Types of tourism: sports, treatment, education. Types of tourism Types of tourism and their characteristics

Tourism

The word “tourism” (tourisme, from tour) translated from French means “walk”, “trip”, “travel”.

Tourism is a journey made by a person in his free time from his main job for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes. This is one of the types of active recreation, the best way to escape from the hustle and bustle, see new and interesting things, and gain positive emotions. Tourism provides an opportunity to get acquainted with the culture of other countries and regions, satisfies a person’s curiosity, enriches him spiritually, improves his physical health, and promotes personal development. It allows you to combine relaxation with learning new things.

A tourist trip involves only a temporary departure of a person outside his usual environment, without conducting paid activities at the place of stay, which excludes from the category of tourists people who travel professionally or forcibly (diplomats and consular workers, military personnel, emigrants, refugees, nomads, etc.) .

The basis for the development of tourism is tourism resources (natural, cultural, historical).

The key figure in tourism is the tourist. He acts as a consumer of a tourism product or service (tour); the tourism industry is formed and operates to provide high-quality service to him.

Implications for the economy. Tourism is not only travel and recreation, but also an important sector of the economy. The tourism industry covers enterprises of various industries, from whose products and services the tour operator creates an attractive tourist product for the consumer.

The tourism industry contributes to the influx of financial resources into the country. It not only generates income for tourism firms, but also provides tax revenue, increases the demand for food and various services, thereby stimulating the development of related industries (transport, hotel management, communications, trade and catering, souvenir production, etc.) . Serving tourists is a source of income for the local population.

This type of activity does not require large start-up investments, is characterized by a high level of profitability and a relatively short payback period for capital investments. The development of tourism contributes to the creation of new jobs and provides employment to the population (foreign experience shows that up to 10 people are required to serve one foreign tourist).

Socio-cultural significance. The development of tourism improves the system of social and cultural services for the population, increases resources for modernizing the relevant infrastructure, and improves the quality of life.

Political significance. Tourism raises the prestige of the country, its authority in the world community and among ordinary citizens. It strengthens interregional and international friendly ties, develops public diplomacy, and stabilizes relations between regions and states. The level of tourism development is a unique indicator of the state of society, its material wealth and spiritual health.

Types of tours

Types of tourism and tours, tourism theory

Caravanning is a journey by car, when the latter serves as a “house” (the tractor of the house). The term "caravanning" translates as caravanning with accommodation in caravans or caravans." A form of caravanning for which the base is a motor home. This is camping using more specialized technical equipment. These are not only specialized motorhomes, but also

How long has the tourism industry existed, but the question still arises - how to write and say correctly: “tourist” or “tourist”? And only every professional knows for himself what is “correct”. For those who would like to support the opinion of all experts with an outside opinion, we publish the history of this issue. Opinion of the Institute of Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the Word

The main difference between exclusive tourism is the level of service and, of course, price. However, as it turns out, the price is only a payment for an individual approach and maximum satisfaction of all client requirements. For example, a Private Tour represents a specific product that is not marketed for mass use. And a VIP tour means

In order to give the most complete classification of types of modern tourism, it is necessary to use the most significant features that characterize this or that type of tourism, in particular, the nationality of tourism; the basic need, the satisfaction of which determines a tourist trip; main means of transportation used

Currently, excursion and educational tourism occupies one of the leading places in the tourism services market. The number of tourists taking advantage of this type of recreation increases every year. This forces tour operators to work on expanding the range of excursion and educational tours and develop more interesting programs. Excursion and educational tourism

Health tours are a “piece product”. An exclusive product implies high quality and the desire of a satisfied customer to return to the seller. Medical tours are in a fairly high price niche, so it is beneficial for the agent to master the intricacies of their sales, receiving a decent commission and becoming a kind of consultant and confidant of the client who wants to improve Business tourism covers travel for official or professional purposes without receiving income at the place of temporary stay. The WTO includes trips to this type of tourism to participate in congresses, scientific congresses and conferences, industrial meetings and seminars, fairs, exhibitions, salons, as well as for negotiations and contracts, installation and Mass tourism is a phenomenon of the 20th century, as it has acquired modern the view is mainly due to cars and aircraft with jet engines. However, people have been traveling since time immemorial, mainly to avoid hunger or danger. The remains of the first humans (Homo erectus) have been found in Western Europe, Africa, China and Java. This fact Organized tourism for the purpose of getting to know the culture and nature of other peoples existed in the ancient world. So, in the VI century. BC e. The ancient Greeks and Romans traveled to Egypt, where they were attracted by ancient history, culture, unusual nature, and magnificent Egyptian buildings. The first Greek tourist about whom there is reliable data is the “father of history” Herodotus. Mushroom tourism is a great opportunity to wander through the forest, find an edible mushroom, and present your achievements to your fellow vacationers. Mushroom tourism also has its own quest, for example, searching for high-quality categories of mushrooms, as in France through the help of pigs - truffles, together with an experienced guide, finding a Caesar mushroom somewhere in San Marino, or going to the Siberian taiga not with a basket, but The network of walking routes "Crimea Tour" in the mountainous Crimea included 1047 km of trails, 24 equipped tourist sites, ready to accommodate more than 1000 people at a time. Experienced instructors accompanied groups of tourists from all over the Soviet Union. According to research from the Mountain-Forest Experimental Station (Alushta), in the early 90s, due to unsatisfactory environmental conditions, the tourist movement in the USSR is developing in accordance with state policy in the field of protecting public health. About 1.0 billion is allocated annually from state social insurance funds alone. rub. for the purchase of preferential vouchers and subsidies to recreation, tourism, and sanatorium treatment institutions. In addition, significant amounts of money are allocated for the same purposes.

