Peter and Paul Fortress plan petro. Peter and Paul Fortress Peter and Paul Fortress in English
The fortress was established by Peter the Great on May 16 (by the Julian Calendar, hereafter indicated using "(J)"; May 27 by the Gregorian Calendar) 1703 on small Hare Island by the north bank of the Neva River, the last upstream island of the Neva delta. Built at the height of the Northern War in order to protect the projected capital from a feared Swedish counterattack, the fort never fulfilled its martial purpose. The citadel was completed with six bastions in earth and timber within a year, and it was rebuilt in stone from 1706-1740.
From around 1720, the fort served as a base for the city garrison and also as a prison for high-ranking or political prisoners. The Trubetskoy Bastion, rebuilt in the 1870s, became the main prison block. The first person to escape from the fortress prison was the anarchist Prince Peter Kropotkin in 1876. Other people incarcerated in the "Russian Bastille" include Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, Artemy Volynsky, Tadeusz Kościuszko, Alexander Radishchev, the Decembrists, Grigory Danilevsky, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Bakunin, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Leon Trotsky and Josip Broz Tito.
Lacking the fame and tourist appeal of the Hermitage or the Mariinsky Theatre, the Peter and Paul Fortress is certainly no less of a St. Petersburg landmark.
The first structure to be built in St. Petersburg, and thus the birthplace of the city, it never served its intended defensive function. Instead it has had a rich, hugely varied, and sometimes sinister history as a military base, a home of government departments, the burial ground of the Russian Imperial family, the site of groundbreaking scientific experiments, and a forbidding jail that held some of Russia "s most prominent political prisoners.
Today, the Peter and Paul Fortress is for the most part under the auspices of the St. Petersburg Museum of History, with a number of permanent and temporary exhibitions charting the various aspects of the compound"s past.
While the central visitor attraction is undoubtedly the Ss. Peter and Paul Cathedral, one of St. Petersburg"s most striking buildings, there is plenty within the walls of the fortress to keep children and adults occupied for a full day at least.
The Peter and Paul Fortress is also the center of a number of St. Petersburg urban traditions, among them the daily firing of the cannon from the Naryshkin Bastion at noon and the "walruses" who use the beach in front of the fortress to sunbathe and swim in ice-holes in the winter.
In the summer, the beach is a popular picnic site and is also used to host a variety of events, festivals and concerts, including the respected Petrojazz annual festival.
St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (population nearly 5 million), formerly Leningrad, is Russia's second largest city. Only Moscow, the capital, has more people. St. Petersburg is a major Russian port and one of the world's leading industrial and cultural centers . The city lies in north-western Russia, at the eastern end of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea.
St. Petersburg was the first Russian city built in imitation of western European cities. Its magnificent palaces, handsome public buildings, and wide public squares resemble those of such cities as London, Paris, and Vienna. In the early 1800s, a commission that included noted Italian architect Carlo Rossi established a design for the center of the city that includes a series of squares.
The city has had three names. Czar Peter I (the Great) founded it in 1703 as St. Petersburg. After Russia went to war against Germany in 1914, at the start of World War I, the name was changed to Petrograd. The country's officials chose this name, which means Peter's City in Russian, to get rid of the German ending burg.
In 1922, the Soviet Union was formed under the leadership of Russia. In 1924, the Soviet Unions Communist government renamed the city in honor of V. I. Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Communist Party. In 1991 - as Communist influence in the Soviet Union declined - the people of the city voted in a nonbinding referendum to restore the name Petersburg. In September 1991, the Soviet government officially approved the name change. In December 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved, and Russia became an independent nation.
The city lies on a marshy lowland where the Neva River empties into the Gulf of Finland, at about 60° north latitude. Because of its far northern location, St. Petersburg has very short periods of daylight in winter. For about three weeks in June, it has "white nights" during which the sky is never completely dark.
The center of St. Petersburg is on the southern bank of the Neva. This area includes the main business district and most of St. Petersburg"s famous. Many fine examples of baroque and neo-classical architecture buildings have been preserved in the area, and few modern structures have been built there. The city has about 900 small rivers and canals and about 400 bridges.
