first time of being carried away by the inner work of self-improvement, which he indulged in with such fervor, after the engagement of Prince Andrei with Natasha and after the death of Joseph Alekseevich, about which he received news almost at the same time - all the charm of this former life suddenly disappeared for him. There was only one skeleton of life left: his house with a brilliant wife, who now enjoyed the favors of one important person, acquaintance with all of Petersburg and service with boring formalities. And this former life suddenly presented itself to Pierre with unexpected abomination. He stopped writing his diary, avoided the company of his brothers, began to go to the club again, began to drink heavily again, again became close to single companies and began to lead such a life that Countess Elena Vasilyevna considered it necessary to make him a strict reprimand. Pierre, feeling that she was right, and in order not to compromise his wife, left for Moscow.
In Moscow, as soon as he drove into his huge house with withered and withering princesses, with huge domestics, as soon as he saw - driving through the city - this Iberian chapel with countless candle lights in front of golden robes, this Kremlin Square with snow that had not been driven, these cab drivers and the shacks of Sivtsev Vrazhka, saw the old men of Moscow, wanting nothing and slowly living their lives nowhere, saw old women, Moscow ladies, Moscow balls and the Moscow English Club - he felt at home, in a quiet haven. He felt calm, warm, familiar and dirty in Moscow, as in an old dressing gown.
Moscow society, everything from old women to children, accepted Pierre as their long-awaited guest, whose place was always ready and not occupied. For the Moscow world, Pierre was the sweetest, kindest, smartest, cheerful, generous eccentric, absent-minded and sincere, Russian, old-fashioned, gentleman. His wallet was always empty, because it was open to everyone.
Benefit performances, bad pictures, statues, charitable societies, gypsies, schools, signature dinners, revels, masons, churches, books - no one and nothing was refused, and if not for his two friends, who borrowed a lot of money from him and took him under their guardianship, he would give everything away. There was no dinner in the club, no evening without him. As soon as he leaned back in his place on the sofa after two bottles of Margot, he was surrounded, and rumors, disputes, jokes began. Where they quarreled, he - with his kind smile and by the way said joke, reconciled. Masonic dining lodges were dull and sluggish if he wasn't there.
When, after a single supper, he, with a kind and sweet smile, surrendering to the requests of a cheerful company, got up to go with them, joyful, solemn cries were heard among the youth. At the balls he danced, if he did not get a gentleman. Young ladies and young ladies loved him because, without courting anyone, he was equally kind to everyone, especially after dinner. “Il est charmant, il n "a pas de sehe", [He is very nice, but has no gender,] they talked about him.
Pierre was that retired chamberlain, good-naturedly living out his life in Moscow, of which there were hundreds.
How horrified he would have been if seven years ago, when he had just arrived from abroad, someone would have told him that he did not need to look for and invent anything, that his track had long been broken, determined eternally, and that, no matter how he turn around, he will be what everyone in his position was. He couldn't believe it! Didn't he wish with all his heart to first create a republic in Russia, then to be Napoleon himself, then a philosopher, then a tactician, the conqueror of Napoleon? Didn't he see the opportunity and passionately desire to regenerate the vicious human race and bring himself to the highest degree of perfection? Didn't he establish both schools and hospitals and set his peasants free?
And instead of all this, here he is, the rich husband of an unfaithful wife, a retired chamberlain who loves to eat, drink and easily scold the government, a member of the Moscow English Club and everyone's favorite member of Moscow society. For a long time he could not reconcile himself to the idea that he was that same retired Moscow chamberlain, the type of whom he so deeply despised seven years ago.
Sometimes he comforted himself with the thought that this was the only way, for the time being, he was leading this life; but then he was horrified by another thought, that for the time being, so many people had already entered this life and this club with all their teeth and hair, like him, and left without one tooth and hair.
In moments of pride, when he thought about his position, it seemed to him that he was completely different, special from those retired chamberlains whom he had despised before, that they were vulgar and stupid, pleased and reassured by their position, “and even now I am still dissatisfied I still want to do something for humanity,” he said to himself in moments of pride. “And maybe all those comrades of mine, just like me, fought, looked for some new, their own path in life, and just like me, by the force of the situation, society, breed, that elemental force against which there is no powerful man, they were brought to the same place as I, ”he said to himself in moments of modesty, and after living in Moscow for some time, he no longer despised, but began to love, respect and pity, as well as himself, his comrades in the fate .
On Pierre, as before, they did not find moments of despair, blues and disgust for life; but the same illness, which had previously expressed itself in sharp attacks, was driven inside and did not leave him for a moment. "To what? What for? What is going on in the world?” he asked himself in bewilderment several times a day, involuntarily beginning to ponder the meaning of the phenomena of life; but knowing by experience that there were no answers to these questions, he hurriedly tried to turn away from them, took up a book, or hurried to the club, or to Apollon Nikolaevich to chat about city gossip.
“Elena Vasilyevna, who never loved anything except her body and one of the most stupid women in the world,” thought Pierre, “appears to people as the height of intelligence and refinement, and they bow before her. Napoleon Bonaparte was despised by everyone as long as he was great, and since he became a miserable comedian, Emperor Franz has been trying to offer him his daughter as an illegitimate wife. The Spaniards send prayers to God through the Catholic clergy in gratitude for having defeated the French on June 14th, and the French send prayers through the same Catholic clergy that they defeated the Spaniards on June 14th. My brother Masons swear by their blood that they are ready to sacrifice everything for their neighbor, and do not pay one ruble each for the collection of the poor and intrigue Astraeus against the Seekers of Manna, and fuss about a real Scottish carpet and about an act, the meaning of which does not know even the one who wrote it, and which no one needs. We all profess the Christian law of forgiveness of offenses and love for our neighbor - the law as a result of which we erected forty forty churches in Moscow, and yesterday we whipped a man who had run away with a whip, and the minister of the same law of love and forgiveness, the priest, gave the soldier a cross to kiss before execution " . So thought Pierre, and this whole, common, universally recognized lie, no matter how he got used to it, as if something new, every time amazed him. I understand the lies and confusion, he thought, but how can I tell them everything I understand? I tried and always found that they, in the depths of their souls, understand the same thing as I do, but they just try not to see her. It has become so necessary! But me, where do I go?” thought Pierre. He tested the unfortunate ability of many, especially Russian people, the ability to see and believe in the possibility of good and truth, and to see the evil and lies of life too clearly in order to be able to take a serious part in it. Every field of labor in his eyes was connected with evil and deceit. Whatever he tried to be, whatever he undertook, evil and lies repelled him and blocked all the paths of his activity. And meanwhile it was necessary to live, it was necessary to be busy. It was too terrible to be under the yoke of these insoluble questions of life, and he gave himself up to his first hobbies, only to forget them. He went to all sorts of societies, drank a lot, bought paintings and built, and most importantly read.
He read and read everything that came to hand, and read so that when he arrived home, when the lackeys were still undressing him, he, having already taken a book, read - and from reading he went to sleep, and from sleep to chatter in the drawing rooms and the club, from chatter to revelry and women, from revelry back to chatter, reading and wine. Drinking wine for him became more and more of a physical and at the same time a moral need. Despite the fact that the doctors told him that with his corpulence, wine was dangerous for him, he drank a lot. He felt completely well only when, without noticing how, having knocked several glasses of wine into his big mouth, he experienced pleasant warmth in his body, tenderness for all his neighbors and the readiness of his mind to superficially respond to every thought, without delving into its essence. Only after drinking a bottle and two wines did he vaguely realize that the intricate, terrible knot of life that had terrified him before was not as terrible as he thought. With a noise in his head, chatting, listening to conversations or reading after lunch and dinner, he constantly saw this knot, some side of it. But only under the influence of wine did he say to himself: “This is nothing. I will unravel this - here I have an explanation ready. But now there’s no time—I’ll think it over later!” But that never came after.
On an empty stomach, in the morning, all the previous questions seemed just as insoluble and terrible, and Pierre hurriedly grabbed a book and rejoiced when someone came to him.
Sometimes Pierre recalled a story he had heard about how, in a war, soldiers, being under fire in cover, when they had nothing to do, diligently find an occupation for themselves in order to more easily endure the danger. And to Pierre, all people seemed to be such soldiers fleeing life: some with ambition, some with cards, some with writing laws, some with women, some with toys, some with horses, some with politics, some with hunting, some with wine, some with state affairs. “There is nothing insignificant or important, it doesn’t matter: if only I can save myself from it as best I can!” thought Pierre. - "If only not to see her, this terrible her."

Course work

GEOGRAPHY OF TOURISM IN THE REPUBLIC OF BURYATIA

Introduction

Geographical position

Relief

Climate

Water resources

Flora and fauna

Population

Transport

Religion

Tourist infrastructure

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Appendix

Buryatia Tourism

Introduction

To date, tourism is one of the most promising areas of development for Russia and its regions, contributing to the effective use of the richest natural and cultural and historical heritage, familiarization with which, on the one hand, serves to expand cultural competence, improve the health and recreation of citizens, and on the other hand, economic development, solving the problem of employment in small towns and settlements and attracting additional funds to the country's economy.

In Russia, tourism is still a developing industry. In all spheres of tourism activity, both at the federal and regional levels, there is a search for new forms of work, expansion of the scope of supply and deepening of its specialization, creation of new tourist complexes.

The direction of tourist flows in modern Russia covers more and more regions. But, despite the obvious benefits, not all regions of Russia are able to fully use their tourism resources to attract tourists and improve the regional economy.

Currently, tourism is one of the priority sectors of the economy of the Republic of Buryatia and can be considered as a factor in the economic growth not only of Buryatia, but also of Russia, since, according to the forecasts of the World Tourism Organization, by 2020 the country will be among the 20 largest countries in terms of tourist arrivals.

Tourism, acting as a kind of catalyst for the socio-economic development of the territory, positively influencing the growth of employment, stimulating the development of related sectors of the economy, developing infrastructure and communications in the regions. In the first half of 2011 alone, almost 225.5 thousand tourists visited Buryatia, which is 16% more than in the same period last year, according to the republic's statistical office. Over 450,000 tourists visited Buryatia in 9 months, 25,000 of them were foreign guests. At the same time, tourists from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Novosibirsk and Sverdlovsk regions prevail among Russians, Buryatstat notes. According to the agency, 46% of tourists come to the republic for the purpose of leisure and recreation, 24% for treatment and rehabilitation, and 24% for business and professional purposes.