Youth recreation is such a broad concept that, when compiling a detailed description of each type of recreation, it is not forbidden to write a decent-sized book. Youth holidays are both continuous fun and unforgettable experiences. The main thing is agreement and the key to effectively spending time is the tangible benefits of relaxation, health and mood. Not difficult

Characteristic features of a mountain bike: a reinforced frame, often with shock-absorbing rear suspension, almost always with a shock-absorbing fork, a raised carriage to increase ground clearance to the level with the bushings, thick tires with a convex, embossed tread, durable wheels. At the same time, the chain drive is equipped with a speed switch that even provides a lower gear. Modern tourism is not just a hobby or fashion, it is a vital need for most people. At different times and eras, people were attracted to tourism by the romance of travel, communication with friends, getting to know a new culture, new countries. Tourism fills life with unexpected discoveries in nature, society, encounters with beauty, helps the formation of a person spiritually and Hobby tourism is a type of tourism with the goal of doing what you love among like-minded people while traveling (tours for car enthusiasts, for sports fans, craft tours, tours for those who like ales, certain drinks or food products) For such people there are special tours for car enthusiasts, for “fans” and sports fans to sports

Nostalgic tourism is a type of recreational tourism. This type of travel is very popular with people in Western European countries, and recently it has begun to conquer many Russian-speaking countries. During such trips, tourists study certain groups of the local population, which are divided into ethnic groups. Get acquainted with their life, peculiarities of life and culture.

Logistics in tourism covers all stages of the development of a tourism product, right up to its direct consumption. For example, the most important task on a tourist route is the timely provision of vehicles to the plane, hotel, or excursion. When route changes occur, immediate response is important...and this is where elements of logistics come into play. There are External (exogenous) factors of tour rating, characterized, first of all, by their uncontrollability and, often, unpredictability, but the ability to directly or indirectly influence tour rating and tourism in general. Depending on how (directly or through third institutions and relationships) environmental factors influence the activities of the tour operator, their

Photo tourism is a journey that allows photographers and amateur photographers to discover new corners in the company of like-minded people, aimed at improving their photographic level and replenishing their portfolio with new photographs. Photo tourism includes elements of the following types of tourism: educational, environmental, sports, recreational and ethnographic

The Russian tourism industry is increasingly joining the global market. The development of tourism, like no other sector of the economy, stimulates job creation and the development of small businesses, redistributes resources between countries, and has a stimulating effect on such sectors of the economy as transport, communications, services, trade, construction, and production of goods.

Outdoor recreation is not just a type of travel, it includes various tours, such as adventure tours: visiting volcanoes, exotic places, waterfalls, islands, etc. These are usually non-standard tours to exotic and environmentally friendly natural reserves, which are associated with unusual travel and non-traditional means of transportation. In some

Travel is a movement (real or virtual) into someone else's cultural space with the goal of going beyond the limits of existing existence to understand oneself and the world of everyday life of the Other. In virtual travel, a person imagines the ways of his existence, he gains an understanding of himself. Virtual travel is a means of self-understanding. In real travel, Travel is “moving (real or virtual) into someone else’s cultural space with the goal of going beyond the limits of existing existence to understand oneself and the world of everyday life of the Other.” In virtual travel, a person imagines the ways of his existence, he gains an understanding of himself. Virtual travel is a means of self-understanding. In real travel, Tourism is an actively developing area in which advertising occupies an important place not only due to high competition among travel agencies. Advertising in tourism is becoming more than just a means of informing a mass audience about the services provided by a company. Advertising becomes a tool for “objectification” and “materialization” of the proposed tourism product, since there is no other way for the consumer. The tourism industry has a number of features that make the cluster approach relevant in the development of the sphere of recreation and travel. The tourism industry is distinguished by the breadth of intersectoral connections and a fragmented structure, which gives some researchers reason to question the legitimacy of classifying tourism as a sector of the economy and the predominance of small and medium-sized businesses. The development of tourism is one of the industries whose development characterizes a post-industrial economy. Tourism allows you to solve a wide range of important socio-economic problems: increasing employment, improving the quality of life of the population, etc. In addition, in the modern world, tourism is one of the most profitable types of business in the world. That's why

Currently, one of the travel priorities is ecotourism. According to one definition, ecotourism is all types and forms of tourism in which the main motivation of the tourist to travel is observation and communication with nature, which contributes to the preservation of the environment and cultural and natural heritage, having a minimal impact on them.

