Classification of passenger aircraft their types types names. aircraft names

1. By appointment.

By appointment, civil and military aircraft are distinguished.

To civil aircraft relate:

Transport (passenger, cargo-passenger, cargo),

Sports, record (for setting records of speed, rate of climb, altitude, flight range, etc.), training,

Tourist,

administrative,

agricultural,

Special purpose (for example, for rescue work, teleoperated),

Experimental.

Rice. 6. Classification of passenger aircraft

Military aircraft designed to destroy air, ground (sea) targets or to perform other combat missions. They are divided into:

Fighters - for air combat,

Bombers - to destroy objects behind enemy lines and to bombard troops and fortifications,

scouts,

transport,

communications aircraft,

Sanitary.

2. By design.

The classification of aircraft by design is based on external signs:

The number and arrangement of the wings,

The shape and location of plumage,

The location of the engines

chassis type,

Fuselage type.

Schematically, the classification of aircraft by design is shown in Fig. 7.

Rice. 7. Main types of aircraft

depending from the number of wings distinguish:

Monoplanes are airplanes with one wing.

Biplanes - aircraft with two wings, one above the other,

One and a half gliders are biplanes in which one of the wings is shorter than the other.

Biplanes are more maneuverable than monoplanes, but have more drag, which reduces the speed of the aircraft. Therefore, most modern aircraft are carried out according to the monoplane scheme.

depending from the location of the wing regarding the fuselage, monoplanes are divided into:

low planes,

medium plans,

High planes.

According to the location of the plumage distinguish:

Aircraft of the classical scheme (the plumage is located behind the wing) - fig. 8a,

Airplanes of the "duck" type (horizontal tail is located in front of the wing) - fig. 8b,

Aircraft of the "tailless" type (the plumage is located on the wing) - fig. 8c.

Rice. 8. Plumage layouts

The classic scheme of aircraft can be:

With a single-tail plumage,

With spaced vertical (multi-keel) plumage,

With V-shaped plumage.

depending on chassis type aircraft are divided into:

land,

seaplanes,

Amphibians (seaplanes equipped with wheeled landing gear).

By engine type distinguish aircraft:

propeller,

turboprop,

Turbojet.

When choosing the installation location of engines, their number and type, take into account:

Aerodynamic drag generated by engines

The turning moment that occurs when one of the engines fails,

The complexity of the device air intakes,

Ability to service and replace engines,

Noise level in the passenger compartment, etc.

depending from airspeed distinguish aircraft:

Subsonic (aircraft speed corresponds to the Mach number M< 1),

Supersonic (1 ≤ M< 5),

Business Aviation Representative.

Long gone are the days when an airplane (later an airplane) was just. As they say in and for themselves. People's needs are changing, technological progress does not stand still at all, and planes practically do not fly for the sake of interest, extreme sports or anything like that. Although, of course, in fairness it should be said that this also takes place. However, the mercantile-useful use of aviation still prevails. And since in the modern world there are already quite a lot of areas of its application, then its diversity is quite large.

So, . They are defined according to regulations. There is such a serious (in appearance :-)) document: the Air Code of the Russian Federation. So it defines that aviation has three types: civil, state and experimental . Civil aviation includes civil, civil commercial and general aviation. With the first two, I think it’s clear, but “general purpose” is all kinds of useful work, such as agricultural work, medical care, police assistance, private and corporate flights, training, etc. Experimental aviation is used to carry out various experimental work and test equipment (including aviation). And the state is military aviation and state aviation special purpose , such as, for example, aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations or there is also aviation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to perform various special tasks. Interestingly, both government and experimental aircraft can also be used for commercial purposes. This is defined in the above code.

Transporter AN-12

The well-known passenger Boeing 737

This is how it all sounds official. And now, without looking at the regulatory documents, I will add something else from myself. With civil aviation, everything is more or less clear. These are passenger, transport and cargo-passenger. Their functions are clear to everyone. And their brightest representatives are, for example, hard workers TU-154 and Boeing-737, An-12 and Il-76.
As for general aviation, although this name is spelled out in the code, there are other definitions next to it, and sometimes it is not always clear which of them contains the other. We will not understand this, I will just mention some more, or rather their names, which are now used in aviation practice.

Business aviation aircraft cabin interior.

