Manor Vyazyoma. Pushkin Moscow region

The Bolshiye Vyazemy estate is located in the village of the same name in the Odintsovo district, not far from the city of Golitsino. On the territory of the estate there are buildings of the XVI-XIX centuries. Together with the Zakharovo estate, it is included in the State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve of A.S. Pushkin, created in 1987.

The history of the estate "Bolshiye Vyazyomy"

The estate in Vyazemy is a very significant architectural and literary historical monument. In addition to the fact that the great Russian poet often visited this place, many famous personalities visited this place over the years.

The long history of the estate began in the 16th century, after Tsar Fyodor Ioanovich donated these lands to Boris Godunov, who started a large construction project here. For example, a dam that dammed a river. Vyazemka was built by his decree and has survived to this day. Also, under him, one of the oldest churches in the Moscow region, also preserved to this day, was built - the Transfiguration Cathedral.

The rest of the buildings, including Godunov's tower, have not been preserved.

In troubled times, the estate became the country residence of False Dmitry I. Under Peter I, it was presented to Prince Boris Golitsyn, after which it became the estate of the Golitsyn princes for many years.

Manor Vyazemy XVIII century. View from the side of Smolenskaya dogori (Mozhaisk highway)

Interesting facts about the Vyazyoma estate

It was in this estate, at the ball, that Pushkin met his future wife, Natalya Goncharova.
Princess Natalya Petrovna Golitsyna, who lived here, served as the prototype for the old countess from Pushkin's story The Queen of Spades.
The estate itself became the prototype of the estate of Eugene Onegin, described in the poet's work of the same name.

The territory of the A. Pushkin Museum-Reserve in Vyazemy

The territory of the estate is full of various historical objects. It is especially interesting here in the summer, when the boat station and horse yard are open. But even in winter there is something to see here.

First of all, of course, this is the Transfiguration Cathedral with its belfry, uncharacteristic for the architecture of these places.

Lieutenant Colonel Gerasim Osorgin rests under the walls of the cathedral.

And here you can also see the grave of Pushkin's younger brother, who died at the age of six.

There are many signs and QR codes throughout the estate, thanks to which you can instantly find out all the necessary information about the exhibit.

The central building of the estate is the Golitsyn Palace, built in 1784.

Now this building houses the Pushkin Museum, which presents exhibits related not only to the poet. Entrance is paid, but on some days the entrance to the museum is free, for example at.

Near the palace there is a park where we can observe several monuments.

The first is dedicated to Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn. A participant in the war of 1812, as well as the owner of the estate in the period from 1813 to 1844.

The second one was installed in honor of Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin himself.

And the third one was installed in memory of the Russian and French armies stopping here during the Patriotic War of 1812. First, during the retreat to Moscow, Kutuzov stopped here, and then Napoleon.

In general, there are many more interesting things here. Come and see for yourself!

Address and map

Address: Moscow region, Odintsovo district, pos. Big Vyazemy.

How to get there on your own: You get to the Golitsyno station (Belorusskaya branch), then by bus No. 38, No. 50, fixed-route taxi No. 38, No. 79, No. 1055 to the stop "Institute" (3rd in a row). From the railway the station can also be reached on foot (journey time about 20 minutes).

Origin of the word " Vyazyomy' has not been accurately established. There are two main theories. According to the first word comes from the Slavic " viscous”, describing the muddy bottom of the nearest rivers. Another theory refers the word "vyazema" to Finno-Ugric roots, which corresponds to the ending -ma , characteristic of the hydronymy of the Russian North (the rivers Kama, Lakshma, Lekshma, Padma). Be that as it may, the first mention of Big Vyazemy refer to middle of the 16th century- for the first time this name is found in the annals of 1556, in a spiritual letter Ivan Kalita. While Vyazyomy was the last station on Great Smolensk road in front of Moscow stopping pit on Vyazema". Vyazemy is mentioned as a place of meetings with foreign ambassadors.

Approximately in 1585-1586 years of the king Fedor Ioannovich gave Bolshie Vyazemy to the patrimony Boris Godunov, and from the beginning of the 90s of the 16th century, Boris Godunov began large-scale construction in his new possession. At that time, a wooden palace, a boyar's house, numerous services were built in the estate, orchards were planted. By the end of the sixteenth century ( 1598) a five-domed four-pillar was built on the estate. As it is said in the Piskarev Chronicles " church of five peaks and a stone dam by the pond". On the territory of the estate there was also a wooden Boris Godunov's tower, St. Nicholas Church, fair building, John the Theologian Monastery. The whole complex of buildings was surrounded by a wooden wall with five towers. Additionally, the walls were reinforced with a moat. Thus, to end of the 16th century the whole complex of buildings was a well-protected, powerful fortress. Unfortunately, only the building of the cathedral and the belfry have survived to our times, however, even now, from the side of the river, you can see the remains of the ramparts.

In an era of troubled times Bolshie Vyazyoma became the residence False Dmitry- here was his country palace and here, on the way to his fiancé in the spring 1606 stopped for years Marina Mnishek with his retinue of many thousands. After her departure, a terrible fire broke out on the estate, destroying more than half of the village. In one of the fires of the Time of Troubles, the wooden palace of Boris Godunov also burned down.