The historic Winter Palace (now the Hermitage Museum)" completed in 1762, stands in the center of the city. The palace was the winter home of the czars. The General Staff Building, designed by Rossi and completed in 1829, stands across Palace Square from the Winter Palace. Several blocks away is the Cathedral of St. Isaac of Dalmatia, whose massive golden dome dominates Petersburg"s skyline. The Peter and Paul Fortress, begun in 1703, is the oldest building in St. Petersburg. Many Russian czars are buried in a cathedral at the fortress.
The center of St. Petersburg is surrounded by old residential areas that have stone or brick apartment buildings. Near the outskirts of the city there are thousands of modern concrete apartment buildings. The western section of St. Petersburg is the chief industrial district of the city.
Several luxurious palaces built in the 1700s still stand in three suburbs of St. Petersburg-Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets, and Pushkin. These palaces, famed for their architectural excellence, were summer homes of the czars. Today, they are popular resorts and tourist attractions.
Saint Petersburg
St. Petersburg (pop. almost 5 million), formerly Leningrad, is the second largest city in Russia. Only in Moscow, the capitals, more people live. St. Petersburg is the main Russian port and one of the leading industrial and cultural centers in the world. The city is located in northwestern Russia, in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea.
St. Petersburg was the first Russian city built on the model of Western European cities. Its magnificent palaces, luxurious public buildings, and wide squares are reminiscent of those in cities such as London, Paris and Vienna. In the early 1800s, a commission headed by the eminent Italian architect Carlo Rossi approved a project for the city center, which included a number of squares.
The city had three names. Tsar Peter I (the Great) founded it in 1703 as St. Petersburg. After Russia entered the war with Germany in 1914, at the start of World War I, the name was changed to Petrograd. The country's officials chose this name, which means the City of Petra, to get rid of the German ending -burg in the name in Russian.
In 1922, the Soviet Union was created under the leadership of Russia. In 1924, the communist government of the Soviet Union renamed the city in honor of V. I. Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Communist Party. In 1991, as soon as communist influence in the Soviet Union decreased, the population of the city voted in a referendum to restore the name of St. Petersburg. In September 1991, the Soviet government officially approved the name change. In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and Russia became an independent state.
The city is located on a swampy area where the Neva River flows into the Gulf of Finland, at about 60 ° north latitude. In winter in St. Petersburg, due to its northern location, the days are very short. In June, for about three weeks, there are "white nights" when the sky never completely darkens.
The center of St. Petersburg is located on the southern bank of the Neva. This territory includes the main business district and most of the famous buildings of St. Petersburg. Many fine examples of baroque and neoclassical architecture have been preserved here, and several modern structures have been built next to them. The city has about 900 small rivers and canals and about 400 bridges.
The historic Winter Palace (now the Hermitage Museum), whose construction was completed in 1762, is located in the city center. The palace was the winter residence of the kings. The Admiralty Building, designed by Rossi and completed in 1829, is located across Palace Square from the Winter Palace. A few blocks away - the Cathedral of St. Isaac of Dalmatia, whose massive golden dome rises above the skyline of St. Petersburg. The Peter and Paul Fortress, begun in 1703, is the oldest building in St. Petersburg. Many Russian tsars are buried in the cathedral of the fortress.
The center of St. Petersburg is surrounded by old residential areas with stone or brick residential buildings. Near the outskirts of the city there are thousands of modern concrete residential buildings. The western part of St. Petersburg is the main industrial area of the city.
Several luxurious palaces built in the 1700s still stand in three suburbs of St. Petersburg - Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets and Pushkin. These palaces, famous for their architecture, were the summer residences of the kings. Today, they are popular resorts and attractions.
More meanings of the word and translation of the PETER AND PAUL FORTRESS from English into Russian in English-Russian dictionaries.
What is the translation of the PETER AND PAUL FORTRESS from Russian into English in Russian-English dictionaries.
More meanings of this word and English-Russian, Russian-English translations for PETER AND PAUL FORTRESS in dictionaries.