The potential demand for the services of the tourist complex of the Baikal natural territory is primarily due to recreation on Baikal, 60% of the lake coast is used for tourism purposes. The basis for the development of tourism in the republic are natural recreational resources, which include unique natural landscapes, natural objects with the status of natural monuments, flora and fauna, water sources, mineral water and mud deposits. Specially protected natural areas (PAs) have unique opportunities for tourist demand, occupying 9.76% of the total area of ​​the republic and representing the totality of all categories of specially protected natural areas.

All of the above justifies the relevance of this topic.

Target -reveal the natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic preconditions and, on their basis, consider the prospects for the development of tourism in the Republic of Buryatia.

Object of study:The Republic of Buryatia.

Subject of study:prerequisites for the development of tourism in Buryatia.

Work tasks:

-identify natural, historical and socio-economic prerequisites for the development of tourism;

-show the prospects for the development of the Republic of Buryatia as a tourist center, using the potential of the Baikal region.

Methodological basisstudies are the theory and methodology of tourism (Zorin, Kvartalnov, 2001; Birzhakov; 2001).

To solve the tasks set, the following research methods: abstract, descriptive, analytical, comparative geographical, statistical, cartographic.

Scientific noveltyThe results of the work is to systematize the material on the geography of tourism in Buryatia.

The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using materials in the study of tourism disciplines at the university and geography at school.

Work structure.The work is presented on 49 pages, includes 4 figures, bibliographic list (25 titles), consists of an introduction, two chapters (in accordance with the objectives of the study), conclusion, bibliographic list, applications.

The first chapter presents the natural prerequisites for the development of tourism in Buryatia.

The second chapter reveals the historical and socio-economic prerequisites for the development of tourism in Buryatia.

In conclusion, the main conclusions and results of the research are presented.

Chapter 1. Natural prerequisites for the development of tourism in the Republic of Buryatia

The Republic of Buryatia is one of the most beautiful and ecologically clean regions of our country, which has an amazing variety of natural landscapes and species diversity of flora and fauna. Natural resources of Buryatia<#"center">Geographical position

The Republic of Buryatia is part of the Siberian Federal District. It is located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, east of Lake Baikal.

In the south, Buryatia borders on the Mongolian People's Republic, the length of the state border is 1213.6 km, in the west with the Republic of Tuva, in the northwest with the Irkutsk region in the north with the Chita region.

The M 55 highway of national importance, several roads of republican significance and other types of roads pass here. There are also ports along the coast of Lake Baikal, through which the delivery of goods and materials by water is carried out. Buryatia is relatively close to energy bases, large industrial cities (Chita, Irkutsk, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk) and markets for its own goods.

The administrative center of the republic is the city of Ulan-Ude. The area of ​​Buryatia is 351 thousand sq. km (6.9% of the territory of the Siberian Federal District; 2.1% of the territory of the Russian Federation), which is comparable to the area of ​​Germany. Buryatia is a multinational republic, where representatives of more than 100 nationalities live. The population is 981.2 thousand people. (this is 4.89% of the population of the Siberian Federal District, 0.68% of the population of Russia), in terms of population, the republic ranks 9th in the Siberian Federal District, and in terms of population density, 9th place - 2.8 people. for 1 km".

Relief

The Republic of Buryatia is included in the mountainous zone, which occupies a significant part of the south of Eastern Siberia. The relief is characterized by powerful mountain ranges and extensive, deep and sometimes almost closed intermountain basins. The area of ​​the mountains is more than 4 times the area occupied by the lowlands. The Republic of Buryatia is characterized by a significant elevation above sea level. The lowest mark is the level of Lake Baikal - 456 m in the Pacific mark, and the highest peak covered with glaciers Munku-Sardyk in the Eastern Sayans is 3491 m above sea level.

The southern part of the republic, represented by the Selenginsky middle mountains, covers a significant part of the Selenga river basin - the main water artery of Baikal, including all its large tributaries, and is characterized by the predominance of mountains of an average height of 1000-1500 meters above sea level.

The high ridges of the Baikal region with wide intermountain basins separating them adjoin Lake Baikal. Their belt includes the highlands of the Eastern Sayan, stretching from northwest to southeast for a distance of about 1000 km with a width of 200-300 km and rising in the central part of the ranges by more than 2500-3000 m. The predominance of the mountainous relief of the republic classifies it among the most active seismic regions of the planet. Quite frequent are large and small earthquakes, but mostly they occur at 5-6 points. The belt of the mountains of the Baikal region is continued by the Khamar-Daban, Ulan-Burgasy, Barguzinsky, Ikatsky and Baikalsky ridges (Appendix 1). In these areas of the least developed economic activity, all the prerequisites for the development of sports tourism have developed. This is the southwestern region, covering Khamar-Daban and the mountain systems of the Tunka basin; northern, including the northern and northwestern parts of the Severobaikalsky region; southern - the area of ​​water travel along the Selenga River and its tributaries.

The watersheds of the Barguzinsky Range are classic alpine landforms. To the north of the Baikal region, the ridges of the Stanovoy Uplands continue: South Muisky, North Muisky, Udokan, Kalarsky.

The Vitim Plateau adjoins the northeast of the Baikal region. The entire Northern Baikal region is characterized by a continuous distribution of permafrost, sometimes occurring at a depth of 0.5 meters and a thickness of up to 500-600 meters.

Climate

An important feature of the physical and geographical position of the republic is its remoteness from the Atlantic and isolation from the influence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans by numerous mountain ranges. The climate of Buryatia is sharply continental with large annual and daily temperature fluctuations, with long cold winters and hot short summers. In winter, calm, windless and clear weather prevails throughout the republic with dry frosts up to 450 ° C and a small amount of snow. The lowest temperature in winter was recorded in January 1985 - 45°C. The average temperature in winter is 22°C. Severe windless winter gives way to late windy and dry spring with night frosts. Barometric pressure during this period decreases, and cold air flows from the northern regions of Siberia rush into the territory. This contributes to the return of cold weather and the appearance of long and strong winds. In summer, the territory of Buryatia gets very warm. In the first half, it is too dry, in the second, cyclonic activity gradually increases, as a result, the wind speed increases and the bulk of precipitation falls (July-August). The average temperature in summer is +18.5°C. Autumn comes imperceptibly, without a sharp change in weather; in some years it is long and warm. In Buryatia, an average of 250 mm of precipitation falls per year.

In general, the climate is formed under the influence of three contrasting components: the dry and cold climate of the northern regions, the hot and dry Mongolian deserts, and the humid Pacific.

The wind regime on the territory of Buryatia is diverse. It is subject to significant changes, both during the day and during the seasons of the year. In winter, the wind speed in the republic is very low, the average wind speed is about 1-2 m/s. In the spring, the wind increases noticeably. The maximum wind speed in spring reaches 20 m/s. In summer, on the coast of Lake Baikal, the average speed is 3-6 m/s, while in the rest of the territory the wind speeds are low (up to 2 m/s). In autumn, the wind speed again rises to 5-6 m/s. In winter and autumn, northern winds prevail in the republic, in summer - western winds prevail, at the same time the number of southern and eastern winds increases. The average annual rainfall in many areas of Buryatia in the river valleys is 250-300mm. In mountainous regions, 30-50 mm or more falls annually. In the main agricultural regions, the number of days per year with temperatures above 5º C is 150-160. Buryatia is located in the permafrost region, which has a significant impact on nature. The climate of Buryatia is good for health due to the abundance of sunlight, dry air and low cloudiness. In terms of the number of sunny days, Buryatia surpasses many southern regions of the CIS, not yielding in this to the southern coast of Crimea.

Water resources

The water resources of the Republic of Buryatia are represented by surface and ground waters. In total, more than 30,000 rivers flow on its territory with a total length of about 150 thousand km. Of these, only 25 belong to the category of large and medium. More than 99% of the republic's rivers are small rivers less than 200 km long. All rivers of the republic belong to three large water basins: Lake Baikal, the Lena and Angara rivers.

There are about 35 thousand lakes on the territory of the republic with a total surface area of ​​1795 km 2. The most significant reservoirs include Gusinoe, Bolshoye Eravnoe, Maloe Eravnoe, and Baunt.

At the same time, 52% of the territory of Buryatia is located in the basin of Lake Baikal. The river flow resources of Buryatia are 98 km 3; per inhabitant accounts for 94.3 thousand m 3year (almost 3 times more than the average for Russia); per 1 km 2territory 279.8 thousand m 3/year. It should be noted that 61% of the republic's river flow falls on the Baikal basin.

Lake Baikal is one of the incredibly beautiful places in Russia. This is the deepest lake on our planet (Appendix 2). The bottom of Baikal is 1167 meters below the level of the World Ocean, and the average depth of the lake is 750 meters. The lake is surrounded on all sides by mountain ranges and hills. The water in the lake is cold and clear, its temperature even in summer does not exceed +10° Baikal in terms of climatic conditions, winds and currents, flora and fauna has no analogues in the world and therefore the lake is a UNESCO world natural heritage site. (Speech by the President of the Republic of Buryatia V.V. Nagovitsyn at the plenary session of the Federation Council) 60% of the lake's shoreline falls on the territory of the republic and it makes up 25% of the fresh water reserves of the entire Earth.

The popularity of these places among vacationers and tourists is associated with a variety of thermal and cold mineralized waters. The coast of Baikal is an area of ​​incessant activity in the earth's crust. Seismic vibrations are also frequent here. Against the background of a constant release of geophysical stress and proximity to the internal heat of the Earth, around Baikal, and most of all in the Barguzin valley<#"center">Flora and fauna

The position of Buryatia on the border of two different natural zones: the East Siberian mountain taiga and the Central Asian steppe - has created a great diversity and a special nature of the distribution of soil and vegetation. The southern part of Buryatia is similar to the steppes of Mongolia, and the forest-steppe landscape prevails in the middle lane. The southern steppe elements confined to intermountain depressions and depressions penetrate far into the northern regions. Thus, the steppes are, as it were, "interspersed" in separate sections in the main background of the forests. The upper boundary of the steppe landscape on the southern slopes often reaches 1000 m of absolute height. The steppes formed in the river valleys are distinguished by a richer and more diverse herbaceous cover. The mountain steppes, poor in atmospheric precipitation and groundwater, in places even take on a semi-desert character. Buryatia is characterized by a gradual rise from the northwest to the southwest, within the Eastern Sayan mountain system, and to the east - to the Yablonovy ridge, after which a slow lowering of the terrain begins.