After the arrival of Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom, in 1618 year Vyazyomy were attributed to the palace department.
IN 1694 year Peter the First granted the estate to the prince Boris Golitsyn, "for salvation during the Streltsy rebellion". Despite the fact that the prince was rarely here, considering his main estate, Boris Alekseevich Golitsyn put a lot of effort into the revival of Bolshoi Vyazyom. He restored the ruined Trinity Church, re-consecrated the church in Preobrazhenskaya rebuilt the palace. According to the diaries Peter the Great, the emperor visited Bolshie Vyazyoma passing through 1701 and 1705.

manor house in Big Vyazemy was built May 1, 1784 great-grandson of Prince Boris Golitsyn, retired colonel Nikolai Mikhailovich Golitsyn. About the date of construction says bas-relief on the pediment of the house - "May 1st day 1784". The architecture of the main manor house is not characteristic of the end of the 18th century. In its archaism, it is rather closer to Peter's time. Outbuildings in the estate were built a little earlier than the main house - in 1771 (left) and in 1772 (right) years. 1797 the year was significant for the estate in that on May 3, the owner of the estate Nikolai Mikhailovich Golitsyn, being by that time the Marshal of the nobility of the Zvenigorod district, gave dinner Emperor Paul the First who visited eminent Moscow noblemen after the coronation.

IN first half of XIX century, the estate passes to the sons of Natalya Petrovna Golitsyna - Boris Vladimirovich and Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn. Boris Vladimirovich inherited Bolshie Vyazemy from his uncle, Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn. With the beginning of the Patriotic War 1812 years, he and his brother Dmitry Vladimirovich, military generals, went to the active army, although they were retired by that time.

Patriotic War of 1812

Boris Vladimirovich Golitsyn died in January 1813. His ashes were buried in Church of the Transfiguration under a marble gravestone with the image of a grieving angel and an inscription of a verse from the biblical Book of Fates. After the 1917 revolution, the tombstone was moved to the Donskoy Monastery, to the family tomb of the princes Golitsyn.

The War of 1812 did not cause much damage to the estate. After Battle of Borodino, on the way to Moscow in Big Vyazemy the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army stopped Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov. And a few hours after his departure, the emperor arrived at the estate Napoleon. Dracoon and infantry corps were placed in Golitsyn's palace. In memory of those days, a commemorative sign in honor of the stop of two armies in the Patriotic War of 1812. After the Battle of Borodino Bolshie Vyazyoma delivered a mortally wounded general Bagration where the prince was provided with medical assistance.

After the war of 1812, the owner of the estate became Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn. In 1820 the prince becomes military governor-general of Moscow and has remained in this position for over twenty years. Dmitry Vladimirovich died in 1844 and was buried, like all the Golitsyns, in the Donskoy Monastery. Through the efforts of Dmitry Vladimirovich, by the middle of the 19th century Bolshie Vyazemy become storage many valuable family documents archive Golitsyn, an extensive book collection, collections of paintings and arts and crafts.

Sunset of the estate Bolshiye Vyazyomy

After the death of Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn, the estate was inherited by his son, His Serene Highness Prince Boris Dmitrievich Golitsyn. However, the new owner lived in France, which did not contribute to the prosperity of the estate. And gradually the estate began to fall into disrepair. This continued until 1882 year, the new owner did not settle in the estate - the son of the most illustrious prince Dmitry Borisovich Golitsyn. Since its appearance, the estate has returned to its former livability. IN 1908 D. B. Golitsyn arranges in the vicinity of the estate suburban village, under which a part of the land is allocated, separated by the railway. Over time, on the site of the village formed the current city of Golitsyno. The territory of the village was cut through by 13 avenues, driveways and highways with street lighting. Dmitry Borisovich Golitsyn became last the owner of the estate Bolshie Vyazyoma.
The changes that 1917 brought to Russia did not bypass the Golitsyn estate.

The latest history of the Bolshoi Vyazyomy estate

autumn 1918 year and spring 1919 years from the estate to the National Museum Fund was exported more than 60 items of cultural and historical value, among which was engraving with picture family tree princes Golitsyn. Family jewelry the Golitsyn families were later transferred to Armory. Was distributed to libraries unique book collection, more 30 thousand volumes, collected by Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn. At the same time, first a colony for the homeless was organized in the building of the estate, then a sanatorium for the old Bolsheviks.
IN 1935 year, next to Malaya Vyazyomy, was created training airfield for the training of paratroopers and pilots and placed in the estate parachute school. Later, in 1940 year, the estate was tank school.
IN 1941 year, the former estate of the Golitsyns was in the front line and on its territory was organized evacuation hospital. By the way, during First World War, also located here infirmary for 50 beds. Although the German troops did not reach Big Elm, the surroundings of the estate were badly damaged by bombings and shelling. The hospital operated until 1943 year, as the memorial plaque on the manor house says.
After the closure of the hospital, the estate housed a training zootechnical institute of horse breeding, which was personally supervised by Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny, who repeatedly came to the estate. IN 1952 d. he laid the foundation stone new building of the Institute. IN 1954 came to replace the institute of horse breeding Moscow Polygraphic Institute, located in the estate before 1958 year, and gave way to this place All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology.
After being accepted into 1948 the year of the decision on the restoration of historical and cultural monuments, Bolshie Vyazyoma are listed monuments of national importance. During the existence of the estate, Gogol, and Bryusov, and Leo Tolstoy, and Przhevalsky, and Lunacharsky visited it. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin also visited here.