- PETER AND PAUL FORTRESS – Peter and Paul Fortress
- FORTRESS - f. stability, strength
Russian-English Dictionary of the Mathematical Sciences - FORTRESS
Russian-American English Dictionary - FORTRESS
English-Russian-English Dictionary of General Vocabulary - Collection of the best dictionaries - FORTRESS
Russian-English Dictionary of General Subjects - FORTRESS
New Russian-English Biological Dictionary - FORTRESS
Russian Learner's Dictionary - fortress
Russian Learner's Dictionary - FORTRESS - 1. f. (fortified place) 1. stronghold 2. military. fortress siege of a fortress 2. f. (V …
Russian-English dictionary - FORTRESS - 1. f. (fortified place) 1. stronghold 2. military. fortress siege of a fortress 2. f. (V …
Russian-English Smirnitsky abbreviations dictionary - FORTRESS
Russian-English Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering and Automation of Production - FORTRESS - I female. (fortified place) 1) stronghold 2) military. fortress - siege of a fortress II wives. strength; solidity (strength ...
Russian-English Concise Dictionary of General Vocabulary - FORTRESS - presidio Amer., strength
Russian-English Dictionary of Construction and New Construction Technologies - FORTRESS
British Russian-English Dictionary - FORTRESS - soundness
Russian-English Economic Dictionary - FORTRESS - strength, strength) military strength. fortress; trans. Bulwark, citadel
Russian-English Dictionary - QD - FORTRESS - . The strength of the ethyl alcohol is expressed by the term "proof".
Russian-English Scientific and Technical Translator's Dictionary - FORTRESS - I female. (fortified place) 1) stronghold 2) military. fortress siege of the fortress II wives. strength solidity (strength) strength of spirit III female. …
Big Russian-English Dictionary - FORTRESS - fortress fortress;strength
Russian-English Dictionary Socrates - PETROPAVLOVSK DEFENSE – Siege of Petropavlovsk
Russian-American English Dictionary - PETROPAVLOVSKAYA HARBOR — Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
English-Russian geographical dictionary - STRONGHOLD - noun. 1) fortress, stronghold, citadel; stronghold Syn: citadel, bulwark 2) military. stronghold fortress, stronghold, citadel - that city ...
- STRENGTH - noun 1) strength to build up, develop one "s strength - develop, increase strength to find strength - find strength to ...
Big English-Russian Dictionary - FORTRESS - noun. fortress to besiege a fortress ≈ to besiege a fortress to storm, take a fortress ≈ to occupy an impregnable fortress …
Big English-Russian Dictionary - FASTNESS - noun. 1) fixedness, stability, stability; hardness, strength Syn: fixedness, stability 2) a) speed, speed the increased fastness of living ...
Big English-Russian Dictionary - DELIVER - Ch. 1) free, deliver (from) And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. (Mt 6:13) ...
Big English-Russian Dictionary - ASSAULT
Big English-Russian Dictionary - SIEGE OF PETROPAVLOVSK — Peter and Paul Defense
- PETER AND PAUL FORTRESS – Peter and Paul Fortress
American English-Russian Dictionary - FORTRESS - noun. fortress to besiege a fortress - besiege a fortress to storm, take a fortress - occupy an impregnable fortress ...
English-Russian Dictionary of General Vocabulary
Sightseeing in Saint Petersburg
St. Petersburg is often called the cultural capital of Russia because the city is famous for its museums, palaces, monuments and theatres.
The Alexandrinski Drama Theatre, the Bolshoi Drama Theatre, the Mariinsky Theater of Opera and Ballet are pearls of Russian art.
In St. Petersburg there are a lot of parks and gardens where citizens spend their free time. The Summer Garden is the oldest and most fascinating park. Rare trees, bushes and flowers grow there. Beautiful marble statues made by Italian sculptors and a famous cast iron fence decorate the Summer Garden. There is a bronze monument to the prominent Russian fabulist Ivan Krylov designed (by sculptor Klodt).
St. Petersburg is famous for its magnificent architectural ensembles of the 18th and 19th centuries. The city began with the Peter and Paul Fortress built to protect the Neva banks from Swedish invasion. Later Domeniko Trezzini, the famous Swiss architect, reconstructed the fortress. It became a prison. Now it is a museum. Trezzini erected the Peter and Paul Cathedral here, and Russian tsars were buried in it.
The most famous square in the city is the Palace Square with its magnificent ensemble. Here one can see the Winter Palace built by Rastrelli. Till the revolution it was the residence of the Russian csars. Now the Winter Palace and four other buildings are occupied by the Hermitage, one of the oldest art museums in Russia. There one can see masterpieces of outstanding artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Rembrandt, Velazquez and other unique works of art.