Tourism organizers are tourism enterprises for the development, promotion and sale of tourism products (tour operators and travel agents). Tour operators perform the functions of organizers and creators of a complex product for group tourism, and a travel agent is an individual or legal entity who acts as an intermediary in the sale of tours generated by a tour operator. It just so happened

There are a large number of approaches to the classification of tourism. They differ in the principles of construction, applied tasks and even the very understanding of the essence of tourism.

The most significant from a practical point of view basis for the classification of tourism is its division into categories, types, types.

Tourism, depending on the components of services and services to categories of the population, is divided into domestic and international.

Domestic tourism is the temporary departure of citizens of a particular country from their permanent place of residence within the national borders of the same country for recreation, satisfaction of educational interests, sports and other tourist purposes. Internal trismus does not represent a separate sphere, but is connected with all other sectors of national life.

International tourism is a systematized and purposeful activity of tourism enterprises related to the provision of tourism services and tourism products to foreign tourists on the territory of a certain state (inbound tourism) and the provision of tourism services and tourism products abroad (outbound tourism). Truism in many countries is an activity that is under the close attention of the state as an economically advantageous and profitable industry.

There is also the concept of national tourism - a combination in the field of domestic and outbound tourism, i.e. serving tourists from among the residents of their state.

According to the method of organization, planned and amateur tourism are distinguished

Planned tourism is any type of tourism developed and regulated by tourism organizers - tour operators. Planned tourism is regulated by the state through laws and regulations. It forms the basis of the mass tourism industry.

Amateur tourism is a specific type of public tourism activity carried out on a voluntary (amateur) basis. It is based on the activities of voluntary tourist associations, unions and tourist clubs, which issue their own regulations regulating tourist activities, conduct hikes, tourist rallies and competitions. Amateur tourism has a programmatic and regulatory framework that determines the directions, nature, content of tourist social practice, requirements for mastering tourism skills.

The identification of individual types of tourism is primarily determined by the purpose of travel. In accordance with this feature, it is advisable to distinguish the following types of tourism. Recreational tourism is the most widespread and is carried out for the purpose of relaxation, recovery, restoration and development of physical, psychological and emotional strength. This type of tourism is the most widespread.

Health tourism - trips made for health and medical purposes. Wellness holiday is an individual type of trismus, which, depending on the means of influence on the human body, is divided into climate, balneo, sea and mud therapy. This also includes beach holidays.

Educational tourism includes trips to get acquainted with natural, historical and cultural attractions, museums, theaters, the social system and traditions of the people in the visited country. The basis of educational tourism is a rich excursion program.

Business tourism covers travel for official or professional purposes without receiving income at the place of temporary stay. Travel for business purposes is considered one of the most important components of international tourist exchange.

Religious tourism is based on the religious needs of people of different faiths. Traveling for religious purposes (pilgrimage) is the oldest type of tourism with deep historical roots.

Ethnic tourism pursues the goal of visiting relatives and places of birth. This type of tourism occupies an important place in international tourist exchange. Ethnic tourism is of particular importance for countries where part of the population lives abroad.

Ecotourism is aimed at familiarization with natural values, environmental education and education. The peculiarity of organizing this type of tourism is to ensure minimal impact on nature, create a network of ecological hotels, and provide tourists with environmentally friendly food.

Rural tourism includes tourists visiting rural areas, recreation and recreation in ecologically clean areas.

Adventure tourism is a unique type of recreation associated with visiting exotic places (volcanoes, islands, waterfalls), engaging in unusual activities, and using specific vehicles (balloons, dog sleds). In many cases, such tourism is associated with risk and serious physical exertion.

Sports tourism, depending on the purpose of travel, is divided into active and passive. In the first case, the main motivation of the tourist is the opportunity to practice his favorite sport. In the second, the purpose of the trip is to attend sports competitions as a spectator.

Tourism is the temporary movement of people to another area without paid activity; it differs from travel in a short period of time. In turn, tourism is divided into certain types, characterized by the method of organization, sources of financing, component services and services to the population, etc.

Adygea, Crimea. Mountains, waterfalls, herbs of alpine meadows, healing mountain air, absolute silence, snowfields in the middle of summer, the murmuring of mountain streams and rivers, stunning landscapes, songs around the fires, the spirit of romance and adventure, the wind of freedom await you! And at the end of the route are the gentle waves of the Black Sea.

There are different classifications of types of tourism based on different basic classification principles or characteristics. As already noted, types of tourism are determined based on various basic criteria. Thus, the UNWTO “Thesaurus on Tourism and Leisure Activities” contains about 200 terms that reflect the essence of types of international tourism.

In this case, classifications of types of tourism can be divided into: 1) official(enshrined in international regulatory legal acts and acts of domestic legislation) and 2) unofficial(or scientific, developed for scientific and educational purposes).

Scientific classifications of types of tourism can be carried out based on existing legislative norms on the purposes of tourism, the concept of tourism resources, principles of organization and financing, etc.

It is quite difficult to carry out a one-level differentiation of types of tourism. At the same time, it is possible to present a classification based on the use of various criteria that predetermine the allocation of appropriate groups.

Classification criteria and the corresponding types of tourism are presented in Table. 1.1.