Forests are known to be of great importance for water regulation. Clearcutting of forests, especially in the watersheds of small rivers, contributes to a decrease in the natural regulation of runoff and the drying up of rivers, as well as the intensive development of soil erosion processes. At present, when the forest acts as a cheap raw material and the barbaric destruction of the centuries-old taiga is taking place not only by state timber enterprises, but also by numerous entrepreneurs and commercial firms, the problem of preserving forest resources is especially acute. Soils of the podzolic type are widespread in Transbaikalia. They are located mainly on the plateaus, the lower and middle parts of the slopes of the ridges under the larch, pine and cedar-fir forests. The most powerful and humus-rich varieties are plowed up, while the weaker ones serve as pastures. The most fertile soils, chernozems, occupy much smaller areas than chestnut soils. The transitional link from chernozem and chestnut soils to podzolic soils are gray forest soils located below the podzolic ones. Meadow and bog soils are developed in areas of river valleys with a close occurrence of groundwater and on gentle waterlogged slopes. In areas with permafrost, meadow-frozen soils form along river valleys. In the south of the republic, in the driest basins, there are solonetzes and solonetsous soils covered with solonchak vegetation. In general, altitudinal zonality is well manifested in the distribution of soils.

The fauna of the republic is very diverse. The stable commercial status of all species of game animals opens up great prospects for the development of hunting farms and hunting trophy tourism, which are of great importance for the economy of the region as a whole and for the population in particular. The main objects of hunting, taken on the territory of the republic, are 28 species of mammals (fur animals, wild ungulates), 6 species of upland game (chicken) and about 30 species of waterfowl. The basis of the trade is sable, squirrel, fox, hare, muskrat, Siberian weasel, ermine; among ungulates - elk, red deer, musk deer, wild boar, roe deer, reindeer; in the group of feathered game - capercaillie and stone grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, Dahurian partridge. On the deaf taiga swamps, it is possible to meet with a black stork.

The administrative regions of the republic have significant stocks of fish and marine animals, which are of great interest as objects of hunting and fishing tourism. Lake Baikal and its surrounding area are inhabited by 2,500 different species of animals and fish, 250 of which are endemic. The most famous are the omul - a commercial fish of the salmon family, as well as the viviparous golomyanka - a transparent fish without scales and a swim bladder. The Baikal sturgeon, davatchan, white Baikal grayling, taimen and tench are listed in the Red Book of Russia and Buryatia. Organization of sport fishing on the lake is possible throughout the year. The hunt for seals, which takes place in March-April on the ice of Lake Baikal, is especially specific.

Most of the territory of Buryatia is occupied by mountain taiga. Forests cover its entire northern, western and eastern part. The border of the forest reaches a height of 2000 m. The main landscape-forming species is pine. In pine forests, there is an admixture of cedar, fir, aspen, and poplar. The vegetation in the mountains is quite dense, often on the peaks continuous thickets of elfin cedar up to 3 m high are formed. In the spring rosemary blooms, and the forest turns bright purple. In summer, there is an abundance of flowers in the forests and mountains, especially on the mountain plateaus. Glades of bright orange frying, yellow and red lilies are very beautiful. Many plants have not only decorative, but also commercial value, and some of the plants are used in folk and Tibetan medicine. There are a lot of berries in autumn: lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, cranberries, currants, raspberries, sea buckthorn, bird cherry. In some places wild apple and Siberian apricot grow. In autumn, the forests are rich in mushrooms: milk mushrooms, mushrooms, boletus, porcini mushrooms.

Buryatia is the land of the most picturesque reserved places, one of the few corners of our country where places of unique untouched nature have been preserved (Appendix 3). Here are some of the largest in Russia (by area) specially protected natural areas. Three nature reserves - "Baikalsky", "Barguzinsky", "Dzherginsky", two national parks - "Zabaykalsky", "Tunkinsky", the natural park "Shumak", three state reserves of federal significance, 13 reserves of regional significance, 5 recreational areas of local importance and 266 identified natural monuments.

tourism buryatia climate resource

Chapter 2. Historical and socio-economic prerequisites for the development of tourism in Buryatia

For many Russian regions, the use of historical and cultural heritage is becoming one of the real opportunities for economic, social and cultural upsurge.

Objects of historical and cultural heritage, being an important asset of cities, bring profit and significantly affect their economic development of the republic. Aligning seasonal fluctuations and providing additional jobs, the historical and cultural heritage plays a huge role in the social sphere. Reviving local cultural values, developing folk art, traditions - historical and cultural heritage contributes to the cultural upsurge of the local population.

Also, the historical and cultural heritage increases the attractiveness of the regions, contributing to the development of city services, infrastructure, cultural organizations, plays a huge role in the development of tourism in Buryatia.

The history of the Pribaikalsky region of the Republic of Buryatia is evidenced by numerous monuments available on its territory. Neolithic and multi-temporal settlements of the Republic of Buryatia are known on the shores of Lake Kotokel and in the basins on the eastern coast of Lake Baikal (the villages of Banya, Goryachinsk, Istok Kotokelsky, Solontsy, Coal Pit, Monastyrsky Island, Koma, Turka, Cheryomushki, Yartsy Baikalsky, Katkovo), as well as a cave near the village of Turuntaevo. In the Bronze Age, the culture of "slab graves" appeared here, leaving behind many drawings in caves and on rocks. Many historical monuments associated with the state of the Xiongnu that existed on this land have been preserved.

International tourist routes pass through Buryatia based on the historical and cultural heritage of Russia, Mongolia, China: "The Great Tea Road", "Eastern Ring", "Trans-Siberian Express", "Baikal-Khubsugul".

Among the objects of cultural heritage, forms of living traditional culture are of particular interest, reflecting the cultural skills and traditions of arranging the living space of people living in the Baikal territory. Representatives of many nationalities live here (and currently representatives of 112 nationalities live on the territory of Buryatia), the most numerous of which are representatives of the Russian and indigenous Buryat population. Representatives of the second indigenous nationality, the Evenks, live in a few dispersed groups. One of the most interesting ethnic groups of the region is the Trans-Baikal Old Believers, called by the local population "Semeiskie". In 2001, UNESCO included the traditional culture of the Old Believers (way of life, folklore, rituals, crafts, folk medicine) in the list of 19 intangible world masterpieces that require special attention, study and preservation, as a unique phenomenon of living traditional culture. The cultural self-expression of the people is always of interest. The natural curiosity of tourists forms one of the strongest incentives for tourism.

In the Republic of Buryatia, there are prerequisites for organizing religious tourism, since the Republic is the center of Buddhism in the CIS. Like the Islamic hajj, the majority of Buddhists visit the Ivolginsky datsan, and the number of visits increases sharply during periods of religious and folk holidays, and visits by religious leaders. The development of tourism is facilitated by the construction and reconstruction of datsans that have been launched in recent years.

Recently, a genuine revival of the national and regional culinary traditions of Buryatia is planned in Buryatia, which is also a factor that attracts tourists.

Climatic conditions and the historical conditioning of survival in the harsh lands of Buryatia have left their unique imprint not only on the way of life of local residents, but also on their diet. Buryat cuisine is famous for its variety of dishes and delicacies. Unusual names of dishes and their bizarre appearance arouses genuine interest and desire to try them.

An important place among the main ingredients in the Buryat national cuisine is occupied by milk, dairy products and dairy dishes - dishes such as kurunguru, Buryat shangi sour cream cakes, cottage cheese snowballs, dried foams and others. Tea in Buryatia is drunk with milk. The tradition of eating dairy products has developed historically on the territory of Buryatia, since the lands unsuitable for gardening and grain growing have been used for centuries as pastures, on which huge herds grazed. There is a deeper meaning in love for these products. The importance of milk is also emphasized by the custom, according to which the guest is necessarily treated to something dairy. Meat dishes are one of the components of the national dishes of the Buryat cuisine. Along with a variety of sausages, Buryat cuisine is famous for meat dishes such as bukhler (broth), ubsun, buuzy (poses), khirmasa, khime, khushuur (meat pears) and oreomog. Anyone who decides to visit the Republic should definitely try shulen - a Buryat soup made from lamb and homemade noodles, as well as salamat. And on the third day, you will probably be offered green tea with milk, to which butter and a little salt are added. This drink not only quenches thirst, but also cleanses the blood, gives strength and perfectly tones. The ability to cook "poses" or "Buuzy" - the national culinary pride of Buryatia, is a must for every housewife. Moreover, "poses" should be not only tasty, but also beautiful in appearance. Even the number of tucks in each "pose" plays an important role.

Population

Socio-economic prerequisites are one of the fundamental aspects of tourism development. Impressions are the main goal of modern leisure for tourists.<#"347" src="doc_zip1.jpg" />

Figure 1 - Migration increase (decrease) in urban rural areas

One of the reasons for the growth of migration is the lack of a federal policy for the development of the northern territories, including the BAM zone. In these areas, the population of working age and older than working age (former builders of BAM) with their families mainly leaves, having received housing certificates for the purchase of housing in other regions. There is a high decline in young people who left for study in other regions, which is almost 100% of the number of citizens who left for temporary residence in other regions.

The number of economically active population in January 2012, according to the results of surveys of the population on employment issues, was 444.5 thousand people, or about 45% of the total population of the republic, which is 16 thousand people less compared to the corresponding period of the previous of the year.

Among them, 404.7 thousand people, or about 91% of the economically active population, were employed in the economy and 39.8 thousand people (9.0%) did not have employment, but were actively looking for it. (Appendix 4).

Figure 2 - Dynamics of the number of economically active population.

Despite the fact that the number of unemployed citizens has decreased compared to most regions of Siberia and the Far East, the Republic of Buryatia stands out for its high unemployment rate (Figure 2).

The regional labor market of the republic is characterized by a transformation in the structure of employment, similar to the all-Russian one: a decrease in the share of people employed in industry and construction, with an increase in employment in the service sector and relatively stable agricultural employment. In 2010, the tourism sector of Buryatia employed 3,640 people, which is 2.4 percent more than in 2009 (Appendix 4) .

Almost in all spheres of economic activity, as in previous years, there is a large number of labor migrants from China, Uzbekistan and North Korea. In total, representatives of 27 foreign states work in the republic. Among foreign workers, representatives of non-CIS countries predominate - 77.7% or 3265 people, countries of the CIS member states - 21.8% or 916 people and 20 stateless persons. The most demanded for them is the construction industry, which employs 2984 people (49.7% of the total number of labor migrants). Next come: manufacturing. Trade and repair of vehicles, forestry - 634, 578 and 238 people, respectively.

The level of education of the population of the Republic of Buryatia is quite high. The number of people with higher education is growing. For every 1,000 people over the age of 15, every 200th person has a university education, and eight people have a postgraduate education. In terms of the number of employees with higher professional education (243 per 1000 employees), the Republic of Buryatia in the Siberian Federal District is second only to the Tomsk Region - 255 and ahead of all other subjects of the Russian Federation, including the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 208 and the Irkutsk Region - 212.