Pushkin and Bolshie Vyazyomy

Close to Big Elm located - the former estate of the grandmother of the great Russian poet Maria Alekseevna Gannibal. Here, in the grandmother's estate near Moscow, the future poet for the first time saw the beauty of Russian nature, peasant round dances, heard folk songs, got acquainted with peasant life. These first childhood impressions shaped his life views. In these places near Moscow, he began to write his first poems.
During from 1805 to 1830 Pushkin often came to Bolshie Vyazyoma from . Since there was no church, the Pushkin family went to services in Big Vyazyomas. One of the visits in 1807 was overshadowed by tragic events - the younger brother Nikolai died. Nicholas was buried near the fence Church of the Transfiguration on the territory of the estate, from the side of the apses.

WITH Big Elms the love story of Alexander Sergeevich to is also connected. It was here, in the estate, at one of the balls hosted by Prince Golitsyn, that Pushkin first saw Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova.

manor Bolshie Vyazyoma meets many times in works Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. It is believed that in the novel "Eugene Onegin" serves as a prototype for the Larin estate, and Bolshie Vyazyoma- became the basis for describing Onegin's estate.

Golitsyn Palace on the estate called " House of the Queen of Spades ". The prototype of the heroine of Pushkin's story was the court lady of state princess N. P. Golitsyna, who enjoyed exceptional influence at court. Her son, Boris Vladimirovich Golitsyn, owned the Big Vyazemy, that is, the "Queen of Spades" was not the mistress of the estate, although it is commonly believed , but being a domineering and active woman, she often came to the estate, controlling the state of affairs in the estate.
Now the Bolshoi Vyazemy estate, like the estate, is part of the State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve of A. S. Pushkin. In the Golitsyn Palace, among the interiors of the 18th-19th centuries. Golitsyn readings "History of the Fatherland" are held.

How to get there

By train from Moscow 1 hour 0 min.

From the Belorussky railway station by train to the stop "Golitsyno station". About 1 km walk from the station. You can also get from the station by bus or fixed-route taxis.

From Moscow by car 40 km.

We leave Moscow along the Mozhayskoe highway. Before entering the village of Vyazemy, turn left before the bridge, and after about 200 meters turn right to the parking lot at the Church of the Transfiguration.

Bolshiye Vyazyomy estate in the Moscow region- one of the most charming and visited Pushkin places. It is part of the State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve. In, located five kilometers from Bolshiye Vyazyom, the poet spent six summer seasons from 1804 to 1810. These two places became for Pushkin a symbol of rural Russia, reflected in many works, including the poem "Eugene Onegin".

Bolshie Vyazemy Manor, the most beautiful palace and park ensemble of the 17th-18th centuries, is located on the banks of the Vyazemka River, 54 km west of Moscow. On the territory of the estate there are the Golitsyn Palace with several outbuildings, the Transfiguration Cathedral, the original belfry, an old dam and other attractions. A well-groomed park and picturesque surrounding forests are combined in Bolshiye Vyazyomy with many historical and cultural monuments.

History of the estate

Bolshiye Vyazyomy was mentioned in the chronicles of the beginning of the 16th century. as a settlement on the Great Smolensk road. In 1585, they were granted by Tsar Ivan the Terrible to brother-in-law Boris Godunov, who turned his property into a small fortress. In just one year, he built a wooden tower with outbuildings and the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, a fortress wall, and a dam. These structures, created by the architects of Boris Godunov, have survived to this day.

In troubled times At the beginning of the 17th century, the estate for a short time became the country residence of Tsar False Dmitry I and his wife Marina Mnishek. At the end of the 17th century, he presented Bolshiye Vyazyomy to his comrade-in-arms in the struggle for power - Prince Boris Golitsyn. In 1784, his great-grandson, Nikolai Golitsyn, rebuilt the palace, and in this form the main building has survived to this day.

During commander Mikhail Kutuzov stopped in Vyazemy, and after him - Emperor Napoleon. At different times, many famous and prominent people have visited here. Among them are Emperor Paul I, writers N. Gogol, V. Bryusov, L. Tolstoy, A. Akhmatova and traveler N. Przhevalsky. The most important circumstance for the museum is that it is closely connected with the name of the poet A. Push kina. Not far from Vyazem, the poet grew up, visited the local church and stayed in this estate with the Golitsyns. At the local cemetery is the grave of his deceased six-year-old brother Nikolai.

The estate remained the property of the Golitsyn family until 1917. During the years of Soviet power, the house fell into disrepair and fell into disrepair. Only in 1980, the creation of a small museum began in the estate, and in 1994 Bolshie Vyazyomy was declared a state museum and restoration work began.