Table 1.1

Classification criteria and corresponding types of tourism

Basic principle of classification	Types of tourism
1. Territorial principle	World: International Interior Regional: Interregional Intraregional
	Entry Outcall By service area: Receptive Initiative
3. Organizational principle	By participation of the tourism industry: Organized (planned) Unorganized (amateur) By number of participants: Group Individual
4. Financial and economic principle	By funding sources: Commercial Social Regarding the balance of payments: Active Passive
5. Type of tourism resources used	Cave

Basic principle of classification	Types of tourism
6. Type of tourist destination	Natural Cultural Urban Rural Coastal
7. Method of transportation	Walking (pedestrian) Transport Combined By type of vehicle: Aviation Railway Automotive Bus Cruise Space
8. Route length	Neighboring border Intercontinental Around the world
9. Duration of the trip	Short Medium term Long term
10. Subjective principle	Family School Youth Persons of the “third” age Persons of the “fourth” age
11. Motivational-target principle	By purpose of travel: Vacation tourism Business tourism Vacation tourism: Cultural (cultural-cognitive) Visiting friends and relatives (VFR tourism) Educational Medical and recreational Sports Spiritual and educational (religious) Adventure

According to the territorial principle tourism is primarily divided into international And interior. International tourism covers trips of travelers for tourism purposes outside the country of their permanent residence. That is, international tourism takes place when a traveler crosses the state border of a country, and therefore is associated with tourist formalities, including passport and visa, customs, currency, sanitary and epidemiological, depending on interstate legal relations between specific countries, as well as the entry or non-entry of cooperating countries into international unions , for example, to the European Union (and the Schengen area). Unlike international tourism interior tourism does not involve crossing state borders and, therefore, does not require compliance with interstate tourism formalities. This is the temporary departure of citizens of a particular country from their permanent place of residence within the national borders of the same country for recreation, entertainment, health, education, sports and other tourism purposes.

Recently there has been a rapprochement international And internal tourism, due to the simplification of tourist formalities. In Europe, such rapprochement is determined and ensured by the formation of a single European space. An important step in this direction was the signing of the Maastricht Treaty (1992) establishing the European Union (EU) by twelve countries of the European Community, which entered into force in 1993 after ratification by all signatory countries. Among the factors of rapprochement within the European tourism space is the simplification of the visa regime. We are talking about the signing of the Schengen Agreement (1985) by a number of countries of the European Community on the gradual abolition of passport and customs controls for their citizens at the common borders of the EU, which came into force in 1995.

From an economic point of view international tourism outweighs interior. Moreover, it is widely believed that domestic tourism has no or little international effect, and therefore maintaining statistical records of domestic tourism is an internal matter for each individual country. However, as tourism develops, it becomes obvious that international and domestic tourism are somehow interconnected. The motives and goals of tourists may change depending on the situation in the global, regional or domestic local markets, and then the choice in favor of domestic tourism may change in favor of international tourism and vice versa.

As already noted in paragraph 1.1, in international tourism there are two types: inbound and outbound, differing according to the direction of tourist flows. There is a distinction between the country of origin of the tourist, which he leaves ( away tourism), and the destination country where he arrives ( entry tourism).

The same types of tourism can receive different names depending on the position from which their essence, place and role in overall tourist flows are assessed. So, if you change the selection criterion entry And away types of tourism, based solely on the direction of tourist flows crossing the border of the country (as the country of reference), on the criterion of reception and service, then entry And away types of tourism can be called " receptive» And " proactive» respectively: receptive - receiving, proactive - directing (for example, receptive tour operator, proactive tour operator).

According to the organizational principle, those. the method of preparing and organizing travel is distinguished organized (organized) or planned And unorganized (unorganized, independent) or amateur tourism. Organized tourism involves implementation with the participation of tourism industry organizations, and unorganized (amateur) tourists prepare and carry out their activities independently, without the involvement of the tourism industry. In other words, “organized” tourists receive a set of services through the mediation of a travel company (tour operator, travel agent) or with the help of an information intermediary (computer system) and pay for the trip with comprehensive services in advance, while “unorganized” tourists go on a trip without the participation of any intermediaries and pay each service separately as it is consumed at the place of stay. Thus, organized or planned tourism is strictly regulated travel offered by travel companies, and, as a rule, implemented on the basis of advance booking and payment. Planned tourism forms the basis of the mass travel industry and involves the active participation of the state in its regulation through legislative and regulatory acts, the creation of benefits, and the simplification of passport, visa, customs and other tourism formalities.

Organized tourism can take the form packaged tourism or package tourism from English, package- package), meaning that it is implemented on the basis of comprehensive services or tour packages, including a standard set of services. Group tourist travel along a predetermined route, schedule and program with a pre-planned fixed set of services is called inclusive tours, the most common type of which is considered route excursion tours. Some schools of thought use the term " program» tourism, which assumes that a comprehensive service is offered to the consumer according to a specific program.

According to the number of participants, traveling together on the same route and program, tourism is divided into individual(from one to five people) and group(more than five). However, in practice, for carriers (transport companies) and accommodation facilities (hotels), group tourism is groups of more than 12-14 people, and it is these groups that receive group discounts and preferential conditions for transportation and accommodation, free service on the 12th or 14th - member of the group, for example, its leader (“tour leader”) or accompanying person. As a rule, group trips are organized on the basis of the common interests of their participants, and can be very different in type and theme: cultural and educational, event-based, educational, environmental, skiing.