Abroad, it has existed for quite a long time, and in Russia, the so-called business aviation or "Business aviation" in the Anglo-American version. These are usually special aircraft (and, of course, their maintenance complex) of small capacity, but quite a lot of comfort :-). They are used for individual and corporate flights and, of course, for the provision of special services. One of the representatives is the Gulfstream G500.

Aircraft Yak-52.

Sports Yak-55M

Sports SU-26M.

Honored AN-2

Further, sports aviation and aviation of initial training can be distinguished. In other words, aeroclub. These are the planes and helicopters on which people learn to fly and further improve their flight skills. In Russia, the system of flying clubs in the process of revolutionary changes, from perestroika onwards, was thoroughly destroyed. But something remains and is now even slowly developing. Representatives of this type of aviation in our country are mainly the Yak-52, Yak-55, SU-26 and the hard worker Yak-18T. Of course, the AN-2 is also used in this system (mainly for auxiliary purposes, for example, for the removal of paratroopers). Abroad, these are most often Cessna-172, Piper PA-28 Warrior and Robinson R-22.

Piper PA-28 Warrior

Helicopter Robinson R-22

Naturally, all these aircraft are also used for commercial cargo and passenger purposes. After all, all flying clubs are mostly private. And just one plane can be privately owned. Then a person with a private pilot's license can fly it for their own purposes (even just for fun :-)). But this, however, applies more to the United States and Western countries. In Russia, there is neither the legislative base nor the technical and financial possibilities for this. It's a pity ... It would be nice to have such a "family plane" and fly on it on weekends to visit another city :-).

In connection with the above, it must be said that, in general, such a concept as small aircraft . Legislatively, this concept is not clearly defined (although, in my opinion, it is closest to general aviation), but usually small aircraft have a low takeoff weight (usually up to 9000 kg) and take on board no more than 18 passengers. Of course, the entire service infrastructure also belongs to small aviation, i.e. airfields, air traffic control systems, maintenance. There are more and more small aircraft around the world now. In the USA, for example, there are already more than 280 thousand registered. Accordingly, the number of runways and platforms is also growing. According to statistics, more than 80% of everything that flies in the world works in small aircraft. That is, small aircraft conquer the world :-). That's it. But let's leave it alone and get back to the serious :-).

Although I, in fact, have already listed everything. But it’s definitely worth saying that some apart from this division is military aviation(although it is part of the state). The fact is that she herself also has species, and in addition, some of them are also divided into genera. Quite an interesting division, and this is already the topic of another article, or rather the second part of the article on types of aviation.

Photos are clickable.

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Aircraft classification
  • 1.1 By appointment
  • 1.2 Takeoff weight
  • 1.3 By type and number of engines
  • 1.4 According to the layout
  • 1.5 By flight speed
  • 1.6 By type of landing organs
  • 1.7 Type of takeoff and landing
  • 1.8 By type of thrust source
  • 1.9 Reliability
  • 1.10 By way of management
• 2 Aircraft design
• 3 Aircraft history
• 4 Interesting Facts
Literature

Introduction

Airplane(aka airplane) - an aircraft with an aerodynamic method of creating lift using an engine and fixed wings (wings) and used for flights in the Earth's atmosphere. (Later in this article, the term airplane interpreted only in this sense.)

The aircraft is capable of moving at high speeds, using the lift of the wing to keep itself in the air. A fixed wing distinguishes an airplane from an ornithopter (maple) and a helicopter, and the presence of an engine distinguishes it from a glider. An airplane differs from an airship in an aerodynamic way of creating lift - an aircraft wing creates lift in the oncoming air flow.

The above definition is "classic" and relevant for aircraft that existed at the dawn of aviation. In relation to modern and promising developments in aviation technology (integrated and hypersonic aerodynamic layouts, the use of a variable thrust vector, etc.), the concept of "aircraft" requires clarification: Airplane- an aircraft for flights in the atmosphere (and outer space (for example, an orbital aircraft)), using the aerodynamic lift of the airframe to keep itself in the air (when flying within the atmosphere) and the thrust of the power (propulsion) installation for maneuvering and compensating for losses of the full mechanical energy for drag.

1. Aircraft classification

The classification of aircraft can be given according to various criteria - by purpose, by design features, by engine type, by flight performance parameters, etc., etc.