Monuments

The whole complex of monuments The manor-museum is interesting, but the cathedral with a belfry and a mansion with two outbuildings are of the greatest interest to visitors. The rooms of the mansion are beautifully decorated with furniture and household items of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, collected for the museum in similar noble estates. The interiors of the Golitsyn Palace masterfully recreate the atmosphere of Pushkin's times: residential and front rooms - the way the poet could see them at a young and later age when visiting the house.

front dining room- the same one in which dinner was served to Emperor Paul I, who was visiting here, and maybe to an uninvited guest,. The library temporarily served as the headquarters of the Russian army. The Masonic Hall contains portraits of high-ranking members of the lodge and mosaic symbols of the organization of freemasons. In the coquettish ladies' living room, everything is as if under Natalya Petrovna Golitsina, who became the prototype of the heroine of Pushkin's famous "Queen of Spades". The house itself, well known to the poet, became for him the prototype of the rural estate of Eugene Onegin, next to which was the more modest refuge of the Larins - Zakharovo.

On the adjacent buildings alleys, walking paths and playgrounds there are many memorable obelisks dedicated to famous people and significant dates of the 16th - 20th centuries. The park and the pond give an idea of the art of the masters of the ancient landscape. The museum is constantly working to restore the premises of the estate services and the horse yard, as well as organizing new thematic expositions.

An interesting line of business State Historical and Literary Museum of the Reserve A. S. Pushkin became festive events dedicated to Pushkin and historical dates, regular "Musical Evenings in the Russian Estate" held in the fireplace room. The children's center of the Vyazyoma estate invites young listeners and spectators to thematic lessons, concerts, games and festivals.

Manor Vyazyoma(Russia, Moscow region, Odintsovsky district, Bolshiye Vyazemy), a little away from Mozhayskoye highway

How to get there? Public transport: from Belorussky railway station by electric train to Golitsyno station, then by bus No. 38, No. 39, No. 50 or fixed-route taxi No. 38, No. 39, No. 79 to the stop "Institute" (3rd stop) or 20 minutes on foot (~ 1 km). By bus or car: 44 km of Mozhayskoye Highway.

Driving directions

For the first time this name is found in documents of the 16th century, starting from 1556. Under Ivan the Terrible, Vyazemy was the last station before Moscow along the Great Smolensk Road. At the end of the XVI century. here was listed "a church with five peaks and a stone dam near the pond" - according to the Piskarevsky chronicler. At the same time, a belfry of the Pskov type was built, uncharacteristic for these places in its architecture. When the Vyazemy went to Boris Godunov is unknown; the first mention of this is dated to 1585-1586. Under Godunov, there was a boyar house in the village, numerous services, and orchards. But the village still owes its fame to the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord.
The monumental, four-pillar temple on a high arched basement is extraordinarily beautiful. On the sides, the building has two aisles, completed with rows of kokoshniks and small domes. The facades are divided by shoulder blades into three strands and completed with semicircular zakomaras. Slit-like windows in profiled embrasures frame the archivolts. On three sides, the building goes around the promenade on the arcades. The temple is completed with canonical five domes.

At the end of the 17th century, or rather, in 1694, the estate in Vyazemy was granted by Peter I to his tutor, Prince B.A. Golitsyn "for salvation during the Streltsy revolt". The new owner did not consider Vyazemy as his main fiefdom, he gave the main attention to another granted estate - Dubrovitsy.
The manor house was built on May 1, 1784 by the great-grandson of B.A. Golitsyn - retired colonel Nikolai Mikhailovich. The strict architecture of the building is already somewhat archaic for the end of the 18th century. and seems more likely to belong to the time of Peter the Great. The outbuildings were built earlier than the main house: the left one in 1771, the right one in 1772.
The locals called the Golitsyn Palace - "The House of the Queen of Spades". The prototype of the heroine of the Pushkin story was Princess N.P. Golitsyna is a powerful woman who enjoyed exceptional influence at court, who lived to almost a hundred years of age. Big Vyazemy was owned by her son, Boris Vladimirovich Golitsyn. Thus, the "Queen of Spades", contrary to popular belief, has never been the mistress of Vyazem. But she often came here, exercising vigilant control over the property of her kind.
Now all the manor buildings have been repaired, in the main manor house - a museum, a temple - given to believers.