IN group tourism stand out affinity groups(from English affinity), those. groups of travelers united by common professional or amateur interests and a common purpose of travel (for example, archaeologists, actors, athletes, pilgrims, dog handlers, etc.).

IN According to financial and economic principle, namely, according to the source of financing, they distinguish commercial (commercial) And social (social) types of tourism. Commercial tourism is financed by the tourists themselves, while social financed in whole or in part by the state and municipalities, as well as state extra-budgetary funds.

Social tourism in the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”” of 2007, it is defined as “tourism, fully or partially carried out at the expense of budgetary funds, funds of state extra-budgetary funds (including funds allocated within state social assistance), as well as funds from employers.” Global humanitarian role and international support for social tourism, subsidized from funds allocated for social needs in order to create conditions for travel for schoolchildren, youth, pensioners, disabled people, war and labor veterans and other citizens supported by the state, state and non-state foundations and other charitable organizations provide social support to the less affluent part of the population when using their right to vacation, were enshrined in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism (1980).

By type of used tourist resource tourism can be divided into natural (nature-based) And cultural (culture-based, cultural), urban (urban) And rural, coastal tourism etc., depending on the resources prevailing in the territory of the destination, involved in the formation of the image of the destination and the nature of the tourism product promoted to the market.

Nature tourism can serve as an umbrella term for such types of tourism that use various natural resources (landscapes, landscapes, parks, reserves, protected areas) in the formation of tourism products, such as wildlife tourism (wildlife tourism),safari tourism (safari tourism),ecological tourism (ecological tourism, eco-tourism) and etc.

Wildlife tourism involves visiting natural areas where flora and fauna do not know human intervention. These are controlled protected areas, for example, national parks, which are usually not very accessible and not at all hospitable for mass tourists. However, they are very attractive to this category of travelers who strive for untouched virgin nature and solitude. The recreation of such tourists is determined by hiking, climbing mountains, living in tents, i.e. the impact of tourism activities on wildlife is minimized.

Safari tourism - these are travels for the purpose of hunting rare animals in places with exotic, pristine nature ("safari" in Swahili - "journey"), In recent years, an alternative to this type of tourism has become its “responsible” version - photo safari, travel to safari parks, involving photo hunting of rare and exotic animals in their natural habitat.

Despite the existence of over 80 different definitions ecological tourism 1 (from recreation in ecologically clean areas to participation in environmental projects for the preservation of flora and fauna), the main thing in ecotourism is that the focus of tourism activities is the natural environment. Traditionally, two approaches to defining goals in ecotourism are considered, namely: 1) access to remote, rare and/or spectacular natural environments; 2) observation of wildlife, and often participation in environmental projects and programs for monitoring, preserving and reviving unique natural objects.

International Ecotourism Society (the International Ecotourism Society) defines ecotourism as “responsible travel

activities in natural areas that help preserve the environment and improve the health of the local population." According to UNWTO definition, ecological tourism provides an active, personal place-to-visit experience; provides an educational experience that develops the visitor's understanding and appreciation of the site visited and promotes appropriate environmental behavior and ethics; is environmentally responsible, using various strategies to minimize negative impacts on the environment and maximize local revenues from the development of this type of tourism.

Ecotourism has gained widespread recognition in society and a large number of followers in recent years. Interest in eco-tourism reflects the growing attention of people to the problems of protecting their habitat, protecting natural resources and participating in environmental activities. Human awareness of the growing “sensitivity of the environment” to the negative impact of human activities and the threat of irreparable loss of unique natural and cultural heritage is manifested in the expansion of the segment soft tourism (soft tourism) or responsible tourism (responsive tourism) to protected areas and ecological territories, with participation in environmental programs and projects.

Often, the goals of tourists reflect an interest in the interaction of nature and culture, in natural and cultural monuments, visiting natural and cultural ensembles, and participating in cultural and environmental programs.

Despite all the positive motives and effects of ecotourism, it is regularly criticized due to the fact that many destinations visited by tourists are very fragile and susceptible to tourist influence, and even with careful attention of travelers, their stay can cause harm to these areas. In addition, environmental projects in remote and exotic destinations, as well as the cost of ecotours, have led to the formation of a negative image of this type of tourism as expensive and elitist.

Cultural (cultural-cognitive or cognitive) tourism(in a broad sense) is an umbrella term for many types of tourism that are similar in nature and character: historical, religious, pilgrimage, ethnic, ethnographic, folklore, anthropological, archaeological, event, artistic, museum, architectural, castle, palace, literary, musical and many others. This is because they are all “culturally based” ( culture-based), i.e. united by common interests and motivations of travelers (knowledge of the culture of the “Other”, search for new cultural experiences and intercultural contacts), as well as the use of common cultural and historical resources.