1.1. By appointment

1.2. Takeoff weight

Light aircraft MAI-223

• 1st class (75 tons and more)
• 2nd class (from 30 to 75 tons)
• 3rd class (from 10 to 30 tons)
• 4th class (up to 10 tons)
• light-engine
• ultralight (up to 495 kg)

The class of the aircraft is associated with the class of the airfield capable of receiving aircraft of this type.

1.3. By type and number of engines

Cross-sectional radial engine

Turbojet engine compressor (TRD)

• By type of power plant:
  • piston (PD) (An-2)
  • turboprop (TVD) (An-24)
  • turbojet (TRD) (Tu-154)
  • with rocket engines
  • with combined power plant (CPU)
• By number of engines:
  • single-engine (An-2)
  • twin-engine (An-24)
  • three-engine (Tu-154)
  • four-engine (An-124 "Ruslan")
  • five-engine (He-111Z)
  • six-engine (An-225 "Mriya")
  • seven-engine (K-7)
  • eight-engine (ANT-20, Boeing B-52)
  • ten-engine (Convair B-36J)
  • twelve-engine (Dornier Do X)

1.4. According to the layout

Classification on this basis is the most multivariant). Some of the main options are offered:

• By the number of wings:
  • monoplanes
  • one and a half gliders
  • biplanes
  • triplanes
  • polyplanes
• By wing position (for monoplanes):
  • high-wingers
  • medium plans
  • low-wing
  • parasol
• According to the location of the tail:
  • normal aerodynamic configuration (tail plumage at the rear)
  • flying wing (tailless)
  • tailless
  • type "duck" (plumage in front);
• By type and dimensions of the fuselage:
  • single-body;
    • narrow-body;
    • wide-body;
  • two-beam scheme ("frame");
  • fuselageless ("flying wing").
  • Double-deck aircraft
• Chassis type:
  • Land;
    • with wheel chassis;
      • with tail support;
      • with front support;
      • bicycle type support;
    • with ski chassis;
    • with caterpillar chassis;
  • seaplanes;
    • amphibians;
    • float;
    • "flying boats".

1.5. By flight speed

• subsonic (up to Mach 0.7-0.8)
• transonic (from 0.7-0.8 to 1.2 M)
• supersonic (from 1.2 to 5 M)
• hypersonic (over 5 M)

1.6. By type of landing organs

• land
• shipborne
• seaplanes
• flying submarine

1.7. Type of takeoff and landing

• vertical (GDP)
• short (KVP)
• normal takeoff and landing

1.8. By type of thrust source

• screw
• reactive

1.9. Reliability

• experimental
• experienced
• serial

1.10. By way of management

• piloted
• unmanned

2. Aircraft design

The main elements of the aircraft:

• Wing - creates the lift necessary for the flight during the forward movement of the aircraft.
• Fuselage - is the "body" of the aircraft.
• Plumage - bearing surfaces designed to provide stability, controllability and balance of the aircraft.
• Chassis - takeoff and landing device of the aircraft.
• Power plants - create the necessary traction.
• On-board equipment systems - various equipment that allows you to fly under any conditions.

3. Aircraft history

Viktor Vasnetsov "Flying Carpet", 1880

Vimana aircraft are described in ancient Indian literature. There are also references to aircraft in the folklore of different nations (flying carpet, stupa with Baba Yaga).

The first attempts to build an airplane were made in the 19th century. The first full-size aircraft built in 1882 and patented is the aircraft of Mozhaisky A.F. In addition, Ader and Maxim built aircraft with steam engines. However, none of these structures could take to the air. The reasons for this were: too high take-off weight and low specific power of engines - (steam engines), lack of flight and control theory, theory of strength and aerodynamic calculations. In this regard, the aircraft were built "at random", "by eye", despite the engineering experience of many aviation pioneers.

The first aircraft that was able to independently take off the ground and make a controlled horizontal flight was the Flyer-1, built by the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright in the USA. The first aircraft flight in history took place on December 17, 1903. The Flyer stayed in the air for 59 seconds and flew 260 meters. The brainchild of the Wrights was officially recognized as the world's first heavier-than-air vehicle, which made a manned flight using an engine.

Their apparatus was a canard-type biplane - the pilot was placed on the lower wing, the rudder at the rear, the elevator at the front. The two-spar wings were sheathed in thin unbleached muslin. The Flyer's engine was a four-stroke, with a starting power of 16 horsepower and weighed only (or whole, if we evaluate from a modern point of view) 80 kilograms.