The Russian Museum is located in the Mikhailovsky Palace, designed by Rossi. Marvellous paintings by the famous Russian artists: Tropinin, Repin, Bryullov, Fedotov, Surikov, Serov; the works of sculptors: Rastrelli, Shubin, Antokolsky are exhibited here.
The streets and squares in St.Petersburg are very beautiful. Nevsky Prospect is the main street of the city, where there are amazing buildings, shops, hotels and the remarkable Kazan Cathedral (by Voronikhin) with a colonnade and monuments to M. Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly. Here in the prospect one can see the magnificent building of the Admiralty (by Zakharov) and the ensemble of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Famous Russian writers, painters, composers and actors were buried in the Lavra.
Majestic palaces, cathedrals, churches and other buildings, built by famous architects. Among them there are such as: palaces of Stroganov, Menshikov, Anichkov, and St. Isaac's Cathedral, erected by Montferrand decorate St.Petersburg.
The city is often called the Venice of the North because there are 65 rivers and canals with artistically decorated cast iron bridges. One of the most beautiful is Anichkov Bridge.
Citizens and tourists enjoy visiting the suburbs of St. Petersburg: Petergof, Pushkin, Pavlovsk with their wonderful palaces, parks and fountains.
St. Petersburg inspired many of our great poets, writers, painters, sculptors, composers and actors. Much of the life and work of Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tchaikovsky, Repin and Kramskoi was connected with the city.
Sights of St. Petersburg
St. Petersburg is often called the cultural capital of Russia because the city is known for its museums, palaces, monuments and theatres.
The Alexandrinsky Theatre, the Bolshoi Drama Theatre, the Mariinsky Opera House are the pearls of Russian art.
There are many parks and gardens in St. Petersburg where citizens spend their free time. The oldest and most beautiful of them is the Summer Garden. Rare trees, shrubs and flowers grow there. The summer garden is decorated with beautiful marble statues by Italian sculptors and the famous cast-iron fence. In the Summer Garden there is a bronze monument to the outstanding Russian fabulist Ivan Krylov by the sculptor Klodt.
St. Petersburg is known for its magnificent architectural ensembles of the 18th and 19th centuries. The construction of the city began with the Peter and Paul Fortress, built to protect the banks of the Neva from the Swedish invasion. Later, the famous Swiss architect Domenico Trezzini rebuilt the fortress. It has become a prison. Now it's a museum. Trezzini erected the Peter and Paul Cathedral in the fortress, in which Russian tsars are buried.
The most famous square in the city is Palace Square with its architectural ensemble. Here is the Winter Palace built by Rastrelli - the residence of Russian tsars before the revolution. Now the Winter Palace and four nearby buildings are occupied by the Hermitage, one of the oldest art museums in Russia. It contains masterpieces by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Rembrandt, Velazquez and other unique works of art.
The Russian Museum is located in the Mikhailovsky Palace, designed by architect Rossi. Wonderful paintings by famous Russian artists are exhibited there: Tropinin, Repin, Bryullov, Fedotov, Surikov, Serov, works by sculptors Rastrelli, Shubin, Antokolsky.
The streets and squares of St. Petersburg are very beautiful. The main street of the city is Nevsky Prospekt. There are amazing buildings, shops and hotels. The Kazan Cathedral built by Voronikhin with a colonnade and monuments to Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly, the building of the Admiralty by architect Zakharov and the ensemble of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra are also located on Nevsky Prospekt. Famous Russian writers and artists are buried in the Lavra.
Petersburg is decorated with majestic palaces, cathedrals, churches and other buildings built by famous architects, such as the palaces of Stroganov, Menshikov and St. Isaac's Cathedral erected by Montferrand.
The city is often called the Venice of the North because it has 65 rivers, branches and canals with bridges decorated with cast-iron gratings. One of the most beautiful is the Anichkov Bridge.
Citizens and tourists visit the suburbs of St. Petersburg with pleasure: Peterhof, Pushkin, Pavlovsk - with their beautiful palaces, parks and fountains.
St. Petersburg has inspired many great poets, writers, painters, sculptors, composers and actors. Most of the life and work of Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tchaikovsky, Repin and Kramskoy is associated with this city.