main house

Guest wing

Kitchen outbuilding

Church

Belfry

gatehouse

church fence

horse yard

Outbuildings in the horse yard

Monument to A.S. Pushkin

regular park

The plan of the estate in 1949 according to the measurements of E.P. Shchukina

Archival materials of the Vyazemy estate

Personalities

B.V. GOLITSYN, 1769-1813, son of Brigadier Prince Vladimir Borisovich and Princess Natalia Petrovna, born Countess Chernysheva, elder brother of the Moscow Governor-General, His Serene Highness Prince Dmitry Vladimirovich, born January 6, 1769; began service in 1781 in the Semyonovsky regiment, in which he served until 1796, to the rank of colonel. During the Polish War of 1794 he was awarded the Order of St. George 4th class. In 1798 he was promoted to major general, and the following year to lieutenant general. This was the era of the short-lived, but rich in surprises, reign of Paul I, in which extraordinary graces were often followed by an equally quick disgrace of the face, which even the day before enjoyed honors and influence. Prince Golitsyn, apparently, did not escape the fate of many: on March 24, 1800, he was dismissed from service, “for ordering to beat the drum in front of the house of the German consul in Riga Trompovsky for so long that the baby of this Trompovsky died of fright.” Upon the accession to the throne of Emperor Alexander, he was again taken to the service (March 26, 1801) and then successively made chief of the Pavlovsky Grenadier Regiment (1802) and infantry inspector of the Smolensk inspection. He took part in the main battles of the Patriotic War of 1812 and was wounded near Borodino; from this wound he died in Vilna on January 6, 1813; buried in the church of the village of Bolshie Vyazemy, Moscow province.
Prince Golitsyn was single, but he left two daughters "Zelensky", of whom one was married to Professor S.P. Shevyrev, and the other, Anna Borisovna, behind the Tver governor Bakunin. Princess Tat. You. Golitsyna, his brother's wife, "out of kindness, took these orphans to her and raised them, but they hid their existence from the old princess (the prince's mother," princesse moustache ")."
In Russian literature, Prince Golitsyn is known as a novelist, poet and critic. Having received an excellent home education, he excellently studied foreign, especially French, literature and was fluent in the language of Molière and Racine, as evidenced by a number of his literary-critical writings in French.
In Russian literature, Golitsyn wrote under the pseudonym Dm. Pimenov and published critical articles and poems in magazines of that time. In 1809 he published in Moscow, Duc de la Rochefoucauld's Moral Discourses, trans. from French", about which S. N. Glinka says: "He very successfully translated Rochefukold's thoughts and printed them under a false name."
According to the recall of the same Glinka, Prince Golitsyn was a truly Russian man in his soul and in his convictions. “I want to study in Russia in Russian,” he said, and be Russian. I read a lot in French and, to my shame, studied little Russian. Cato the Elder set to work on the Greek alphabet; some condemned him for it, but not me. Coming to the Russian teaching, I will say in Russian: "live for a century, learn for a century." He convinced Merzlyakov to teach him Russian literature, Kalaidovich - Russian history. Prince B.V. Golitsyn started Russian evenings at which everything Russian was read, and the owner of the house had the reputation of being stopped when he mixed French with Russian. As a magnificent dancer, he had the nickname "Boris-Yestris"; according to a contemporary, he was "very good-looking, smart and in his time received an education like a few."

(From a portrait painted by Isaba; property of Prince N. I. Obolensky, in Moscow)

V.V. Suslov Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and belfry, in the village of Vyazemakh, Moscow province, Zvenigorod district

V.V. Suslov Monuments of ancient Russian architecture, c. 2, St. Petersburg, 1896

The designated village, Vyazemsky camp, is located 15 versts to the south-east. from the city of Zvenigorod, near the Smolensk tract, at the Vyazemka River (1). It belonged to Tsar Boris Fedorovich Godunov (d. 1605), and after his death it was assigned to the Palace Department.
At the end of the XVI century. there was a stone church in the name of the Life-Giving Trinity, the time of construction of which remained unknown (2). In 1680 she was added to the Zagorodskaya tithe.
In addition to the Trinity Church, in the village of Vyazemakh were located in the XVI century. a temple in the name of Nicholas the Wonderworker with side chapels (Athanasius of Alexandria, Sergius of Radonezh and the noble princes Boris and Gleb) and the monastery of John the Theologian. Both temples were destroyed in the 17th century, along with peasant households, by Lithuania.
In cadastral books of 7139 - 7141 (1631-1633) - among other things, it is mentioned: "... yes, under the village of Vyazemoy, the sovereign's pond is a stone dam, ...".
Under 7154 (1646) it is indicated that “in the village of Nikolsky, on Vyazem, the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, and in the limit the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, and other limits are empty without singing ...” (3).
According to the scribe books of the steward Ivan Afrosimov, and clerk Ivan Vasilyev 183, 184 and 185 (1675 - 1677) - “the village of Nikolskoye, Vyazema, too, on both sides of the Vyazema river, and in the village a stone church in the name of the Life-Giving Trinity, but at that but the church has two stone limits: the limit of the Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos, and the limit of the Archangel Michael are not consecrated, but near that church is the place that was the monastery of John the Theologian, and the church place of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker from the limits, ... ".
7202 (1694) March 23, by decree of the great sovereigns, the palace village of Vyazemy was granted to the boyar, Prince Boris Alekseevich Golitsyn, in the patrimony, and in the same year it was approved for him by a refusal book. At that time in the village, in addition to the Trinity Church, there was a wooden church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker with all church utensils (4). In 1701, Prince Boris Alekseevich Golitsyn divided the estates between his children, Princes Alexei, Sergei and Vasily. The latter got the village of Nikolskoye - Vyazemy, where in 1702 there was a stone church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord.
After Prince Vasily Borisovich Golitsyn, the estate was owned by his son, Prince Mikhail Vasilyevich (d. January 13, 1749), and from him passed to his widow - Prince. Avdotya Mikhailovna with her children, Princes Nikolai, Vasily and Alexander. The latter in 1755 divided the estate among themselves, and the village of Vyazemy went to Prince Nikolai Mikhailovich Golitsyn (5).
We find some indications about the village of Vyazemakh, among other things, in the diary of Marina Mnishek (6), which says: “On May 2, the queen had her overnight stay in Mozhaisk, and Pan Voevoda in the village of Vyazeme, 6 miles from Moscow. This village belonged to the deceased Tsar Boris. It has a palace, quite extensive, surrounded by a front garden and dug in with a moat with slingshots. Near the palace is a stone church, very handsome; the icons and candlesticks in it are rich and of excellent workmanship.” Elsewhere it is described that “the palace is wooden, but beautiful and even magnificent. The door locks in it are gilded with pure gold; the stoves are green, and some are surrounded by silver bars.” In the diary of the Polish ambassadors Olesnitsky and Gonsevsky (16o6) it is indicated that “in Vyazem there is a stone church; its fence, with six sharp wooden towers, looks like a fortress” (7).
In the existing descriptions of the village of Vyazemy, it is strange that there is no mention of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord before 1702. The timing of its construction thus becomes conjectural. Local residents attribute the construction of this church to Tsar Boris Godunov and date it to the same time as the construction of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in Moscow. This legend, judging by the general architectural forms and details of the temple, is quite probable, which is partly indicated by the crown preserved on the middle dome.
The Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord survived almost in its original form - only the staircase leading to the second floor of the church was destroyed. Based on local guidelines, it was open and led directly to the middle arch of the upper gallery. According to these instructions, the staircase in the drawings has been restored.
The church in question has the usual, in its time, structure; with two aisles, a sub-church and a two-story open gallery. It was built, apparently, all of white stone, at least the front sides of the church, with the exception of drums and zakomara of the main quadrangle, are lined with white stone. The upper parts are made of brick without cladding. It is difficult to say whether the church was originally covered with vaults, or, as at present, with a hipped roof. By analogy with other church monuments of the same period, we have to speak in favor of the first.
The exterior decorations have rather shallow profiles, which by their nature, like the depressions on the pilasters (above the gallery), indicate some influence in the construction of Italian architecture.
The western part of the temple is somewhat elongated, and therefore special arches are arranged under the snare drums. In the church aisles, the drums are each placed on four arches, some of which go in a north-south direction, while others (creeping) in the reverse order and rest on the cheek surfaces of the first. The door from the gallery to the northern aisle has been expanded. The walls separating the altar from the church, to which the iconostasis is attached, are low and look like a barrier. The construction of the church is quite correct in terms of symmetry and dimensional accuracy, which is relatively rare in ancient Russian churches.
A few sazhens from the temple, to the northwest, there is a very interesting stone belfry. It has been completely preserved in its original form, with the exception of the upper covering of the walls, which has not survived at all. The restoration of the roofs is shown in a perspective view of the building. The platform of the belfry and the stairs are supported by a duct vault that is open from the outside. From the platform of the belfry, stone gutters were carried through the railing. The belfry is made of bricks; horizontal cornices are made of stone slabs and their profiles resemble the architraves of the church itself. According to the general impression, the belfry seems to have been built simultaneously with the church. There are currently no bells in the belfry and the building seems to be somewhat neglected.