Motivations historical (historical tourism) tourism - interest in the history of the country, visiting historical monuments and memorable places, thematic lectures on history and other events; religious (religious tourism) - interest in the religion or religions of the country, visits to places of worship, places of pilgrimage, thematic lectures on religion, familiarity with religious customs, traditions, rituals and ceremonies; pilgrimages (pilgrimage tourism*) - visiting important and world-famous sacred places (for example, Mecca); ethnic (ethnic tourism) - visiting the homeland of their ancestors, getting to know the cultural heritage of their original people, ethnic protected areas, ethnic theme parks; ethnographic (ethnographic tourism)- interest in the culture of an ethnic group (people or nationality), objects, objects and phenomena of ethnic culture, everyday life, costume, language, folklore, traditions and customs, ethnic creativity; anthropological (anthropological tourism)- interest in a representative of an ethnic group in development, from the point of view of evolution; visiting a country to get acquainted with modern “living culture”; archaeological (archaeological tourism)- interest in the archeology of the country, visiting ancient monuments, excavation sites, participation in archaeological expeditions; event-based (special-event tourism)- interest in ancient traditional or modern staged cultural events or “events” (holidays, festivals) and participation in them.

City tourism (urban tourism)- one of the most traditional and therefore most developed types of tourism throughout the world. Traveling to visit cities has been popular since ancient times, but it was not until the 1980s that it became popular. term " urban tourism"entered into official circulation and became the subject of scientific research. Urban tourism offers a wide variety of routes, programs and services, and also has a national and cultural identity, reflecting the diversity of cultures of the modern world. At the same time, urban tourism is a large-scale business, including the activities of hotels, attractions, entertainment industry enterprises, and the organization of events (holidays, festivals, etc.).

A type of urban tourism in recent years has become city ​​tourism (city tourism), those. tourism of big cities, megalopolises as special multi-destinations. The Cities 2012 Project was initiated, in which 21 metropolises of the world, including Kazan, participate. In November 2012, the first international meeting (summit) under the auspices of UNWTO on city tourism was held in Istanbul, and the second was held in Moscow in September 2013.

Rural tourism ( rural tourism), just like its varieties agritourism ( agrotourism) And farm tourism (farm tourism), is close to ecological travel in that the destinations of such tourism are territories remote from urban centers and megacities. This is tourism associated with staying in rural areas, living in rural houses or peasant families, outdoor recreation, with picturesque landscapes, in a secluded rural environment, with a measured pace of life, with participation in local folk traditions, holidays, rituals, etc. . The countryside has opportunities for hiking or horseback riding, fishing, picking mushrooms, berries, herbs, etc. The flavor of this type of tourism is given by the “living” culture of the rural community: people with their own unique way of life, including life, costume, cuisine, crafts, language (dialects), folklore. Rural tourism destinations differ in their geographical and climatic features (plain or mountainous, lake or coastal areas, northern or southern), and greater or lesser distance from urban centers.

By way of transportation tourists along the route, types of tourism can be divided into: on foot or pedestrian (hiking, walking), transport (transport tourism) or combined tourism, mixed-type transport tourism), a no to the types of vehicles used for: aviation (air tourism), railway (rail tourism), automobile (motoring), bus (coaching, coach tourism), cruise (cruising), space (space tourism) and etc.

Based on the criterion route length tourism is divided into: short-haul tourism, close vicinity tourism, medium-haul tourism, long-haul tourism, small-border tourism, intercontinental tourism, round-the -world tourism).

The term " short-distance tourism» applies to travel to destinations that can be reached within five hours or less. However, with the development of high-speed air travel, the length of the route that can be covered in five hours has increased significantly. Therefore, at present, short-distance tourism refers to travel within one continent, for example, the routes Dublin-Rome, Ottawa-Washington or Cairns-Sydney are short-distance tourism.

In contrast short-distance tourism long-distance tourism implies distances covered by tourists in more than five hours. Same as in relation to short-distance tourism with the development of high-speed air carriers, the idea of ​​space and time has changed, and speeds have actually shortened distances, understanding long-distance tourism has undergone some changes. In general, long-distance tourism is tours between different continents, even if the journeys take less than five hours at a time. From the perspective of European tourism, long-distance travel is tours from Europe beyond the European continent, for example, the London-New York, Paris-Rio de Janeiro, Moscow-Shanghai routes are long-distance tourism. In connection with changes, the concept is increasingly used “medium haul tourism» (“medium-distance tourism”). Examples could be the following routes: London-Paris (short-distance tourism), London-Montreal (medium-distance tourism), London-Sydney (long-distance tourism).

Neighboring border (cross-border ) tourism (small border tourism) - a type of short-term international tourist trips to the border areas of a neighboring country, usually traveling by car, bus or on foot. Often, this does not require the completion of any interstate tourism formalities, which greatly facilitates and promotes the promotion of short-term tours or weekend tours ( weekend breaks), for example, between France and Great Britain, Austria and Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Based on the criterion of travel duration, we determined short (short-term tourism)- lasting from one to three days, medium term (mid-term, medium-term tourism)- from three days to one month and long-term (long-term tourism) types of tourism - from one to six months.

In accordance with the subjective principle of classification, there are family tourism (family-type tourism),school tourism (school tourism),youth tourism (youth tourism)- from 15 to 29 years old, children's tourism

(ichildren's tourism)- up to 15 years.