Vocabulary:
amazing - amazing
architectural - architectural
arm - sleeve
artistically - masterfully
canal - artificial channel
channel - natural channel
canvas - canvas, canvas (thin.)
cast-iron fence - cast iron fence
to contain - contain, contain
draw bridge - drawbridge
empire - empire
ensemble - ensemble
to erect - erect
fascinating - charming
granite - granite
to inspire - inspire
invaluable - priceless
landscape - landscape
magnificent - magnificent, majestic
majestic - majestic
marble - marble
masterpiece
pearl - pearl
still life - still life
suburbs - suburb, neighborhood
Swedish - Swedish
Swiss - Swiss
Answer the questions
1. Why is St. Petersburg an important cultural centre?
2. What famous St. Petersburg museums do you know? Do you often visit them?
3. What St. Petersburg theaters are the most popular?
4. Are there many parks and gardens in the city? What is your favorite park? Which park is the oldest one?
5. How is the Summer Garden decorated?
6. What was the Peter and Paul Fortress built for?
7. What things of interest can the tourists see in the Fortress?
8. What square is the most beautiful and why?
9. What is the main street of the city famous for?
10. Why is St. Petersburg called the Venice of the North?
11. When is the best season to visit the suburbs? Why?
12. Why is the city often called the Venice of the North?
13. How many bridges are in Saint Petersburg? What are the most beautiful ones?
14. Are there any draw bridges in the city? Can you name them? When do they usually draw?
15. How many rivers are in the city? Can you name the rivers and canals in the city centre?
16. Why is Saint Petersburg called the City of White Nights?
17. What is the difference between the Hermitage and the Russian Museum?
18. What famous architects worked in the city? What buildings did they erect in Saint Petersburg?
19. What are the symbols of Saint Petersburg?
20. Where in Saint-Petersburg can you find these?
a) "Madonna Benua" by Leonardo da Vinci
b) a monument to M. Kutuzov
c) paintings by I.Repin
d) the tomb of F.M. Dostoevsky
e) the tomb of Peter the Great
f) a monument to I.Krylov
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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The Tower Castle in the UK and the Peter and Paul Fortress in Russia Completed by: 6th grade student of the MKOU "Pochepskaya secondary school" Starodubtsev Vadim Head: Druzina Natalya Igorevna, teacher of the 1st qualification category
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HYPOTHESIS: 1. The history of the Tower and the Peter and Paul Fortress is similar and closely connected with the history of the country; 2. Both monuments keep the traditions of their time. OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze two cultural monuments of different countries, highlight the common and difference between them. OBJECTIVES: 1. Analyze the theoretical material related to the history and traditions of the Tower and the Peter and Paul Fortress. 2. Conduct a study of the similarities and differences between the Tower of London and the Peter and Paul Fortress.
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The Tower of London The Tower of London is one of the oldest buildings and the most recognizable symbols of not only London, but the whole of Great Britain. This is the historic center of London. The fortress is located on the north bank of the Thames, at the eastern borders of the City. The autumn of 1066 was a time of great change for England. Duke William of Normandy, having collected 700 ships and an army of 32,000 people, landed on the southern coast of the island. Having utterly defeated the Anglo-Saxon king Harold II near Hastings, he solemnly entered London and was crowned in Westminster Abbey, becoming William I. On the ruins of wooden Anglo-Saxon settlements, the Normans erected stone towers surrounded by high walls. These paramilitary castles, according to Wilhelm's plan, were supposed to protect the new owners of the country from the hostile local population, and also serve as a means of intimidating the recalcitrant Anglo-Saxon nobility. An example of such castles was the Tower of London, built near the walls of the City. The creator of this "palace fortress" of the chronicle is called Gandalf, Bishop of Rochester. Actually, Gandalf only laid the foundation for the Tower, having built its "core" - the White Tower, or, in other words, the White Tower. This building, which was completed in 1097, was the tallest in all of London.
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WHITE TOWER The castle was located in the south of what was then London, with one side overlooking the Thames. The place for construction was not chosen by chance, earlier one of the Roman forts was located here, parts of it were also used in the Tower. Then the size of the fortress was much smaller, initially erected a central tower, which later became a citadel. And at the time of construction, the stone tower was surrounded by a palisade, an earthen rampart and a moat. The fortress walls were completed later. It is believed that the Tower began to be built in 1078, although this date is inaccurate, it is confirmed both by carbon analysis and by excavations and documents. The exact date of completion of construction is not known, but it is assumed that the Bela Tower was completed no later than 1100. The White Tower got its name from the color that its walls were painted in 1240.