The tourism sector of Buryatia is experiencing a shortage of qualified personnel. In 2010, the training of specialists in the field of tourism, hotel and restaurant management was implemented. Eight specialists were trained at the East Siberian State Academy of Culture and Arts, followed by an internship in the Republic of Korea.

Together with the Republican Agency for Employment of the Population, the program "Training Guides for Ecological Tourism" was implemented, a seminar was held on the specialty of a guide-guide. 19 unemployed citizens from Severo-Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Tunkinsky, Kabansky, Mukhorshibirsky, Pribaikalsky districts, the cities of Ulan-Ude and Severobaikalsk were trained under the program.

Transport

The development of transport and means of communication were the most important incentives for the development of tourism and caused an increase in the mobility of society. The prerequisites for this were the success of transport construction, the development of air traffic and the reduction in the cost of air tickets, the automobile boom and the affordability of car prices for the average consumer. For tourism, it is especially important to ensure links between local, national and international means of transportation, so that tourist movement does not have breaks in transport links.

Being a border Russian territory, with a common border with Mongolia over 1000 kilometers long, the republic has great opportunities for establishing mutually beneficial relations and is a connecting transport and communication bridge between Russia and Mongolia, China and other Asia-Pacific countries. There are five checkpoints on the state border of Russia with Mongolia in Buryatia.

Large federal highways and railways, such as the Trans-Siberian Railway, BAM, pass through its territory of Buryatia, connecting the republic with the regions of the Russian Federation and European countries. The most important highways are federal roads: Ulan-Ude - Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude - Kyakhta, the republican road - Barguzinsky tract - the only highway that runs along the eastern coast of Lake Baikal.

The transport complex of the republic includes 6904 km of bus routes, 1374 km of railways, 4 airports and 1872 km of local air lines, 56.6 km of tram lines, over 100 thousand passengers are transported daily through these communications.

The level of development of the road network largely determines the solution of tasks to achieve sustainable economic growth, increase competitiveness and improve the quality of life of the population of the republic. The presence of an efficiently functioning road network helps to accelerate the development of industry, agriculture and trade, tourism, and increase investment attractiveness.

Most of the territory of Buryatia is characterized by an extremely underdeveloped internal communication infrastructure, lack of railway communication, paved roads; air traffic is also hampered by the deterioration of the fleet of regional aircraft and the infrastructure of local airports.

The main problems in the development of transport in the republic are the low technological level and the unsatisfactory state of its production base. By the end of 2010, the depreciation of fixed production assets in road transport amounted to 70%, railway - 80%, air - 90%.

The decrease in the volume of reconstruction and construction of infrastructure facilities, as well as the rate of replenishment and renewal of fleets of vehicles and other transport equipment has led in recent years to a significant deterioration in their technical condition (age structure, increased wear, etc.) and efficiency.

The road network of the Republic of Buryatia has few paved roads. Basically, paved roads connect the city of Ulan-Ude with regional centers, as well as with the cities of Irkutsk, Kyakhta. At the same time, in some areas (Barguzinsky, Pribaikalsky, Yeravninsky, Okinsky districts) there are sections of dirt roads, which worsens the traffic conditions for cars and tourist buses. The road network is not developed, or there are few paved roads in the areas of tourism and recreation (the Zabaikalsky National Park, the right bank of the Selenga River near Lake Baikal.). This circumstance, along with the underdevelopment of roadside services, is a serious obstacle to the development of car tourism and the delivery of tourists to places of rest. Taking into account the fact that 53.3% of tourists use private cars to travel to vacation spots, 40.4% of tourists use buses, the underdevelopment of the road network and roadside services is a problem that needs to be resolved quickly. An unfavorable situation is developing in the field of motor transport provision of the tourism sector, primarily in terms of transportation within the republic. The fleet of buses is small, some of them do not have special equipment. The level of comfort of vehicles is quite low. However, travel agencies offer rental of private buses and minibuses and minivans with air conditioning and audio, modern and comfortable cars from executive to economy class for meetings at the airport, at river and railway stations, walks and excursions around the city and countryside, travel to other cities.

Several railway lines operate in the Republic of Buryatia, connecting it with the western and eastern regions of Russia, as well as with Mongolia. The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the territory of the republic<#"center">Religion

A special category of Buryatia's resources is represented by the historical and cultural heritage of the region, the religion and ethno-cultural characteristics of the indigenous peoples, who have preserved centuries-old traditions of nature management and close contact with nature.

Buryatia has been at the crossroads of many religions since ancient times. Shamanism and Buddhism, Old Believers and Orthodoxy coexist peacefully here. The life of the region is rich in historical events, just as interesting is the history of the development of religious systems, some elements of which are inherited from time immemorial. Some of them were formed on local soil in the course of socio-economic and cultural development, some were borrowed from neighboring peoples, some were introduced during religious missions and expansions. Here, from ancient times, there were cults that have partially survived to this day, and the system of polytheism (polytheism) has also developed, clearly manifested in the form of Buryat shamanism. The first religious ideas appeared among the local tribes 40-30 thousand years BC. They eventually found embodiment in shamanism<#"justify">Buryatia is the only region in Russia where the monuments and shrines of Buddhism are presented in such a multifaceted way. Back in the time of Genghis Khan, this territory was declared a sacred reserve, and now it is rightfully considered one of the few truly sacred places on the planet.

The restoration of churches destroyed in the 17s in Buryatia began after the Great Patriotic War. Currently, Buryatia is experiencing a religious renaissance. The construction and reconstruction of datsans, which has been unfolding in recent years, contributes to the development of tourism. There are 16 Buddhist datsans, 12 Buddhist societies, 17 Orthodox churches and parishes, 7 Old Orthodox communities, over 20 religious sects, currents and other autonomous denominations in the republic.

The world-famous datsan, the largest and most visited by tourists, is Ivolginsky, which is the spiritual center of Buddhists in Russia (Appendix 4). Ceremonies here are conducted mainly in Tibetan. In the Ivolginsky datsan, the body of Khambo Lama Itigelov was discovered, which has been preserved incorruptible for 75 years. This fact increased the flow of pilgrims and tourists traveling for religious purposes. The exact date of birth of Khambo Lama Itigelov is unknown, but it is believed that he was born in 1852. Now he sits under a glass cap in the Ivolginsky datsan (Appendix 5).

Since the beginning of the 1990s, some national groups have created their own national cultural associations and centers, began to actively revive their national culture, acquaint the population of the republic with it, and establish contacts with foreign compatriots. The most active in this regard are Jews, Germans, Poles, Koreans, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Belarusians and representatives of other nations.

Tourist infrastructure

Since 2002, the tourism market of Buryatia has been characterized by positive dynamics. For the period 2006-2010. the total tourist flow increased by 2.8 times, the volume of paid services provided in the tourism sector increased by 2.3 times. According to Expert RA, Buryatia rose from 45th place in 2006 to 14th place in 2010 in terms of tourism potential and occupies a leading position among the regions of the Far East and Transbaikalia in terms of growth rates of key indicators.

In 2010, the number of tourist arrivals amounted to 471.2 thousand people, which is 30.4% more than in 2009. The volume of paid services provided to tourists in 2010 amounted to 1,302.3 million rubles. and increased compared to 2009 by 21.8%. The geography of inbound tourism is extensive and covers 61 countries. The number of foreign citizens who visited the republic in 2010 amounted to 22.2 thousand people. The share of countries in the Asia-Pacific region is 53.3%, Europe - 18.1%, USA - 4.4%.

According to statistics, the number of tourist arrivals in the Republic of Buryatia for the 1st half of 2011 amounted to 225.4 thousand people, which is 16.1% more than in the same period last year, the volume of paid services provided to tourists - 533.4 million rubles , which is 24% more than in the 1st half of 2010 (Appendix 4) (Figure 3).

The state is investing in the development of tourism infrastructure and its active formation is taking place, the marketing policy is improving to position Buryatia in the international tourism market as an attractive and promising region for tourism. Improving the quality of service for tourists. The tourist infrastructure of Buryatia is constantly being improved: in 2009, eight new hotels appeared here. According to the results of 2008, the republic became a leader among the regions of Siberia and the Far East in terms of sales of tourist services: its share in the total amounted to 20% - 755.6 million rubles.

Figure 3 - Dynamics of domestic and inbound tourist flows

There are professional tourist organizations in the republic, whose credo is to make the stay of tourists in Buryatia unforgettable in terms of their feelings with a high level of Baikal hospitality. The tourist and entertainment infrastructure of Buryatia is represented by the richest and unique museum collections, world-famous theaters, specially protected areas with untouched natural landscapes. The information infrastructure of tourism is represented by the tourist Internet sites www.baikaltravel.ru ("Tourism and Leisure in Buryatia"), and www.baikaltourmarket.ru ("Visitor Information Service of Tourism of Buryatia"), www.tearoad.ru (project "Great Tea way"). There are 7 information and visiting tourism centers, including the center of the State Committee of the Republic of Buryatia for Youth, Tourism, Physical Culture and Sports in Ulan-Ude, 3 centers in the Tunkinsky district, centers in the village. Ust-Barguzin, Kabansk, Nizhneangarsk. It is planned to create centers in the village of Turka, Ivolginsk. The level of budgetary support for the activities of the centers is still insufficient.

There are 27 tour operators in the tourist market of Buryatia, 10 of which operate in accordance with the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the PRC on visa-free group tourist trips, 39 travel agencies, 4 professional public organizations (Buryat regional organization of the Russian Union of Tourism Industry, NP Buryat Tourist Alliance, Baikal branch of the Russian Hotel Association, Buryat Association of Hoteliers).

In 2010, 45 collective accommodation facilities were introduced, of which: 7 tourist centers, recreation centers, 3 hotels, the remaining 35 KSR are guest houses and mini hotels of various capacities. In 2010, 45 collective accommodation facilities were introduced. These are 7 tourist centers, recreation centers, 3 hotels, 35 guest houses and mini-hotels, including in the city of Ulan-Ude - 7, Tunkinsky district - 15, Kabansky - 8, Pribaikalsky - 6, Barguzinsky - 8, Ivolginsky - 1.1 /3 introduced accommodation facilities are mini hotels in Ulan-Ude.

There are 771 catering facilities in Buryatia, including 34 restaurants, 240 cafes, 368 eateries, 81 bars and 48 canteens. The public catering turnover of Buryatia in January-December 2011 amounted to 6.6 billion rubles with an increase of 109.8 percent compared to the previous year. In January-November 2011 Buryatia is on the second place in this indicator in the Siberian Federal District. The dynamics of public catering turnover was characterized by stable growth, due to an increase in the population's demand for catering services and the further development of infrastructure. The increase in turnover was also facilitated by an increase in the number of tourist arrivals and holding festive events in the republic. The turnover of public catering for small enterprises, including micro enterprises, increased by 13.9 percent, for individual entrepreneurs - by 10.1%.