Semenov "Geographical and Statistical Dictionary" vol. I 1862, p. 585

We find an indication of this church in the parish books of the Patriarchal Kaz. Order for 7136 (1628) and in the census books from the city of Dmitrov, the Borisoglebsky Monastery of Archimandrite Pitirim. V and G. Kholmogorovs "Historical materials about churches and villages of the XVI-XVIII centuries", vol. III

Under 7164 (1655), it is said that "on December 8, the patriarch (Nikon) went to the sovereign's palace village of Vyazema to meet the sovereign ..."

It was stated above that the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was destroyed by Lithuania; here again it refers to the existing church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker; whether the church was only destroyed or rebuilt, it is not clear from the file

V. and G. Kholmogorovs “Historical materials about churches and villages of the 16th - 18th centuries”, no. III, pp. 195 - 200

Ustryalov "The Legend of Contemporaries about Dimitry the Pretender"

Ibid p. 123 The aforementioned palace and towers do not currently exist

S. Veselovsky Manor Bolshiye Vyazemy

While living in Zakharov, the Pushkins often visited Bolshie Vyazemy located nearby. Everything here was covered with ancient legends about the former owner of these places, Boris Godunov. “They also point to ponds, as if dug at his command ... Probably, the young Pushkin was often told about the former tsar - the owner of the village. Thus, we meet, - notes P.V. Annenkov, - even in Pushkin's childhood with objects that were later revived by his genius.
One of the sources in the work of the poet on "Boris Godunov" was the "History of the Russian State" by N.M. Karamzin. It also mentions Bolshie Vyazemy. Reading about the "military fun" of False Dmitry that took place here, about the passage of Marina Mnishek through this area, Pushkin could supplement these descriptions with his memories of this area.

A visitor to Bolshie Vyazem can even now pay attention to a small column of gray stone standing near the church fence, which is interesting in its design. This is a monument on the grave of N.S. Pushkin, who died in Zakharov in 1807. The death of his younger brother is one of the painful impressions of the great poet's childhood. He mentions her in the outlines of the plan for the autobiographical notes he marked.
In Pushkin's time (since 1803), Bolshiye Vyazemy belonged to B.V. Golitsyn. Having received a brilliant education abroad, Golitsyn made a military career, in particular, fighting under the banner of Suvorov. However, in the reign of Paul, having risen to the rank of lieutenant general, he was forced to retire.