The apparatus had two wooden propellers. Instead of a wheeled chassis, the Wrights used a launch catapult consisting of a pyramidal turret and a wooden guide rail. The catapult was driven by a falling massive load connected to the aircraft by a cable through a system of special blocks.

In Russia, the practical development of aviation was delayed due to the government's orientation towards the creation of aeronautic aircraft. Based on the example of Germany, the Russian military leadership relied on the development of airships and balloons for the army and did not timely assess the potential of a new invention - an airplane.

The story of V. V. Tatarinov's "Airmobile" also played a negative role in relation to aircraft heavier than air. In 1909, the inventor received 50 thousand rubles from the Ministry of War for the construction of a helicopter. In addition, there were many donations from individuals. Those who could not help with money offered their labor for free to realize the inventor's plan. Russia had high hopes for this domestic invention. But the venture ended in complete failure. The experience and knowledge of Tatarinov did not correspond to the complexity of the task, and a lot of money was thrown to the wind. This case had a negative impact on the fate of many interesting aviation projects - Russian inventors could no longer obtain government subsidies.

In 1909, the Russian government finally showed interest in aircraft. It was decided to reject the offer of the Wright brothers to buy their invention and build aircraft on their own. Aircraft officers M.A. Agapov, B.V. Golubev, B.F. Gebauer and A.I. Shabsky were instructed to design the aircraft. We decided to build three-seater aircraft of various types in order to choose the most successful one later. None of the designers not only did not fly airplanes, but did not even see them in kind. Therefore, it is not surprising that the planes crashed even while running on the ground.

"Kudashev-1" - the first Russian flying aircraft

Winged benz. Russian airplane in the back of a truck on the Caucasian front of the First World War. 1916

The first successes of Russian aviation date back to 1910. On June 4, a professor at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Prince Alexander Kudashev, flew several tens of meters in a biplane of his own design.

On June 16, the young Kyiv aircraft designer Igor Sikorsky for the first time took his plane into the air, and three days later the plane of engineer Yakov Gakkel flew an unusual biplane with a fuselage scheme (bimonoplane) for that time.

4. Interesting facts

• In 1901, two professors at one of the US universities "proved" that a heavier-than-air aircraft could never get off the ground, that it was like a "perpetuum mobile". The US Senate banned the Pentagon from funding developments, but three years later the Wright brothers' plane took off, which gave way to aviation developments.
• The X-43A hypersonic aircraft is the fastest aircraft in the world. The X-43A recently set a new speed record of 11,230 km/h, exceeding the speed of sound by 9.6 times. For comparison: jet fighters fly at or above twice the speed of sound.

Literature

• The history of aircraft designs in the USSR - Vadim Borisovich Shavrov. History of aircraft designs in the USSR 1938-1950 // M. Mashinostroenie, 1994. ISBN 5-217-00477-0.
• "THORNY WAY TO ANYWHERE. Notes of an aircraft designer." L.L. Selyakov

The main units of the aircraft

Airplanes are heavier-than-air aircraft, they are characterized by the aerodynamic principle of flight. Airplanes have lift Y is created due to the energy of the air flow washing the bearing surface, which is fixedly fixed relative to the body, and translational motion in a given direction is provided by the thrust of the power plant (PU) of the aircraft.

Different types of aircraft have the same main units (components): wing , vertical (VO) and horizontal (GO) plumage , fuselage , power plant (SU) and chassis (Figure 2.1).

Rice. 2.1. The main structural elements of the aircraft

Aircraft wing1 creates lift and provides lateral stability to the aircraft during its flight.

often the wing is a power base for placing the landing gear, engines, and its internal volumes are used to accommodate fuel, equipment, various components and assemblies of functional systems.

For improvement takeoff and landing characteristics(VPH) of modern aircraft, mechanization equipment is installed on the wing along the leading and trailing edges. On the leading edge of the wing is placed slats , and on the back - flaps10 , spoilers12 and aileron spoilers .

In terms of power, the wing is a beam of complex design, the supports of which are the power frames of the fuselage.

Ailerons11 are cross-government bodies. They provide lateral control of the aircraft.