Buying souvenirs is included in the mandatory program of any tourist who has a rest in a new area. The desire to take away souvenirs, national products, handicrafts, printed materials from a region or country contributes to the emergence of more and more places where you can buy a souvenir with a local flavor. Most accommodation enterprises have realized the benefits of developing the trade in tourist goods, offering services for the purchase of tourist goods and the performance of tourist work both in the structure of a complex hotel product and as separate additional services.

In Buryatia, as in any other corner of the world, there are special folk toys, dolls, souvenirs or a small talisman. They have characteristic national features that are characteristic only of the area from which they originated. These are traditional souvenirs made of wood, horn, fur, fabric.

The entertainment industry infrastructure of the region includes cinemas, museums, the State Circus of Buryatia.

The Republic is rightfully considered one of the cultural centers of Eastern Siberia. Traditionally, the high level distinguishes the culture of the republic, represented by five theaters, trade unions of writers, composers, artists, architects. The Buryat State Philharmonic Society operates in the republic.

In 2007, there were 5 state, 19 municipal, more than a hundred settlement and school museums in Buryatia. Museum collections number more than 250 thousand items. One of the oldest museums in the republic and Siberia is the Khangalov Museum of the History of Buryatia, which contains the most interesting materials on archeology and religious cults (shamanism, Orthodoxy, Buddhism). The Museum of Nature of Buryatia, the Geological Museum, the Ethnographic Museum of the Peoples of Transbaikalia are also widely known.

In the development of tourism an important role is played by the state of roads, railways, air communications in the region. In addition, a significant factor is the level of development of the city's transport communications: the availability and condition of bus and alternative modes of transport (metro, tram, trolleybus). These factors are of particular importance at a low population density in the region, remoteness of tourist, entertainment and recreational facilities from the center of the region, its air and water communications, facilities for receiving and accommodating tourists.

The transport complex of the republic includes 6754 km of public roads, 1227 km of railways, 4 airports and 1872 km of local air lines, 54.6 km of tram lines, over 100 thousand passengers are transported daily through these communications.

The main mode of transport used in tourism in the republic is motor transport. Road vehicles used to transport tourists to and from tourist centers.

It should be noted that a significant part of passenger traffic is occupied by trams, as well as suburban and intercity rail traffic.

While maintaining the poor quality of roads, freezing their development, reducing freight turnover and the volume of transported goods, there is a gradual increase in the number of car parks, in particular, an increase in the number of cars in the personal property of citizens.

The non-state sector has taken a dominant position. Enterprises of all types of transport non-state forms of ownership currently carry out 97% of cargo transportation and 38-50% of passenger transportation (air, rail, road, urban electric).

At the same time, most of the territory of Buryatia is characterized by an extremely underdeveloped internal communication infrastructure, lack of railway communication, paved roads; air traffic is also hampered by the deterioration of the fleet of regional aircraft and the infrastructure of local airports.

The main problems in the development of transport in the republic are the low technological level and the unsatisfactory state of its production base.

Conclusion

As a result of the study, the following conclusions and results were obtained:

.The natural prerequisites for the development of tourism in the Republic of Buryatia are revealed.

The Republic of Buryatia is part of the Siberian Federal District. It is located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, east of Lake Baikal. Buryatia is predominantly a mountainous country, where there are several mountain systems: Sayan, Eastern Altai, Khamar-Daban, Barguzinsky and Baikal ranges, which contributes to the development of ski tourism.

% of the territory of Buryatia is located in the basin of Lake Baikal. This unique natural complex is the main tourist resource of Buryatia.

Buryatia is the land of the most picturesque protected areas, one of the few corners of our country where places of unique untouched nature have been preserved. This is one of the most ecologically clean territories in the world, a recognized ecotourism center in Russia. Here are some of the largest in Russia (by area) specially protected natural areas. The total protected area is 2233.0 thousand hectares, including 77 percent - the area covered with forests, 5 - grassy ecosystems, 3 - occupied by water bodies. There are three nature reserves here - "Baikalsky", "Barguzinsky", "Dzherginsky", two national parks - "Zabaikalsky", "Tunkinsky", the natural park "Shumak", three state reserves of federal significance, 13 reserves of regional significance, 5 recreational areas of local values ​​and 266 identified natural monuments.

Variety of thermal and cold mineral waters, mineral lakes, deposits of therapeutic clay and mudis a factor in the development of health tourism makes the territory of Buryatiapopular place among vacationers and tourists.

Tourists take into account the climatic and landscape features, the richness and uniqueness of the flora and fauna, natural opportunities for outdoor activities. The climate of the republic is sharply continental, formed under the influence of three contrasting components: the dry and cold climate of the northern regions, the hot and dry Mongolian deserts and the humid Pacific Ocean, and makes it good for health due to the abundance of sunlight, dry air and low clouds. In terms of the number of sunny days, Buryatia surpasses many southern regions of the CIS, not yielding in this to the southern coast of Crimea.

.The historical and socio-economic prerequisites for the development of tourism in the Republic of Buryatia are revealed.

Buryatia is replete with numerous historical monuments and memorable places - witnesses of its history, which plays a huge role in the development of cultural, educational and ethnographic tourism.

Buryatia is the center of Buddhism. This is the only region in Russia where the monuments and shrines of Buddhism are presented in such a multifaceted way. There are 16 Buddhist datsans, 12 Buddhist societies, 17 Orthodox churches and parishes, 7 Old Orthodox communities, over 20 religious sects, currents and other autonomous denominations in the republic. This fact attracts a flow of pilgrims and tourists traveling for religious purposes, which contributes to the development of religious tourism.

Buryatia is a multinational republic, where representatives of more than 100 nationalities live. The population is 981.2 thousand people. (this is 4.89% of the population of the Siberian Federal District, 0.68% of the population of Russia), in terms of population, the republic ranks 9th in the Siberian Federal District, and in terms of population density, 9th place - 2.8 people. 1 km". Among the objects of cultural heritage, representatives of the Buryat indigenous population living on the territory of the republic are of particular interest.

An important role for the development of tourism in Buryatia is played by the geographical position of the region. Being a border Russian territory, with a common border with Mongolia over 1000 kilometers long, the republic has great opportunities for establishing mutually beneficial relations and is a connecting transport and communication bridge between Russia and Mongolia, China and other Asia-Pacific countries.

The tourist market of Buryatia is constantly improving. There are 27 tour operators in the tourist market of Buryatia, 10 of which operate in accordance with the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the PRC on visa-free group tourist trips, 39 travel agencies, 4 professional public organizations (Buryat regional organization of the Russian Union of Tourism Industry, NP Buryat Tourist Alliance, Baikal branch of the Russian Hotel Association, Buryat Association of Hoteliers).

There are 411 collective accommodation facilities (CSR) of tourists in the republic with a total capacity of 13,198 beds. 2 hotels have a 4-star category. The structure of the CSR includes 100 hotels, 226 boarding houses, tourist centers and rest houses, 11 sanatorium-and-spa institutions, 74 guest houses.

The huge tourist and recreational potential of the Republic of Belarus allows the development of various types of tourism on its territory. The main types of tourism in Buryatia are health-improving, mountain-skiing, ecological, cultural-historical, ethnographic, cognitive, adventure, speliotourism.

Bibliographic list

1.Astashkina M.V., Kozyreva O.N., Kuskov A.S. Geography of tourism. Tutorial. - M.: Alfa-M: INFRA-M, 2008. - 432 p. - ISBN 5-16-000084-4.

2.Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to Tourism - M. - St. Petersburg: Nevsky Fund, 2001. - ISBN 5-94125-021-5.

.Vinokurov A.A., Glushakova V.G. Introduction to economic geography and regional economy of Russia. Proc. Handbook for students of higher education. institutions - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M.: Humanitarian ed. Center VLADOS, 2008. - 550 p. - ISBN 978-5-691-01690-5.

.Imethenov A.B. Natural monuments of Baikal. - Novosibirsk: Science. Sib. department, 1991. - 179p.

.Sustainable Tourism Development: Directions, Trends, Technologies: Proceedings of I International. Scientific-practical. conf. May 25-27, 2005, g., 2005. - P. 92-98.

.Makarenko, S.N., Saak, A.E. History of tourism: a collection. - Taganrog: Publishing House of TRTU, 2003. - 94 p.

.Maksanova L.: A tourist is our most welcome guest. World of Baikal. - 2005. - No. 6. - S.32-33.

.Rom V.Ya., Valyasen V.I. Economic and social geography of the USSR. - Textbook. allowance for stud. ped. in-t on geogr. specialist. - M.: Enlightenment, 1987. - 320 p.

.Sapozhnikova E.N. Country Studies: Theory and Methods of Tourist Study of Countries: Proc. settlement for stud. higher textbook institutions - 2nd ed., corrected. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2004. - 240 p. ISBN 5-7695-2403-0.

.Decree of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia dated May 4, 2007 N 151 On the Strategy for the Social and Economic Development of the Republic of Buryatia until 2027.

.Based on edition: Siberia. Guide, Moscow, Around the World, 2006, ISBN 5-98652-082-3.

12. Newspaper "Buryatia" in No. 153 of 08.25.2010<#"center">Appendix

Dynamics of domestic and inbound tourist flows

Indicators2008 Growth rate, %2009Growth rate, % 2010Growth rate, % 1st half of 2011 Growth rate, %Number of served tourists, pers.341588134,6392408114,88505366128,8238234116,2 - внутренний туризм291022135,97347662119,46454577130,8218667116,8 - въездной туризм 1648486,6517200104,3422244129,4782996,6 - выездной туризм 34082164,722754680,8228545103,711738120,4 The volume of paid services rendered to tourists, million rubles868,96131,761069,2123,041302,3121,8533,4124Number of employees, pers.3899141,52355391,134300121,13331101,7

The Republic of Buryatia is an autonomous republic, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, part of the Siberian Federal District, founded on May 30, 1923. The capital is Ulan-Ude. The area of ​​the Republic of Buryatia is 351.3 thousand sq. km. The Republic from the north and west (along the water area of ​​Lake Baikal) borders on the Irkutsk region, in the extreme west at a relatively short distance lies the border with the Republic of Tyva, in the south there is a state border with Mongolia, in the east - the border with the Trans-Baikal Territory.

Buryatia is located in the central part of Asia. This is an amazing and beautiful land of mountains and steppes, full-flowing rivers and numerous lakes, endless taiga and green valleys. It is located in the depths of the mainland, far from the seas and oceans, has a contrasting climate, combining cold winters and hot summers. The climate of Buryatia is useful due to the abundance of sunlight, dry air and low cloud cover.