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BLOODY TOWER Prison housing for important or high-ranking prisoners. The Bloody Tower was built at the beginning of 1220. The bloody tower was defensive until the construction of the Tower of St. Thomas. Located on the banks of the river, it guarded the main entrance to the fortress. After the courtyard and new water gates were built in 1280, the Bloody Tower became the main entrance from the outer courtyard to the inner one. The bloody tower was once called Sadovaya, since it was located next to the Lieutenant's Garden. However, in Tudor times, it began to be called Bloody, when in 1604, during a visit to the Tower, James I was told that it was in this tower that the "Tower princes" Edward V and his brother Richard were killed. It was built as a living room or office for the Constable who lived next door. However, the tower was destined to become a dungeon for important or high-ranking prisoners.
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BLACK RAVEN THE SYMBOL OF THE TOWER The first raven appeared in the castle in 1553. In the 17th century, King Charles II issued a decree that six black ravens must be kept in the castle at all times. It is believed that the Tower and the entire British Empire will fall as soon as the ravens leave it. It is known for certain that the first raven appeared in the castle in 1553 during the time of the "nine-day queen" Jane Gray. It was then that the famous “Vivat!” sounded for the first time, portending bad news - Gray was executed. However, crows became iconic during the time of Queen Elizabeth, by order of which her favorite, the Duke of Essex, was imprisoned for raising a rebellion. While waiting for the verdict, a huge black raven knocked on the window of the duke's cell with its beak, and looking intently into Essex's eyes, shouted "Vivat!" Three times. The duke told visiting relatives about the bad omen, they, in turn, spread the rumor throughout London, the sad outcome was obvious to everyone. A few days later, the Duke of Essex was brutally executed. This legend lived for several centuries - the raven appeared to those doomed to the scaffold, until the Tower lost the status of a royal prison and became a museum. Since that time, entire dynasties of ravens have settled on the territory of the Tower, and their life on the territory of the castle has acquired a mass of legends. So, one of them still lives - it is believed that the Tower and the entire British Empire will fall as soon as the crows leave it.
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THE TOWER GUARDS A special keeper of the ravens has been appointed. The castle is constantly on duty guards, yeomen, who are called "beefeaters". Surprisingly, in the 17th century, King Charles II issued a decree that clearly states that six black ravens must be kept in the castle at all times. A special guard-guardian of the ravens was appointed to monitor this, whose duties included the full maintenance of the birds. This tradition is alive to this day. Since that time, practically nothing has changed. Seven black ravens (one is spare) live in excellent conditions in the fortress - in spacious enclosures. The castle is constantly on duty guards, yeomen, who are called "beefeaters". They are responsible for the protection of the castle, the safety of the regalia and the supervision of prisoners who have long been absent from the castle.
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The "Queen's Keys" ceremony "God Save Queen Elizabeth" has been held for 700 years on the grounds of the Tower, which is called the "Queen's Keys". Every day at 22.00, the Keeper of the Keys with a lantern in his hands, dressed in Tudor clothes, leaves the Byward tower. Towards him comes the Guard of the Keys, dressed in the form of beefeaters. The guards lock the main gate and go under the archway of the Bloody Tower. The Keeper of the Keys takes off his hat and says, "God save Queen Elizabeth." All answer: "Amen." After that, the chief watchman carries the keys to the commandant's room, where they are kept until morning. This ceremony has never been interrupted in 700 years of its existence. For nearly a thousand years, the Tower of London has been the place where English history has been made. As the saying goes: "Who owns the Tower, he rules." The Tower of London is the largest and most enduring fortress in Europe. It took 200 years to build it. Today, tens of thousands of tourists from all over the world seek to visit a place riddled with secrets and legends.