Having settled in Moscow, B.V. Golitsyn studies Russian history, is fond of collecting ancient manuscripts, spending most of the year in Bolshiye Vyazemy.
An English traveler who visited Moscow in 1805 writes: “We spent the evening at Prince. Boris Vladimirovich Golitsyn. Here I saw all your poetry: Zhukovsky, Kokoshkin, Merzlyakov and many, many other poets and prose writers of yours. The owner was unusually kind, affectionate and friendly with everyone... Sometimes I wonder where Moscow got so many friendly people from!” In 1811 B.V. Golitsyn hosted the well-known writer de Stael, who had fled from France, an opponent of Napoleon.

He was very close to I.I. Dmitriev, and A.F. Merzlyakov belonged to the circle of his friends and often visited Bolshiye Vyazemy. Merzlyakov awakened B.V. Golitsyn's interest in the monuments of Russian literature and folk literature. On the initiative of B.V. Golitsyna A.F. Merzlyakov at the beginning of the year began in his Moscow house for public readings on literature and the theory of fine arts. These readings were a great social event and the first public lectures in Russia. They were interrupted by the war with Napoleon.
Since the beginning of hostilities, B.V. Golitsyn left for the army. During the Battle of Borodino, he was under M.I. Kutuzov and, passing his orders to the troops, was seriously wounded. Ashes B.V. Golitsyn, who died from a wound in January 1813, was transported to Bolshiye Vyazemy and buried in a local church.
After the Battle of Borodino, the Russian army stopped in Bolshiye Vyazemy for the night. M.I. lived in the manor house. Kutuzov. In one of the letters, he says: “I am at Vyazem, but since there is no position here, General Bennigsen went back to look for a place where it would be more convenient to give a battle.”

The mother of B.V. Golitsyn, Natalya Petrovna, “The Queen of Spades”, repeatedly visited Bolshie Vyazemy. Indeed, as Tomsky tells in A.S. Pushkin, “went to Paris and was there in great fashion. People ran after her to see "La Venus moscovite" (Moscow Venus). Daughter P.G. Chernyshev, envoy to the English and French courts, N. P. Golitsyna spent her youth abroad, participated in court evenings. N.P. Golitsyna was immensely power-hungry and arrogant. As A.S. Pushkin, "she hosted the whole city, observing strict etiquette and not recognizing anyone by sight." At the same time, N.P. Golitsyna, according to her contemporaries, was “a great master of organizing her affairs”, significantly increased the family’s fortune, and the management of the Bolshiye Vyaz farm was more subordinate to her than to the owner of the estate B.V. Golitsyn.

On April 7, 1834, a month after the publication of the story, A. S. Pushkin wrote in his diary: “My Queen of Spades is in great fashion - the players pont for three, seven and ace. At court, they found a similarity between the old countess and Prince. Natalya Petrovna and, it seems, they are not angry ... "N.P. Golitsyna outlived the great poet by only a few months. She died in December 1837 at the age of 97.
Prof. M. Ya. Mudrov, an outstanding therapist, had close relations with the Golitsyn family. He often spent the summer at Bolshiye Vyazemy. Mudrov was one of the most famous doctors in Moscow and was considered an unsurpassed diagnostician. L.N. Tolstoy writes in "War and Peace" that, having visited the sick Natasha Rostova, "Mudrov determined the disease even better" than other celebrities of Moscow.

Bolshiye Vyazemy is located on the big Smolensk road. According to the famous historian I.E. Zabelin, this name means "in general, a tie or connection, the union of one locality with another, or, rather, one path with another." From time immemorial, this road has connected Moscow with the West, ambassadors and merchants passed along it. The last pit station before entering Moscow was located in Bolshiye Vyazemy. In the play "Dmitry the Pretender and Vasily Shuisky" A.N. Ostrovsky mentions the stay of the father of Marina Mnishek here.
A.I. drove along this busy road every summer in his youth. Herzen. Talking in "Past and Thoughts" about trips to Vasilyevskoye, he recalls how "a few versts from Vyazema, the headman of Vasilyevsky was waiting for Prince Golitsyn, on horseback, at the edge of the forest, and accompanied by a country road."

Bolshiye Vyazemy is also associated with N.V. Gogol, who in the summer of 1849 visited Professor S.P. Shevyrev and read to him the first chapters of the second volume of Dead Souls.

On one of the fine autumn days, we went to Bolshiye Vyazyomy, to look at the majestic Transfiguration Church, the furnishings of the manor house, the stable building and the surrounding landscapes. The origin of the word "Vyazyoma" is not exactly established. There are two main theories. According to the first, the word comes from the Slavic “viscous”, perhaps this is due to the viscous banks of the river flowing through the territory of the estate, bearing the name Bolshaya Vyazemka, similar to the estate. Another theory relates the word "vyazema" to the Finno-Ugric roots, characteristic of the hydronymy of the Russian North (the Kama, Lakshma, Lekshma, Padma rivers).

Monument to A.S. Pushkin. 1999
sculptor Yu.S. Dines, architect A.V. Klimochkin.

Manor park. Autumn.

Back in 1585, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich granted Bolshie Vyazemy to the patrimony of Boris Godunov, and from the beginning of the 90s of the 16th century, Boris Godunov began large-scale construction in his new possession. At that time, a wooden palace, a boyar's house, numerous services were built in the estate, orchards were planted. By the end of the sixteenth century, a five-domed church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord with a belfry was built on the estate.