TO family tourism include a married couple and their young children, i.e. the traditions of some cultures to consider several generations of direct and indirect relatives as a family are not taken into account in the classification of tourism. Participants of family tours are subject to a system of benefits/discounts provided by carriers, hotels, and resorts (family plan).

Special types of tourism are (third-age tourism), those. pensioners, also called tourism of “senior citizens” (senior tourism), And (fourth-age tourism), those. persons with disabilities or persons with disabilities. You should pay attention to the names of these types of tourism. Unlike most other terms, which directly reveal the essence of certain types and forms of tourism in the names themselves, the names tourism for people of the “third” age And tourism for people of the “fourth” age are euphemisms, i.e. terms of politeness and respect used by tourism industry professionals “to soften reality”, in order to avoid direct indication of age, physical and social limitations of these categories of tourists and thereby psychological trauma to traveling pensioners and the disabled.

Throughout the world, the segment of tourists of the “third” age shows clear growth trends, and tourism of people of the “fourth” age is gradually gaining more and more attention from participants in the tourism market and various sectors of the tourism industry. Thus, airports, ports, hotels, restaurants, museums, other service enterprises and places of interest that receive tourists take these special market segments into account, equipping their facilities with special equipment for the disabled and elderly (ramps, wide doorways, special elevators and lifts, special plumbing, special markings for the visually impaired, etc.), creating the necessary conditions for receiving and servicing these categories of consumers. Traditions of tourism for people with disabilities have existed in many countries for many years. Singapore was one of the first countries to pay attention to the market of tourists of the “fourth” age and began to invest in the construction of hotels aimed at this category of guests.

One of the main and most extensive classifications of tourism is based on the purpose of travel. Motivational-target principle classification of types of tourism allows us to divide all travel into two main groups: 1) vacation tourism (pleasure tourism, leisure tourism, holiday tourism) for the purpose of recreation and entertainment and 2) business tourism (business tourism) for various business purposes.

Vacation tourism or tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment also called leisure tourism, recreational tourism and even hedonistic tourism U, i.e. tourism for pleasure.

Tourist flows for the purpose of recreation and entertainment form the basis of international tourist exchanges, accounting for over 75% of world tourist arrivals.

Since recreation and entertainment involve different types of activities, vacation tourism combines various types of tourism, including cultural or cultural tourism, visiting friends and relatives (VFR-tourism), educational tourism, study tourism, health tourism, medical tourism, sports tourism, spiritual -educational or religious tourism, adventure tourism, special-event tourism, special-interest tourism and others.

Cultural, cultural-cognitive or educational tourism (cultural tourism) is one of the most popular types of tourism. The purpose of participants in cultural and educational tours may be to visit and get acquainted with objects and cultural phenomena of a nation or country: monuments of architecture, history, archeology, folk crafts, household items, works of musical and dance art, oral folk art, customs, traditions , holidays, living culture of local communities, as well as live intercultural communication with representatives of the visited territories.

In developed destinations, cultural tourism attractions include art museums, galleries, theaters, concert halls, and musical performances. For example, the main purpose of tourists may be to visit a world-famous museum, such as the Prado in Madrid or the Louvre in Paris, or to attend a concert, for example, the Vienna Symphony Orchestra, or a ballet, for example, the Bolshoi Theater. In less developed destinations, cultural attractions may include traditional religious practices, folk cultural performances, folk festivals, traditional fairs, and active craft and craft centers.

Despite the existing approach that any type of international tourism can be called cultural, as it is associated with crossing national borders, temporary residence in other cultural communities, intercultural communication of guests and hosts, as well as guests from different cultures on the territory of the hosts, cultural tourism became an independent species in the 1970s, and already in the 1990s. has become a clear, mainstream trend.

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) define cultural tourism as a carefully organized form of travel, educational or educational in nature, often of an elite nature, catering to the sophisticated interests of travelers, dedicated to the presentation and explanation of a cultural idea.

Globalization, with its both beneficial and negative effects on multicultural communities, dictates the need of their members to learn “other” traditions, customs, languages, worldviews, etc.

Throughout human history, people have exchanged cultural experiences, ideas, values, and goods through art, trade, and migration. "Human history is the history of such journeys".

As Samuel Huntington noted in his book “The Clash of Civilizations,” people have always divided the world into “us” and “strangers,” and their picture of the world consisted of two parts. Identification with “one’s own” simultaneously meant (and means) demarcation and isolation from “others”, “strangers”. However, since ancient times, man has sought to know and understand the “other.” The needs of the modern tourist for knowledge of the “Other” are crystallized precisely in this type of travel as cultural tourism.

This means that the tourism industry must provide tourists with contact with the cultures of “others”, entry into the space of the “Other”, staying and living next to “others” on their territory, visiting objects belonging to the history and culture of “others”, participation in events that reflect traditions of “others”, up to living a fragment of the life of the “Other”.

In describing the profile of modern tourists of this type of tourism as a special category of travelers, UNWTO and ICOMOS note that they are environmentally literate, concerned about environmental issues, have broad political views, are sensitive to cultural differences and know how to appreciate them. “They travel frequently, are highly educated, and bring a subtle energy of intelligence and friendliness to their contacts with foreigners.”