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Peter and Paul Fortress The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg is considered the oldest architectural monument of the city. The first construction work was started on May 27, 1703, the day of the Holy Trinity. The construction of the fortress was carried out according to the drawings developed by Peter the Great himself on a small island at the mouth of the Neva. After the capture of the Swedish fortress of Nyenschantz, Peter I with his entourage, going around the islands of the Neva delta in search of a place for a new Russian fortification, drew attention to this conveniently located island. According to legend, as soon as Russian ships landed on the island, a royal bird appeared above it - an eagle. Taking this as God's blessing, the tsar went ashore, cut out two strips of turf with a spade, folded them into a cross and, as the work of an anonymous author of the 18th century tells. “On the conception and building of the reigning city of St. Petersburg”, “having made a cross out of wood and hoisting it into sod, deigned to say: “In the name of Jesus Christ, there will be a church in the name of the supreme apostles Peter and Paul ...” Thus, construction began the fortress of St. Petersburg (as it was called at the beginning, and only later, when a new city grew around it, the name St. Petersburg began to denote the city, and the fortress became known as Peter and Paul).
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THE GREAT PETER I On May 16 (May 27, New Style), 1703, Peter I laid a new fortress on Hare Island May 16 (May 27, New Style), 1703, Peter I laid a new fortress on Hare Island, which was supposed to protect the conquered from the Swedes in during the Northern War of the earth. This date went down in history as the birthday of the city, which was rapidly developing under the guise of an impregnable fortress. The plan of the fortress was developed personally by the emperor. He made it in the form of an irregular hexagon with protruding corner fortifications-bastions, which are interconnected by curtain walls. Initially, the fortress was wooden, but already in 1706, under the leadership of the architect Trezzini, the replacement of old buildings with new ones - brick ones began.
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SYMBOL "The Bronze Hare" The Hare Indicates the Place for the Future Fortress The formidable Peter and Paul Fortress begins with an unexpectedly touching symbol: at the breakwater of the boardwalk Ioannovsky Bridge (the first St. So they honored the memory of that legendary hare from the island of Yenisaari, who jumped on the boot of Tsar Peter, thereby indicating the place for the future fortress.
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The Peter and Paul Fortress symbol The Peter and Paul Fortress was built in 1714. In 1720, the coat of arms of Russia, a double-headed eagle, was strengthened over the span of the gate. In 1703, the construction of the Peter and Paul Fortress began. The Peter and Paul Fortress became the main defensive line of the city. The spire of the Peter and Paul Cathedral rose above St. Petersburg as a symbol of Russia's establishment on the Neva banks, as a symbol of its exit to the expanses of the Baltic. Already in 1704, wooden and stone walls began to be erected. In the future, the Peter and Paul Fortress was fortified for a long time with stone and granite blocks. This fortification was completed only in 1787.
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Ensemble of the Peter and Paul Fortress The ensemble of the Peter and Paul Fortress includes the Commandant's and Engineering Houses, the Artillery Storehouse, the Mint, the Main Treasury, the Botanical House, the guardhouse and other historical buildings. Most of the buildings of the Peter and Paul Fortress are characterized by long-term construction. Several generations of architects worked on many of the buildings included in the composition of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The building of the Mint - one of the oldest industrial enterprises in the city, minting coins, orders and medals. He was transferred here from Moscow by decree of Peter I in 1724 and until the construction of a special building he occupied the Trubetskoy and Naryshkin bastions. The Mint still operates to this day, just as before, issuing Russian coins, medals and awards. The manufacture of these products requires secrecy, so visitors are not allowed inside the Mint.
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Political prison The Peter and Paul Fortress was built as a defensive structure, but it has never performed its main functions in its history. For two centuries the fortress served as a political prison. One of the first prisoners of the gloomy casemates of the fortress was Tsarevich Alexei, the son of Peter I. In the prison of the Peter and Paul Fortress, the famous Princess Tarakanova was imprisoned, posing as the daughter of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna and claiming the Russian throne. Leaders and participants in the Decembrist uprising, organizers of the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II, writers Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Maxim Gorky and many others were imprisoned in the bastions of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The prison was famous for the fact that it was impossible to escape from it: in all its history, not a single escape was made from it. The prison maintained a regime of special secrecy. Even the guards themselves did not know who they were guarding - they were not told the names of the prisoners, whom they called by the cell number. Sometimes the prisoners tapped each other with the help of a special prison alphabet, reminiscent of Morse code. Those caught doing this were severely punished - they were transferred to an icy dark punishment cell, where they were kept on bread and water.