The development of the tourist and recreational complex of the Republic of Buryatia is based on a large recreational potential, one of the components of which is the natural, historical and cultural resources of tourism. The distribution areas of the maximum and high potential of tourism resources occupy 45.6% of the total area of ​​the republic. At the same time, the largest resources are located within the boundaries of 14 administrative units (the coastal zone of Lake Baikal - Barguzinsky, Kabansky, Pribaikalsky, Severo-Baikalsky districts, the city of Severobaikalsk; mountain and resort areas - Tunkinsky, Okinsky, Kurumkansky; historical and cultural areas - the city of Severobaikalsk; Ulan-Ude, Kyakhta, Mukhorshibirsky, Tarbagataisky, Ivolginsky, Khorinsky districts). In the Republic of Buryatia, several main zones of mass tourism and recreation have developed, including: lakes Kotokel and Shchuchye; coast of Lake Baikal in the areas of Posolsky Sor, a section from the delta of the river. Selengi to the village. District of the Kabansky district, as well as from the village. Gremyachinsk, Pribaikalsky district, to the Maksimikha tourist center in the Barguzinsky district; the territories of the state national parks "Zabaikalsky" and "Tunkinsky"; several territories in the North-Baikal region (Khakusy Bay, Lake Frolikha, Davsha, Yarki Spit, Lake Slyudyanskoe). The territories of the Khamar-Daban mountain ranges (Sable Lake, Tagley Lake, Snezhnaya River), Eastern Sayan, Barguzinsky and Baikal Ranges.

The tourism market of Buryatia is characterized by positive dynamics.

For the period 2006-2010. the total tourist flow increased by 2.8 times, and the volume of paid services provided in the tourism sector increased by 2.3 times. According to Expert RA, Buryatia has risen from 45th place in 2006 to 14th place in 2010 in terms of tourism potential and occupies a leading position among the regions of the Far East and Transbaikalia in terms of growth rates of key indicators.

In 2010, the number of tourist arrivals amounted to 471.2 thousand people, which is 30.4% more than in 2009. The volume of paid services provided to tourists in 2010 amounted to 1,302.3 million rubles. and increased compared to 2009 by 21.8%.

The geography of inbound tourism is extensive and covers 61 countries. The number of foreign citizens who visited the republic in 2010 amounted to 22.2 thousand people. The share of countries in the Asia-Pacific region is 53.3%, Europe - 18.1%, USA - 4.4%.

According to statistics, the number of tourist arrivals in the Republic of Buryatia for the 1st half of 2011 amounted to 225.4 thousand people, which is 16.1% more than in the same period last year, the volume of paid services provided to tourists was 533.4 million .rub., which is 24% more than in the 1st half of 2010.

There are 27 tour operators in the tourist market of Buryatia, 10 of which operate in accordance with the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the PRC on visa-free group tourist trips, 39 travel agencies, 4 professional public organizations (Buryat regional organization of the Russian Union of Tourism Industry, Non-profit Partnership Buryat Tourist Alliance, Baikal branch of the Russian Hotel Association, Buryat Association of Hoteliers). There are 411 collective accommodation facilities (CFR) for tourists in the republic with a total capacity of 13,198 beds. 2 hotels are rated 4 stars. The structure of the CSR includes 100 hotels, 226 boarding houses, tourist centers and rest houses, 11 sanatorium-and-spa institutions, 74 guest houses. In 2010, 45 collective accommodation facilities were introduced, of which: 7 tourist centers, recreation centers, 3 hotels, the remaining 35 KSR are guest houses and mini-hotels of various capacities. Large objects: guest house "Syndbad" in the village. Ust-Barguzin, Barguzinsky district (50 beds), tourist complex "Dalan" in the Yeravninsky district (80 beds), hotel "Princess Christina" in the village. Arshan, Tunkinsky district (96 places). 1/3 of the introduced accommodation facilities are mini-hotels in Ulan-Ude. In the first half of 2011, 11 mini-hotels for 198 beds were put into operation in Ulan-Ude.

Tourism destinations associated with international tourism are gradually being formed on the territory of the republic. Such directions are the direction along the "Tea Road" (China, Mongolia, Russia), and along the route Baikal-Khubsugul (Mongolia).

The greatest activity of the domestic and inbound tourism market is observed in the summer period, which gives the tourism of the Republic of Buryatia a pronounced seasonal character. Outbound tourism market activity is also subject to fluctuations, however, it is more stable.

In the first half of 2011, 11 mini-hotels for 198 beds were put into operation in Ulan-Ude. Tourism destinations associated with international tourism are gradually being formed on the territory of the republic. Such directions are the direction along the "Tea Road" (China, Mongolia, Russia), and along the route Baikal-Khubsugul (Mongolia). The greatest activity of the domestic and inbound tourism market is observed in the summer period, which gives the tourism of the Republic of Buryatia a pronounced seasonal character. Outbound tourism market activity is also subject to fluctuations, however, it is more stable.

Table 1 - Tourism statistics in the Republic of Buryatia

Indicators		Growth rate, %		Growth rate, %		Growth rate, %
Number of tourists served, pers.
Domestic tourism
Inbound tourism
Outbound tourism
The volume of paid services rendered to tourists, million rubles
Number of employees, pers.

The following main trends prevail in the local market:

• - Rapid increase in demand for accurate and complete tourist information. The need of tourists for information is very little satisfied by sources of information in the tourism sector itself. More than 80% of tourists receive information from acquaintances, friends and relatives, 20% from the media and tourist advertising;
• - growing demand for comfortable tourist accommodation facilities.

Comfortable tourist bases (recreation centers) are in the greatest demand among tourists - 26.8%; separate cottages - 22.6%; small and medium hotels with a full range of services - 18.7%. A popular means of accommodation in active and camping tourism are tents 18.9%.

Sanatoriums are somewhat less in demand - 15.7%, comfortable large hotel complexes - 12.1% are even less in demand. The demand for alternative rural tourism accommodation services is 9.9%, which is a market reaction to these proposals, as well as a consequence of the lack of free places in the summer;

• - stable demand for winter holidays. 69.9% of tourists are positive about the possibility of winter tourism. This is facilitated by an increase in the number of holidays in the winter. At the same time, the market for off-season and winter tourism in the republic is not developed, which is due both to the lack of winter accommodation facilities;
• - a fairly high demand for family vacations. 29% of tourists prefer to relax with children, 27.1% - with relatives. At the same time, the number of proposals for organizing family tourism is limited;
• - the growing demand for more diverse tourist programs, combined tours, as well as holidays that include various types of tourist activities.

The tourism infrastructure includes a set of objects of heat and power, gas supply, water supply, sewerage and waste disposal, telecommunications, and road infrastructure. A significant part of these infrastructure units belongs to public infrastructure and is used for tourism purposes in parallel with other uses. At the same time, the tourism sector also creates its own internal special infrastructure, which includes access roads on the territories of tourism facilities, as well as hiking trails and paths, autonomous sewage and disposal systems, separate networks and energy facilities, telecommunications.

Public infrastructure in the Republic includes a number of objects with different characteristics:

Systems of heat and power supply, water supply, sewerage and disposal function mainly in settlements, primarily in cities. The gas supply infrastructure is not yet developed. At the same time, in the areas of tourism and recreation, these systems are not developed, or do not exist at all.

Telecommunication systems, including television broadcasting and radio broadcasting, are distributed to most regions of the republic, however, in tourism and recreation areas, the signal is often insufficiently stable, which makes it impossible to use receiving devices. Satellite and radio communication systems are also underdeveloped.

The road network of the Republic of Buryatia has few paved roads. Basically, paved roads connect the city of Ulan-Ude with regional centers, as well as with the cities of Irkutsk, Kyakhta. At the same time, in some areas (Barguzinsky, Pribaikalsky, Yeravninsky, Okinsky districts) there are sections of dirt roads, which worsens the traffic conditions for cars and tourist buses. The road network is not developed, or there are few paved roads in tourism and recreation areas (Zabaikalsky National Park, the right bank of the Selenga River near Lake Baikal.). This circumstance, along with the underdevelopment of roadside services, is a serious obstacle to the development of car tourism and the delivery of tourists to places of rest. Taking into account the fact that 53.3% of tourists use private cars to travel to vacation spots, 40.4% of tourists use buses, the underdevelopment of the road network and roadside services is a problem that needs to be resolved quickly.

There is 1 federal airport in the Republic of Buryatia, but its reconstruction has not been carried out, there is no equipped checkpoint, which hinders the organization of international tourist air transportation. The activity of most regional airports has been suspended. There are not enough comfortable aircraft adapted for organizing air travel and transporting tourists on local routes, there are no tourist-class helicopters and small aircraft.

Several railway lines operate in Buryatia, connecting it with the western, eastern regions of Russia, as well as with Mongolia. 21.9% of tourists use railway services, mainly for trips to and from the republic. Internal rail transportation within its borders is poorly developed, at the same time, the need for this type of transportation is quite high.

The development of public infrastructure in the Republic of Buryatia is carried out in accordance with sectoral federal and republican programs, and the needs of the tourism sector are not sufficiently taken into account in them. Investment support for the development of the tourist and recreational complex of the Republic of Buryatia is carried out through the mechanism of state support and market mechanisms, the influence of which on the tourism process is increasing. Provision from the budgets is carried out by financing targeted programs for the development of tourism and resorts.

Tourism

A look at the economy of the Republic of Buryatia by industry

The current state of tourism in the region

Tourism is one of the strategic directions of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Buryatia. The processes taking place in it show that it is in the 21st century that tourism should become one of the growth drivers for the entire world economy. The domestic tourism industry is on the verge of a digital and technological revolution, the solution of which requires the restructuring of the entire management system and relations in tourism. Modern conditions for the development of the republic's economy and the functioning of the tourism services market predetermine the need to revise the fundamental provisions of the strategy and tactics for the development of the tourism industry in the Republic of Buryatia.

Buryatia is one of the most attractive regions of Russia in terms of tourism. At present, according to the Expert RA agency, in 2016, in the investment rating of Russian regions, Buryatia is in 15th place in terms of tourism potential. In the National Tourist Rating of the magazine "Rest in Russia" together with the Center for Information Communications "Rating", in general, in terms of the tourist attractiveness of the regions of the Russian Federation - 37th place, and in terms of the number of foreign tourists - in 23rd place.