Depending on the scheme and flight speed, geometric parameters, structural materials and structural power scheme, the mass of the wing can be up to 9 ... 14 % from the takeoff weight of the aircraft.

Fuselage13 combines the main units of the aircraft into a single whole, i.e. provides a circuit for the power circuit of the aircraft.

The internal volume of the fuselage is used to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo, equipment, mail, baggage, rescue equipment in case of emergencies. Cargo aircraft fuselages are equipped with advanced loading and unloading systems, devices for fast and reliable cargo mooring.

The function of the fuselage of seaplanes is performed by a boat, which allows you to take off and land on the water.

the fuselage in terms of force is a thin-walled beam, the supports of which are the wing spars, with which it is connected through the nodes of the power frames.

the mass of the fuselage structure is 9…15 % from the takeoff weight of the aircraft.

Vertical plumage5 consists of a fixed part keel4 and rudder (RN) 7 .

Keel 4 provides the aircraft with directional stability in the plane X0Z, and РН - directional controllability about the axis 0y.

Trimmer RN 6 ensures the removal of prolonged loads from the pedals, for example, in the event of an engine failure.

Horizontal tail9 includes a fixed or limited movable part ( stabilizer2 ) and the moving part - elevator (RV) 3 .

Stabilizer 2 gives the aircraft longitudinal stability, and RV 3 - longitudinal controllability. RV can carry a trimmer 8 to unload the steering column.

Weight, structures of GO and VO usually do not exceed 1.3 ... 3 % from the takeoff weight of the aircraft.

Chassis aircraft 16 refers to takeoff and landing devices (TLU), which provide takeoff, takeoff, landing, run and maneuvering of the aircraft when moving on the ground.

The number of supports and their relative position center of gravity (CM) of the aircraft depends on the chassis layouts and the characteristics of the operation of the aircraft.

The landing gear of the aircraft shown in Fig. 2.1 has two main supports16 and one bow support17 . Each support includes a power rack18 and supporting elements wheels15 . Each support can have several racks and several wheels.

Most often, the landing gear of an aircraft is made retractable in flight, therefore, special compartments in the fuselage are provided for its placement. 13. It is possible to clean and place the main landing gear in special gondolas (or engine nacelles), fairings14 .

The landing gear ensures the absorption of the kinetic energy of impact during landing and braking energy during the run, taxiing and maneuvering the aircraft on the airfield.

amphibious aircraft can take off and land both from ground airfields and from the water surface.

Fig.2.2. Amphibious aircraft landing gear.

on the body seaplane install a wheeled chassis, and place under the wing floats1 ,2 (fig.2.2).

The relative mass of the chassis is usually 4…6 % from the takeoff weight of the aircraft.

Power point 19 (see Fig. 2.1), provides the creation of aircraft thrust. It consists of engines, as well as systems and devices that ensure their operation in flight and ground operation of the aircraft.

For piston engines, the thrust force is created by a propeller, for turboprops - by a propeller and partly by the reaction of gases, for jet engines - by the reaction of gases.

The CS includes: engine attachment points, nacelle, CS control, engine input and output devices, fuel and oil systems, engine start systems, fire and anti-icing systems.

The relative mass of the control system, depending on the type of engines and their layout on the aircraft, can reach 14 ... 18 % from the takeoff weight of the aircraft.

2.2. Technical, economic and flight technical
aircraft characteristics

The technical and economic characteristics of the aircraft are:

Relative payload mass:

`m mon = m Mon /m 0

where m mon - payload mass;

m 0 - aircraft takeoff weight;

Relative mass of the maximum paid load:

`m knmax = m knmax / m 0

where m knmax mass of maximum payload;

Maximum hourly output:

P h = m knmax ∙ v flight

where v flight - flight speed of the aircraft;

Fuel consumption per unit of productivity q T

The main flight performance characteristics of aircraft include:

Maximum cruising speed v cr.max;

cruising economic speed V to p .ek;

Cruise altitude H to p;

Flight range with maximum paid load L;

Average lift-to-drag ratio To in flight;

rate of climb;

Carrying capacity, which is determined by the mass of passengers, cargo, baggage carried on an aircraft for a given flight mass and fuel supply;

Takeoff and landing characteristics (TLC) of the aircraft.