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Peter and Paul Cathedral Peter and Paul Cathedral in the name of the Apostles Peter and Paul. The spire of the bell tower was crowned with the figure of an angel with a cross. A special place in the ensemble of the fortress is occupied by the Peter and Paul Cathedral, built in 1713-1733 according to the Trezzini project on the site of a wooden church founded in the name of the apostles Peter and Paul. The cathedral is decorated with a gilded spire 122.5 meters high, which is crowned with a figure of a flying angel, which has become a symbol of the city on the Neva. For a long time, the Peter and Paul Cathedral served as the tomb of Russian monarchs. The founder of the city, Peter the Great, is buried near the southern wall of the cathedral. The unique tombstones of Alexander II and his wife Maria Alexandrovna, which differ from other tombstones of the tomb, are made of jasper and eagle. The last burial in the Peter and Paul Cathedral took place in the summer of 1998, on the 80th anniversary of the execution of Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children and servants. The last Russian emperor and his family were buried in the Catherine's limit of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. First of all, at the request of the king, a high bell tower with a spire was erected. Peter needed it as an observation deck from where one could see the approach of the Swedes. In addition, its construction also had a political meaning - it was supposed to become a dominant, to approve the return of the Neva lands to Russia. Peter I personally often went up with foreign guests to the bell tower standing in the woods and showed them a panorama of the city under construction from there.
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THE HOLY CATHEDRAL In the center - the royal doors with the figures of the apostles, on both sides of them - sculptures of the herald of the good, the archangel Gabriel with a lily in his hands and the patron saint of the army, the archangel Michael with a sword. Behind the gates, the altar canopy is visible, supported by carved helical columns. Today, several permanent museum exhibitions operate on the territory of the fortress. In the Commandant's House, visitors can get acquainted with the history of St. Petersburg-Petrograd from 1703 to 1917, and in the Trubetskoy Bastion, everyone will be told about the main political prison of Tsarist Russia. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, where the necropolis of the Romanov imperial family is located, is very popular among tourists. The idea to turn the cathedral into an imperial tomb belonged to Peter himself. The first tomb in the still wooden Peter and Paul Church was installed when the two-year-old daughter of the Tsar Catherine died. Then, even before the completion of the construction of the stone church, the wife of Tsarevich Alexei, Crown Princess Charlotte, the sister of Peter I, Maria, and Tsarevich Alexei himself, who died in the casemates of the fortress, were buried here. They are buried at the entrance under the stairs to the bell tower. 43 icons for the iconostasis were created in St. Petersburg by an artel of Moscow artists.
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At present, the main buildings of the Tower are a museum and an armory, where the treasures of the British crown are kept; officially continues to be considered one of the royal residences. The Tower also has a number of private apartments. Today, there are several permanent museum exhibitions on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress. In the Commandant's House, visitors can get acquainted with the history of St. Petersburg-Petrograd from 1703 to 1917, and in the Trubetskoy Bastion, everyone will be told about the main political prison of Tsarist Russia. The Peter and Paul Cathedral is very popular among tourists.
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Do you know about such sights as: Tower and Peter and Paul Fortress? Questionnaire for students in grades 7-11 Who were the founders of the Tower and the Peter and Paul Fortress?
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CONCLUSION Castles and fortresses are the national, cultural and spiritual heritage of the peoples of Great Britain and Russia, which we are obliged to preserve and pass on to posterity. The history of the Tower of the Peter and Paul Fortress is similar and closely related to the history of their country. Both monuments keep the traditions of their time. Although now the original meaning of the existence of castles has been lost, they continue to play an active role in the life of states, reminding them of their rich history, keeping numerous museums, libraries, family tombs and unsolved mysteries within their walls, thus serving as an impregnable and beautiful reminder of the past. Having become acquainted with the history of the appearance of castles and fortresses, we found out that most of the castles of Britain and the fortresses of Russia were built in the period from the 11th to the 13th centuries with a defensive purpose. Having studied the features of the location of castles and fortresses, we came to the conclusion that both the fortresses of Russia and the castles of England were built in places difficult for enemies, such as islands, hills and hills, rocky coasts of rivers and seas. The founders of castles and fortresses were generals, monarchs, priests, rich feudal lords. In the course of the historical development of castles and fortresses, their purpose and functions changed from a defensive fortification to a museum.