The whole complex of manor buildings was surrounded by a wooden wall with five towers. Additionally, the walls were reinforced with a moat. Thus, by the end of the 16th century, the entire complex was a well-defended, powerful fortress. The fortifications of the estate have not survived to this day, which is understandable, the need for them has disappeared a long time ago.

Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior in the village of Bolshiye Vyazyomy

In the era of troubled times, Bolshiye Vyazyomy became the residence of False Dmitry - here was his country palace and here, on the way to her fiancé in the spring of 1606, Marina Mnishek stopped with her retinue of many thousands. After her departure, a terrible fire broke out on the estate, destroying more than half of the village. In one of the fires of the Time of Troubles, the wooden palace of Boris Godunov also burned down.

Pricht's house

Church school. The building is modern.

Lower Golitsynsky Pond, on the Bolshaya Vyazemka River. Also known as the Sovereign's Pond.

After the coming to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich, in 1618, the Vyazemy were assigned to the palace department. And in 1694, Peter the Great granted the estate to Prince Boris Golitsyn, "for salvation during the Streltsy rebellion." Despite the fact that the prince rarely came here, considering Dubrovitsy his main estate, the prince put a lot of effort into the revival of Bolshoi Vyazy. He restored the devastated Trinity Church, re-consecrated the church into Preobrazhenskaya, and rebuilt the palace. According to the diaries of Peter the Great, the emperor visited Bolshie Vyazyoma in 1701 and 1705. The manor house in Bolshiye Vyazemy was built on May 1, 1784 by the great-grandson of Prince Boris Golitsyn, retired colonel Nikolai Mikhailovich Golitsyn. The bas-relief on the pediment of the house speaks about the date of construction.

Further there will be many pictures of the interior decoration of the manor house, which is probably more correct to call a villa.

The War of 1812 did not cause much damage to the estate. After the Battle of Borodino, on the way to Moscow, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, stopped in Bolshie Vyazemy. A few hours after his departure, Emperor Napoleon arrived at the estate. Dracoon and infantry corps were placed in Golitsyn's palace. In memory of those days, a memorial sign was erected on the estate in honor of the stop of two armies in the Patriotic War of 1812.

In 1882, a new owner appeared in the estate - the son of His Serene Highness Prince Dmitry Borisovich Golitsyn. Since its appearance, the estate has returned to its former livability. In 1908, the new owner arranges a holiday village in the vicinity of the estate, under which a part of the land is allocated, separated by a railway. Over time, the current city of Golitsyno was formed on the site of the village. Dmitry Borisovich Golitsyn became the last owner of the Bolshie Vyazemy estate.
The changes that 1917 brought to Russia did not bypass the Golitsyn estate.

We rise to the second floor. There are many more pictures of the interior of the manor house.

In the autumn of 1918 and in the spring of 1919, more than 60 items of cultural and historical value were taken from the estate to the National Museum Fund, among which was an engraving depicting the family tree of the Golitsyn princes. The family jewels of the Golitsyn family were later transferred to the Armory. A unique collection of books, more than 30 thousand volumes, collected by Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn, was distributed among the libraries. The estate was used as a colony for the homeless, then as a sanatorium for the old Bolsheviks, a school for pilots and paratroopers, a tank school, and an evacuation hospital. By the way, during the First World War, there was also an infirmary with 50 beds.

Former stable. It is currently undergoing restoration.

After the closure of the hospital, the zootechnical institute of horse breeding was located on the territory of the estate, which was personally supervised by Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny, who repeatedly came to the estate. In 1952 he laid the foundation stone for the new building of the Institute.

School of Arts, formerly the building of the Institute of Horse Breeding.

Not far from Bolshiye Vyazy there is the Zakharovo estate - the former estate of the grandmother of the great Russian poet Maria Alekseevna Gannibal. Here, in the grandmother's estate near Moscow, the future poet for the first time saw the beauty of Russian nature, peasant round dances, heard folk songs, got acquainted with peasant life. These first childhood impressions shaped his life views. In these places near Moscow, he began to write his first poems.

The grave of Pushkin's brother - Nikolai, who died at the age of six.

Nearby are several other ancient tombstones.

The story of Alexander Sergeevich's love for Natalia Goncharova is also connected with Bolshoi Vyazemy. It was here, in the estate, at one of the balls hosted by Prince Golitsyn, that Pushkin first saw Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova. The estate of Bolshie Vyazemy is found more than once in the works of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. It is believed that in the novel "Eugene Onegin" Zakharovo serves as a prototype for the Larin estate, and Bolshiye Vyazyomy became the basis for describing Onegin's estate. Now the estate of Bolshie Vyazemy, like the estate of Zakharovo, is part of the State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve of A. S. Pushkin. In the Golitsyn Palace, among the interiors of the 18th-19th centuries. Golitsyn readings "History of the Fatherland" are held. You can get to the estate from the Belorussky railway station by train to the stop "Golitsyno station". About 1 km walk from the station. You can also get from the station by bus or fixed-route taxis. Do not try to get off at the station "Malye Vyazemy" you will get lost and get lost. By car, you need to go along the Mozhaisk highway. Before entering the village of Vyazemy, turn left before the bridge, and after about 200 meters turn right to the parking lot at the Church of the Transfiguration.