The main parameters characterizing the airborne landing are the approach speed - V z.p.; landing speed - V P; take-off speed - V omp; takeoff run length l once; landing run length - l np; the maximum value of the lift coefficient in the landing configuration of the wing - With y max n;maximum value of the lift coefficient in the takeoff configuration of the wing With at max vzl

Aircraft classification

Classification of aircraft is carried out according to many criteria.

One of the main criteria for classifying aircraft is appointment criterion . this criterion predetermines the flight performance, geometric parameters, layout and composition of the functional systems of the aircraft.

According to their purpose, aircraft are divided into civil and military . Both the first and second aircraft are classified depending on the type of tasks performed.

The classification of civil aircraft only is considered below.

Civil aircraft designed to transport passengers, mail, cargo, as well as to solve a variety of economic problems.

Aircraft are divided into passenger , cargo , experimental , training , as well as aircraft target national economic purpose .

Passenger aircraft, depending on the flight range and carrying capacity, are divided into:

- long haul aircraft - range of flight L>6000 km;

- medium haul aircraft - 2500 < L < 6000 км;

- short haul aircraft - 1000< L < 2500 км;

- aircraft for local airlines (MVL) - L <1000 км.

long haul aircraft(Fig. 2.3) with a flight range of more than 6000 km, usually equipped with a control system of four turbofan engines or propfan engines, which improves flight safety in the event of failure of one or two engines.

Medium haul aircraft(Fig. 2.4, Fig. 2.5) have a control system of two or three engines.

Short haul aircraft(Fig. 2.6) with a flight range of up to 2500 km, they have a control system of two or three engines.

Aircraft of local airlines (LA) are operated on air routes with a length of less than 1000 km, and their control system can consist of two, three or even four engines. The increase in the number of engines to four is due to the desire to ensure a high level of flight safety with a high intensity of takeoffs and landings, typical for international aircraft.

MVL aircraft include administrative aircraft, which are designed to carry 4 ... 12 passengers.

Cargo aircraft provide transportation of goods. These aircraft, depending on the flight range and carrying capacity, can be subdivided similarly to passenger ones. transportation of goods can be carried out both inside the cargo compartment (Fig. 2.7) and on the external sling of the fuselage (Fig. 2.8).

Training aircraft provide training and training for flight personnel in educational institutions and civil aviation training centers (Fig. 2.9) Such aircraft are often made double (instructor and trainee)

experimental aircraft are created to solve specific scientific problems, to conduct full-scale research directly in flight, when it is necessary to verify hypotheses and constructive solutions.

Aircraft for national economy depending on the intended use, they are divided into agricultural, patrol, observations of oil and gas pipelines, forests, coastal zone, traffic, sanitary, ice reconnaissance, aerial photography, etc.

Along with aircraft specially designed for these purposes, small-capacity MVL aircraft can be re-equipped for specific tasks.

Rice. 2.7. Cargo airplane

Knows a very large number of aircraft of various types and types. It is unlikely that all the names of the aircraft can even be listed. However, it is quite possible to cover the main models. Let's find out how aircraft are classified, their types, types, names will also be considered.

Names

Let's take a look at the list of names of the main foreign aircraft manufacturers in alphabetical order. The list includes both currently existing companies and abolished ones:

• Aerospatiale (France).
• Airbus (EU).
• Boeing (USA).
• British Aerospace (Great Britain).
• British Aircraft (Great Britain).
• Heinkel (Germany).
• Junkers (Germany).
• McDonnell Douglas (USA).
• Messerschmitt (Germany).

The names of aircraft in alphabetical order, produced in the USSR and the countries of the post-Soviet space, are given below:

• An (Antonov).
• I (Polikarpov).
• La (Lavochkin).
• LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Lee (Lisunov).
• MiG (Mikoyan and Gurevich).
• By (Polikarpov).
• Su (Dry).
• Tu (Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

How are aircraft classified?

First of all, let's find out what planes are. The names of aircraft can tell a lot, but the classification will tell us even more. How are aircraft classified? They do it according to the following parameters:

• by appointment;
• speed;
• number of engines;
• type of engines;
• chassis type;
• mass;
• the number of wings;
• fuselage size;
• type of management;
• takeoff shape.

We will now dwell on some of the above points in more detail.

Classification by purpose

It is considered the most common. According to this indicator, all aircraft were divided into two large types: military and civilian. In addition, each of these groups has its own division into smaller categories.