In recent years, the Republic of Buryatia has seen a positive growth in the number of tourists, with an average annual growth rate of 5%. Steady positive dynamics is noted in the tourism market of Buryatia: for the first time in 2016, about 1 million tourists visited the republic, which is 7% higher than last year; the volume of paid services provided to tourists amounted to 2.5 billion rubles. At the same time, in 2016, Buryatia received 39 thousand foreign tourists, among which a significant proportion were citizens of the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, Germany and the United States. Among tourists - citizens of the Russian Federation, the main part is made up of residents of the Republic of Buryatia (61%) and neighboring regions (27%).

According to the Committee for Economic Development and Tourism of Ulan-Ude, the volume of paid services provided to tourists amounted to 712.8 million rubles. One tourist leaves an average of 3.3 thousand rubles per day. (excluding meals and purchases); the main share of tourists stays in Ulan-Ude for a period of one to three days - 86%, 11% stay for a week.

The structure of tourism by purpose of travel indicates a predominantly recreational nature of visits: the share of leisure, recreation and health tourism accounts for 58.5% of all tourist visits. A significant share (31.9%) is occupied by business tourism. And the main purpose of visiting Ulan-Ude is recreation, business, medical tourism, visiting friends and relatives, religious tourism and pilgrimage.

The share of tourism in the structure of the gross regional product of the Republic of Buryatia is 0.64%. Over the past five years, more than 700 million rubles have been invested in the construction of tourist facilities.

tourism infrastructure. As of January 1, 2016, 51 licensed travel companies were registered in the Republic of Buryatia, 87% of which are concentrated in Ulan-Ude. On the territory of the Republic of Buryatia, there are 327 collective accommodation facilities for tourists, including 20 sanatorium and resort institutions, as well as 120 guest houses, 2353 people are employed in the tourism sector.

The main types of tourist and recreational resources of the Republic of Buryatia. Lake Baikal, a UNESCO world natural heritage site, is a leader in eco-tourism in the Russian Federation. 45.6% of the territory of the Republic of Buryatia belongs to areas of high recreational potential. A network of nature reserves and national parks has been developed.

Buryatia occupies a special place in Russia in terms of the number of healing mineral and thermal springs and deposits of therapeutic mud that help restore and strengthen health. More than 300 sources are known, located in almost every region of the republic, but often they are "wild", not investigated and do not have medical indications for the treatment of certain diseases. The main balneological resources of the republic are located in the former health resorts of all-Union and regional significance - Zhemchug, Arshan, Goryachinsk, Nilova Pustyn.

The rich historical and cultural heritage of the region is embodied in numerous and unique monuments of culture and architecture, museum expositions, folklore, and the life of the local population. The culture of the peoples of Buryatia is a combination of the cultures of the peoples of Asia and Europe. One of the interesting trends in the culture of Buryatia is the culture of its indigenous population - the Buryats. A large layer of culture belongs to Buddhism and the Buddhist tradition brought to Buryatia from Tibet and Mongolia. The Evenks, one of the most ancient peoples of Buryatia, despite the strong influence of the cultures of neighboring peoples, managed to preserve their original culture. The culture of Russians in Buryatia has retained its traditional features thanks, first of all, to one of the most prominent groups of representatives of the Russian population - the Semeiskie (Old Believers). The culture of the Old Believers of Transbaikalia is recognized by UNESCO as a masterpiece of the intangible heritage of mankind. The art of the Trans-Baikal Cossacks is original.

The main negative factor that determines all trends in the development of the tourism industry in the Baikal region is the sharply continental climate, which provides a pronounced seasonality of the tourist flow. Therefore, the main task remains to increase the duration of the tourist season in the region through the development of winter types of recreation (skiing, extreme, adventure, business tourism).

All factors hindering the development of the tourism industry can be grouped into several main groups.

● Economic-geographical. This group of factors includes the remoteness of the Republic of Buryatia from the densely populated and economically more developed European part of Russia, from the Far Eastern ports, low population density and poor development of the territory, and relatively low density of the road network.

● Natural and climatic. A harsh continental climate and long winters, rainy and relatively short summers determine the pronounced seasonality of the tourism business.

● Ecological. In recent years, the anthropogenic load has been growing on a huge scale, there is a real threat of irreversible loss of natural recreational resources, which, in the conditions of relatively low stability of landscapes to recreational resources, makes it necessary to limit the mass access of tourists to specially protected areas.

● Infrastructural. The limiting factors are the low comfort of housing, the poor development of the sphere (in some places, the complete absence) of utilities and communications, the lack of treatment facilities, and a small number of middle-class hotels. The quality of the road network is still low and the comfort of transport services is low. The unsatisfactory state of the infrastructure does not allow the full use of the recreational potential of the territory, first of all, this applies to winter tourism. There is no sufficient medical infrastructure in recreation areas. There is no system for organizing, recording and controlling the movement of "independent" groups of tourists, which leads to frequent emergencies.

● Institutional. The development of tourism is hindered by the presence of administrative and bureaucratic barriers (long paperwork, lack of information necessary for tourists, inconvenient work schedules of infrastructure and visa organizations, etc.), as well as unresolved organizational and legal issues, including land acquisition issues, low interest local authorities in the development of tourism business, outdated regulatory framework, poor security of tourists.

● Image. There is no brand of the Republic of Buryatia as a territory attractive for tourists. The regional tourism product is not yet actively promoted to foreign markets, the stereotype of the territory as unsuitable for human life (harsh climate, bad criminal and environmental conditions, poor quality of service) prevails, which is also facilitated by the information policy of local media. In the information space, Lake Baikal is more "promoted" among Irkutsk residents.

● Low quality of service. The republic still has a low culture of hospitality and a high cost of services that does not correspond to their quality (especially in comparison with international standards). This also includes the weak willingness of the local population to serve tourists, the opacity of the tourism business, the low culture of individual residents creates an unsatisfactory image of the Baikal region as a territory of hospitality, a lack of highly qualified personnel in the field of tourism and poor training. The personnel of travel agencies and visa services are not sufficiently qualified, the low level of training is combined with a low culture of hospitality among some employees.

● Socio-economic. The low solvency of clients of tourist services directly reduces the value of the average bill and thus limits the growth of profitability of tourism industry facilities.

● Organizational and managerial. The development of tourism industry objects by the state and travel companies is still largely spontaneous, by scattered efforts of the state and market participants, with a number of exceptions ("Steppe nomad", etc.), which further enhances the existing disproportions in the industry and the local economy. It should be noted that the positive development of tourism in the republic is possible only if the current approach to managing the industry is revised.

This Program is aimed at promoting the formation in the Republic of Buryatia of a modern, highly efficient and competitive tourism complex, providing ample opportunities to meet the needs of Russian and foreign citizens in tourism services, by developing an appropriate legal, organizational, economic and socio-cultural framework. The program is innovative and is designed to identify areas for the transformation of tourism into a particularly significant, profitable sector of economic and social development of the Republic of Buryatia.

Implementation of the activities of the Program involves the development on its basis of a comprehensive targeted program, including a detailed study of the economic, technological and managerial aspects of activities provided by a combination of budgetary and extrabudgetary sources of funding with the predominant use of the latter.

Goals and objectives of tourism development in the Republic of Buryatia

The strategic goal of tourism development is to turn the tourism sector into a profitable sector of the economy of the Republic of Buryatia, which will create ample opportunities to meet the needs of Russian and foreign citizens in a variety of tourist services.

Achieving this goal requires solving a whole range of tasks:

● creation of favorable conditions for the development of tourism in the republic;

● formation of priority competitive tourism products;

● providing a marketing strategy for promoting the tourist product of the Republic of Buryatia in the domestic and international markets;

● development of information and communication technologies in the field of tourism;

● development of tourism infrastructure, taking into account environmental restrictions in the Baikal region.

Prospects, main directions and stages of tourism development in the Republic of Buryatia

In the future, until 2022, it is necessary to increase the average tourist check to 25,000 rubles per person, which is a normal indicator for the tourist regions of Russia. Taking into account the potential growth in the number of tourist arrivals in the republic up to 2 million per year by 2022, the total amount of paid services should be approximately 50 billion rubles per year. Such a significant increase in the level of profitability of the tourism sector is determined by the following main factors:

● expansion of the flow of inbound, first of all, international tourism, which is considered as a priority, due to the high solvent demand of foreign tourists for a variety of tourism and related services;

● increase in the number of paid services for tourists.

Generally. certainly it is impossible to separate the importance of inbound and domestic tourism. However, in the coming years, such a division will have to be taken into account due to the following circumstances: the relatively low effective demand of the local population for tourism services (especially in comparison with foreign tourists), which does not allow for high profitability in the tourism sector; lack of financial resources of the territories for the qualitative improvement of all infrastructure facilities in the tourism sector.

Based on the tasks facing the industry, the following types of tourism are the most priority in the Republic of Buryatia in the coming years:

○ ecological,

○ ethnocultural,

○ sports, including skiing,

○ extreme,

○ health-improving

○ excursion

○ cruise

○ religious

○ business

The current state of the infrastructure, the degree of readiness of the population to serve a variety of tourist flows, the unresolved issues of land acquisition, the opacity of the tourism business as a whole, the unformed image of the Baikal region as a territory of hospitality, the state of training for the tourism sector - this does not allow to put into operation all the territories at once, possessing tourism resources, and at the same time develop all forms of tourism. Therefore, the stages of tourism development in the Republic of Buryatia are distinguished, and priority pilot territories within which the objects and goals of the control action on them by the authorities, public organizations and business structures are determined.

The main stages of tourism development in the Republic of Buryatia:

1. Launch of pilot projects (2017-2018).

The launch of major infrastructure projects that play the role of limiting the development of tourism in the republic and influencing the formation of conditions for the development of all tourism in the region. These include:

● organizing a system for the collection and disposal of all types of waste, including the construction of waste processing plants;

● construction of treatment facilities in the main tourist centers of the region;

● allocation of land in accordance with the procedure established by law for tourism and recreational purposes and development of plans for the improvement of the main tourist centers on the territory of the republic with a target orientation on the creation of a kind of tourism product;

● creation of the necessary material infrastructure in the main tourist centers and routes, including the improvement of roads in the main tourist places, the construction of well-maintained toilets, campsites;

● development of a long-term Strategy for the development of tourism in the Republic of Belarus;

● creation of a unified information database that includes both the subjects of tourism activities, tourism objects, and the main activities of tourism activities throughout the territory of Buryatia;

● separation of the tourism industry into a separate entity of state administration at the republican level.

Besides. it is necessary to ensure the launch of key structure-forming projects in the field of tourism, which have the most favorable conditions for expanding tourist flows:

● construction of the 1st stage of the ski resort "Mamai" (lifts, basic infrastructure, access roads) taking into account international requirements for such facilities;

● construction of a congress hotel in the SEZ "Turka" with an increased level of comfort and a large number of places (from 500 or more) for the development of business tourism;

● Reconstruction of the medical building of the resort "Sayan" in the village of Arshan;

● construction of a medical building in the village of Zhemchug.