In accordance with the specific functional affiliation, military aircraft are classified into the following specialized categories: bombers, interceptor aircraft, aircraft fighters, attack aircraft, military transport ships, fighter-bombers, and reconnaissance aircraft.

In civil aviation, flight devices are divided into the following categories: passenger, agricultural, transport, postal, experimental, etc.

Bombers

The task of the bomber is to destroy targets on the ground. They do it with bombs and missiles.

Now let's find out the names of military aircraft. Among the bombers, the following models of domestic production can be distinguished: Su-24, Tu-160, Su-34. During the Second World War, the domestic Pe-2 bomber was especially famous. But the very first can be called the famous "Ilya Muromets" - the creation of the great designer Igor Sikorsky. This device took off for the first time in the air in 1913. In the era of the First World War, it was converted into a bomber. Aircraft "Ilya Muromets" were also used during the Civil War.

Among foreign devices, one can distinguish modern American strategic bombers Northrop B-2 Spirit, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US-made aircraft of the 30s Boeing B-17 and Martin B- 10, German WWII era bombers Junkers Ju 86 and Heinkel He 111.

Fighters

The main task of these devices is the destruction of aircraft and other objects that are in the air.

The names of fighter planes will also say a lot to a connoisseur of military affairs. The most famous Soviet models of the Second World War period are LaGG-3, I-15 bis, MiG-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. In the same era, German aircraft Bf.109, Bf.110 and Fw 190, as well as jet Me.262, Me.163 Komet and He 162 Volksjager won world fame.

Among the Soviet fighters of a later era, the MiG-31, Su-27 and MiG-29 should be distinguished. Currently, the sky is filled with modern Russian aircraft. Their names are well known to aviation specialists. These are 4++ generation fighters Su-35 and MiG-35.

Among modern American models, the world's first number five generation fighter, the Boeing F-22, as well as the earlier F-4 and F-15 Eagle models, stand out.

Fighter-bombers

They combine the functions of the first two categories of aircraft described by us. That is, they destroy both air and ground targets.

The German Me.262, a modified model of the British Supermarine Spitfire fighter, De Havilland Mosquito, and the Soviet Yak-9 are considered the first fighter-bombers.

The first of the above models was released in 1968, and today it is the most massive of all passenger aircraft. The Boeing 747, produced a year later, is a pioneer among wide-body airliners. The Boeing 747-8 is the longest passenger aircraft. It was released in 2010. Today, the Boeing 777, which has been produced since 1994, has become the most popular in the passenger aviation market. The newest model of the corporation at the moment is the 2009 Boeing 787.

"Airbus"

As mentioned earlier, Boeing's main competitor in the world market is the European company Airbus, headquartered in France. It was founded much later than its American rival - in 1970. The most famous aircraft names of this company are A300, A320, A380 and A350 XWB.

Launched in 1972, the A300 is the very first twin-engined wide-body aircraft. The A320, manufactured in 1988, was the first in the world to use a fly-by-wire form of control. The A380, which first took to the skies in 2005, is the largest in the world. He is able to take on board up to 480 passengers. The latest development of the company is the A350 XWB. Its main task was to compete with the previously released Boeing 787. And this airliner successfully copes with this task, bypassing its rival in terms of efficiency.

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak.

The first domestic jet airliner is the Tu-104, released in 1955. Tu-154, the first takeoff of which was made in 1972, is considered the most massive Soviet passenger aircraft. The 1968 Tu-144 gained legendary status as the world's first airliner to break the sound barrier. He could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km / h, and this record has not been broken to our time. At the moment, the latest operating model of the airliner, developed by the Tupolev design bureau, is the Tu-204 aircraft of 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Naturally, besides the Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The most popular names are An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

Airliners of other countries of the world

In addition to the above, there are noteworthy models from other manufacturers of passenger aircraft.

The British airliner De Havilland Comet, released in 1949, is the first jet airliner in world history. The French-British airliner Concorde, developed in 1969, gained wide popularity. He went down in history due to the fact that he is the second successful attempt (after the Tu-144) to create a supersonic passenger aircraft. And so far, these two airliners are unique in this regard, since so far no one else has been able to produce a passenger aircraft suitable for mass operation, capable of moving faster than sound.

Transport workers

The main purpose of transport aircraft is to transport goods over long distances.

Among the devices of this type, it is necessary to designate Western models of passenger aircraft modified for transport needs: Douglas MD-11F, and Boeing 747-8F.

But most of all in the production of transport aircraft, the Soviet, and now the Ukrainian design bureau named after Antonov, became famous. It produces aircraft that constantly break world records in terms of carrying capacity: An-22 1965 (carrying capacity - 60 tons), An-124 1984 (carrying capacity - 120 tons), An-225 1988 (takes on board 253, 8 t). The latest model holds the hitherto unbroken load capacity record. In addition, it was planned to use it to transport the Soviet Buran shuttles, but with the collapse of the USSR, the project remained unrealized.

In the Russian Federation with transport aviation, everything is not so rosy. The names of Russian aircraft are as follows: Il-76, Il-112 and Il-214. But the problem is that the currently produced Il-76 was developed back in Soviet times, in 1971, and the rest are planned to be launched only in 2017.

Agricultural aircraft

There are aircraft whose tasks include the treatment of fields with pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. This type of aircraft is called agricultural.

Of the Soviet samples of these devices, the U-2 and An-2 are known, which, due to the specifics of their use, were popularly called "maize" by the people.

Speed ​​Division

In addition to the classification of aircraft by purpose, which we studied in detail above, there are other types of ranking. These include classification by flight speed. On this basis, aircraft are divided into the following categories: subsonic, transonic aircraft, supersonic aircraft and hypersonic.

It is easy to understand that subsonic aircraft move slower than sound. Transonic aircraft fly at speeds close to sonic, supersonic aircraft overcome and hypersonic exceed this figure by more than five times.

At the moment, the fastest hypersonic vehicle in the world is considered to be an experimental hypersonic vehicle from the USA X-43A 2001. It can reach speeds of 11,200 km/h. In second place is his compatriot X-15, released back in 1959. The speed is 7273 km / h. If we are not talking about experimental vehicles, but about those aircraft that perform specific tasks, then the American SR-71, capable of speeds up to 3530 km / h, has the championship. Among domestic vehicles, the supersonic MiG-25 should be singled out. Its maximum speed can reach up to 3000 km/h.

In passenger aviation, things are much worse with speed. To date, only two supersonic airliners have been produced: the domestic Tu-144 (1968) and the Franco-English Concorde (1969). The first of them can develop speed indicators up to 2.5 thousand km / h, which is a record for civil aviation, but this is only the tenth place among aircraft of all purposes. It should also be noted that at the moment there is not a single supersonic airliner that is in operation, since the use of the Tu-144 was abandoned back in 1978, and the use of the Concorde was stopped in 2003.

Hypersonic passenger aircraft never existed at all. True, now there are several projects of both domestic and foreign design bureaus for the production of a hypersonic airliner. Among them, the most famous is the European ZEHST. This aircraft will be able to reach speeds of up to 5.0 thousand km / h, but the timing of its creation is unclear. In Russia, there are two similar projects - Tu-244 and Tu-444, but at the moment both of them are frozen.

Other types of classification

By the number of engines, aircraft have a ranking from one to twelve engines.

According to the type of engine, aircraft are divided into the following categories: with an electric engine, piston, turboprop, jet, rocket, and also devices with a combined engine.

According to the type of chassis, the classification of aircraft is as follows: wheeled, ski, hovercraft, tracked, float, amphibian. Naturally, the most common are aircraft with wheeled landing gear.

By weight, aircraft are divided into super-light, light vehicles, medium-weight aircraft, heavy and super-heavy.

According to the number of wings, in the direction of decreasing their number, aircraft are divided into polyplanes, triplanes, biplanes, sesquiplanes and monoplanes.

There is also a classification according to the size of the fuselage: narrow-body and wide-body.

According to the classification of the type of control, aircraft are divided into manned and unmanned aerial vehicles.

According to the form of take-off, all aircraft can be divided into the following categories: vertical take-off, horizontal and short.

Manifold

We learned what the classification of aircraft is, their types, types, names were also considered. As you can see, a very large number of models are presented that perform various functions and have very different technical characteristics. The world of aviation is really multifaceted, and in one review it will not be possible to describe absolutely all of its aspects.

Nevertheless, we can give a general idea on this issue by describing the most famous aircraft that have gone down in history. Species and names, despite their large number, are still really systematized in a certain way in order to clarify the essence of this topic.