This stage also includes measures to smooth out seasonality, increase the length of stay of tourists in Buryatia, such as organizing events, festivals, stimulating year-round types of tourism (sports, recreational, business, extreme, religious, etc.).

The efforts of individual business structures to smooth out seasonality are local and limited in their results. It is more expedient to plan, organize and hold event events on a regional scale with the involvement of the leadership of the republic and administrations of local governments. A special place is occupied by the development of action plans for the development of social tourism (sports, children, school, youth, etc.) in order to smooth out seasonality and improve the social situation. In this regard, the organization of an international children's camp on Lake Baikal, similar to the camps "Artek" and "Ocean", looks extremely promising.

2. Extensive growth (2019-2020).

Involvement in the tourist turnover of new tourist sites, territories, creation of new routes covering the entire territory of the republic on the principle of a network. The development of selected areas is carried out in order to obtain increasing income from the tourism sector. Organization of a system of continuous monitoring of the state of tourist facilities, strict state control of the quality of the work of travel companies.

It should be understood that in the next three years there will be no noticeable qualitative improvement in all tourism infrastructure facilities associated with the identified priority forms of tourism, as well as a massive influx of foreign tourists. This will happen only after the creation of the necessary infrastructural and organizational foundations for a significant expansion of the flow of foreign tourists at the next stage, which implies:

● development of transport and industrial infrastructure;

● ensuring the strictest measures for the safe stay of foreign tourists on the territory of the republic;

● training of highly qualified guides and translators, hoteliers;

● promotion of the republic's image as attractive for recreation and tourism;

● development of the brand of the Republic of Buryatia as a tourist region (a system of graphic and conceptual identification of the republic as a tourist destination);

● Promoting better service for foreign tourists.

3. Intensive growth (2021-20..).

Transition to the intensive development of the industry, with the reorganization of all territories of the republic for the needs of the development of the tourism industry, the organization of tourism as one of the leading sectors of the economy of Buryatia.

Top-priority territorial priorities of tourism development in the Republic of Buryatia:

At the first stage, areas close to Lake Baikal were identified as priority areas Kabansky, Pribaikalsky and Barguzinsky districts, Tunkinsky district and Ulan-Ude.

Priority types of tourism in Kabansky district cultural and educational all-season, adventure winter and recreational all-season are considered. This is due, firstly, to the installation on the formation of conditions for smoothing seasonality, secondly, to the effective use of the tourist and recreational resources put into operation to preserve the existing tourist flows, and thirdly, to the creation of infrastructural and organizational foundations for a significant expanding the flow of foreign tourists at subsequent stages.

Ski resort "Mamai" is considered as the most promising center for the development of skiing in the entire Baikal region, where it is possible to hold international sports competitions of the highest level and for all categories of vacationers, up to extreme ones. Thus, the longest track will stretch for four kilometers, which meets the requirements of the super-giant slalom, when the track is 2.5-3 kilometers long and must have a height difference of 500-600 meters. The maximum height difference on Mamaia is 900 meters, sometimes up to 1000 m. The planned site for the construction of a ski center attracts with a developed transport infrastructure. It is located 5 km from the Moscow-Vladivostok federal highway and 6 km from the Mamai railway station of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The distance to Irkutsk is 194 km, to Ulan-Ude 220 km. To date, an access road (6 kilometers) has already been built from the Moscow-Vladivostok federal highway to the planned construction site.

With the further development of the project, the possibility of summer operation of the resort facilities is being considered. These are mountain tourism, rafting on mountain rivers, mountain biking, hang gliding and much more. Its location near the coast of Lake Baikal (Vydrino area), balneological resources in the village of Sukhaya (1-1.5 hours by car) and Tunkinsky district (2-3 hours), as well as places of traditional summer recreation (Kultushnaya, Baikal Surf ) allows you to use the material base of the resort and nearby recreation centers all year round, which significantly increases their profitability.

Development of recreational, incl. medical and health tourism in the territory adjacent to the coast of the lake. Baikal is due to the presence of explored balneological resources and certain infrastructure. Moreover, in order to overcome seasonality, the orientation here should be on the development of health tourism. To do this, at the first stage, recreational all-season tourism is singled out as a priority form of tourism on the territory of the Tunkinsky district, which is due to the huge tourist potential of this area. In the future, the balneological resorts of the village of Sukhaya (Kabansky district), the Barguzinskaya valley with its richest recreational potential, the Kyakhtinsky district (Kiran) and other places are subject to development.

The settlements of Gremyachinsk, Turka and Goryachinsk Pribaikalsky district have an advantageous transport and geographical position, allowing the formation of radial or circular tourist routes. These villages are considered as a direction that reduces the tourist load on the southern coast of Lake Baikal, and as an intermediate link for organizing tours in the direction of the Barguzin Valley, Northern Baikal (the city of Severobaikalsk, Chivyrkuisky Bay, Khakusy, Ushkany Islands, etc.), as well as water, snowmobile communication between Buryatia and Olkhon Island. In general, the village of Turka is a strategic hub for expanding the tourist circuit in several directions and in various types of tourism throughout the northern part of the Baikal region.

As a pilot project for the development of business tourism on Lake Baikal in the village of Turka, construction is being considered on the territory of a special economic zone congress hotel high class with 500 or more rooms, a wide range of services, restaurants oriented to holding various kinds of international conferences, symposiums on Baikal.

In the future, the presence of such a structure-forming object will serve as an impetus for the development of all-season types of tourism, including cultural, educational, recreational (mainly in the Barguzin Valley), religious tourism, which will be supplemented by year-round adventure, sports tours in the Northern Baikal region with an increasing focus on foreign tourists.

The expansion of tourist flows in the medium term is associated with the cooperation of the Republic of Buryatia with foreign countries, and above all, the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. A positive moment for the development of tourism is also the close location of Mongolia, which creates favorable conditions for organizing significant transit flows of third-country nationals from Mongolia to Buryatia and Russia in the forward and backward directions through two checkpoints (Kyakhta and Mondy). In the future, the expansion of business ties in the field of tourism between the Republic of Buryatia and Mongolia will lead to compliance with uniform international service standards, and the formation of conditions for the development of joint tours.

In the future, as priority areas, Tarbagataisky, Mukhorshibirsky, Kyakhtinsky districts , which are distinguished by attractive natural conditions, convenient geographical position along the international transport corridor, transport accessibility, rich cultural diversity, but the low level of the existing tourism infrastructure, which does not yet meet modern international standards in terms of living conditions, comfort and service. On the territory of the Mukhorshibirsky district there are ancient burial places, monuments of archeology and ethnography and architectural structures. Kyakhtinsky district has unique natural, balneological resources, cultural and historical heritage. In addition, cultural and educational and all-season adventure tourism are considered priority forms of tourism development, which is due to the tourism potential of this territory. It is assumed that the infrastructure issues of the development of these territories will begin to be addressed at the second stage of development (2019-2020).

Particular attention should be paid to the use religious factor as an object of intensive tourist use. Considering that Buryatia is center for the development of Buddhism in Russia , with world-famous artifacts and unique technologies of Tibetan medicine and astrology, it is assumed that it will be beneficial to develop religious tourism. The main religious centers of Buddhism in Buryatia are located on the territory of Ulan-Ude, Ivolginsky, Barguzinsky and other regions, which creates prerequisites for the development of tourist centers there and the creation of appropriate regular tourist routes.

The development of historical and cultural tourism associated with the rich historical past of the region has a huge potential. We are talking about the world's oldest and largest Hun settlement in the suburbs of Ulan-Ude, historical places associated with Genghis Khan, his ancestors in Mukhorshibirsky and other regions of Buryatia. To use this potential already at the 2nd stage, it is necessary to start creating the historical park "Hun settlement" and other ethno-historical places on the territory of the republic to expand the geography of tourist sites.

Strategically, tourist flows from Europe, China, Japan, which are priority, as well as tourist flows from various regions of the Russian Federation, are considered as target consumers of tourist services. Taking into account the current solvent demand of foreign tourists and their representativeness in the Russian market, the development of the service sector by 2020, it is assumed that by this period conditions will be formed for a radical expansion of the reception of foreign tourists.

However, at present, first of all, the flow of tourists from the nearby Siberian regions, who are attracted by the relative accessibility of areas for summer holidays on Baikal, as well as the possibility of obtaining medical and health services, are considered as target consumers of tourist services. Next - tourist flows from other regions of the Russian Federation (primarily Moscow and St. Petersburg), which are distinguished by a significant proportion of tourists with a relatively high level of income.

● creation of a unified information base of all existing tourist sites on Lake Baikal, taking into account their compliance with the requirements of the current environmental and land legislation, as well as their compliance with tourism development plans in Buryatia;

● construction of modern and modernization of existing hospitals in the locations of the main balneological resources of the republic, primarily in the settlements. Zhemchug, Arshan, Goryachinsk, Nilova Pustyn;

● organization of a ski resort in the Mamai area of ​​the Kabansky district;

● organization of all necessary infrastructure for tourism development, primarily in the locations of territorial specialized tourist and recreational clusters;

● organization of active promotion of tourism products under a single brand;

● organizing the training of the necessary personnel for the tourism industry (guides with knowledge of foreign languages, hoteliers, etc.), etc.

The expected results will be: increase in revenues to the budgets of all levels; creation of more than 14 thousand new jobs within the framework of the implementation of the Tourism Development Program in the Republic of Buryatia until 2026; providing a market for goods and services of local producers.

The list of ongoing and currently planned investment projects until 2022 includes:

1. Special economic zone of tourist and recreational type "Baikal Harbor", covering six coastal territories of the Pribaikalsky and Kabansky regions - "Turka", "Sands", "Bychya Mountain", "Bezymyannaya Bay", "Goryachinsk", the area "Mamay";

2. Tourist and recreational cluster "Podlemorye" is located in the Kabansky district, within the boundaries of the municipality of the joint venture "Sukhinskoye" (Enkhaluk village, Sukhaya, Zarechye).

3. The autotourist cluster "Kyakhta" is located in the Kyakhta district, on the territory adjacent to the customs post of the Kyakhta checkpoint, in close proximity to the border with Mongolia.

4. Autotourist cluster "Baikalsky" is located in the Ivolginsky district, 3 km south of the city of Ulan-Ude at the interchange of two federal highways.

5. Autotourist cluster "Tunkinskaya Valley" is located in the Tunkinsky district.

The development of the Tourism Development Strategy in the Republic of Buryatia requires expanding the list of pilot projects and their detailed study, primarily taking into account their payback and multiplier effect.