UNWTO estimates that cultural tourists now account for 37% of all international travellers, and the number of culturally themed tours is growing at an annual rate of 15%. Cultural tourism is often referred to as travel for various purposes of recreation and entertainment, and some experts believe that from 35 to 70% of global tourist flows can be attributed to cultural tourism.

Tourism to visit friends and relatives (VFR - visiting friends & relatives) is today the most widespread type of tourism in the world. A typical travel model is considered to be traveling with the whole family, often by car, to visit loved ones or people they know well, usually staying in their home, and for many travelers this type of tourism is the only one that they consider acceptable for themselves.

Looking at the content educational tourism (educational tourism, study tourism), It should be recognized that any type of tourism one way or another serves educational and cognitive purposes, since while traveling, the visitor finds himself in a different sociocultural environment, gets acquainted with various spheres of life and activity of the host community. However, strictly speaking, the term " educational tourism» refers to travel in which learning is the main purpose of the trip and is carried out in accordance with a special structured or formal program. A popular form of educational tourism is the study abroad program, during which students visit foreign educational institutions (usually for a semester or one academic year) in their destination. By participating in such a program, a student gets the opportunity not only to study under the program of a foreign college or university, to get acquainted with new teaching methods and technologies, but also to communicate with students from other countries, being in the same student community with them, living on the same campus, participating in joint student events (social, volunteer, sports, entertainment, etc.). Educational tourism programs provide participants with a unique tourist, cultural, linguistic, educational experience and even influence the future fate of a young person in choosing a profession or career.

One of the most popular reasons for attending a school abroad is the opportunity to immerse yourself in the language and culture of the community. Educational tours may focus on visiting important historical, archaeological, cultural or scientific sites and are often led by a teacher who has professional knowledge of those sites. Unlike other excursion trips, educational tours include educational and methodological support, lectures and seminars, video presentations, interactive forms of classes, scientific and methodological support by specialized specialists or experienced instructors. All this comprehensively provides a new educational experience for tourists.

Modern forms of educational tourism include: academic year, student interuniversity exchanges, summer and winter international camps and schools, internships, homestay(learning with host community family), one-to-one tuition(one-on-one training, i.e. living with a teacher’s family and individual training with him), grants and scholarships, international exams and certificates, work + study programs ( work & study),programs learning with fun " edutainment» (education + entertainment), a and pair( language and culture training through housework with childcare with accommodation and meals in the family of the host community), vacation educational programs, postgraduate education and advanced training, language courses, master classes and various trainings, including folk crafts, For example.

Medical and health tourism (health tourism) aims to maintain or improve health status and is focused on destinations and facilities specializing in the provision of medical and health services: sea climatic resorts, balneological or balneoclimatic resorts, thermal resorts on warm-water lakes, sanatoriums and hospitals on mineral waters and mud, thermal springs , mountain climatic and ski resorts.

UNWTO identifies three main forms medical and health tourism:

• 1) treatment or medical tourism (medical tourism)- trips to specific clinics or to specific specialists to receive specialized treatment or the quality of treatment that is not available in the tourist’s territory of residence;
• 2) recovery (fitness & wellness or spa & wellness)- trips to specialized facilities, such as a mud or hydrotherapy clinic, a weight loss clinic, a cosmetology clinic, a health resort for maintaining physical fitness and beauty;
• 3) rehabilitation and recovery (rehabilitation & recuperation)- travel to destinations or facilities that offer special care or that are in areas considered particularly conducive to health or recovery.

Russia has new conditions for successful development medical and health tourism laid down by the adoption in 2006 of the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Special Economic Zones in the Russian Federation””. As noted in the Law, the goals of creating special economic zones include, inter alia, the development of tourism and the health resort sector, and the creation of tourist and recreational SEZs is aimed at increasing the competitiveness of tourism and other activities in the field of tourism, the development of health resorts, as well as development of activities for the organization of treatment and prevention of diseases, for the development and use of natural healing resources.

Sports tourism (sports tourism) aims to engage in physical education and sports, maintain physical fitness through participation in sports events and specialized classes (trekking, rock climbing, hiking, cycling, horseback riding, skiing, diving, yachting, rafting, surfing, etc.) under the guidance of instructors. In other words, the concept " sports tourism» covers a wide range of forms of this type of tourism.

Sports tourism in Russia is hiking, a sport included in the All-Russian Register of Sports. It is based on competitions on routes that include overcoming categorized obstacles in the natural environment (passes, peaks, rapids, canyons, caves), as well as those laid in the natural environment and on artificial terrain. Sports tourist trips vary in difficulty and are carried out along routes, the category of difficulty of which is determined depending on their complexity and availability obstacles. Route categorization factors are given in the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification of Tourist Routes. In sports tourism, categories and titles are assigned for sports trips and tourist all-around events. Currently, eight types of sports tourism have been developed: walking, water, mountain, skiing, speleo, automoto, sailing and cycling. This situation often leads to conflicts between sports and tourism organizations.

In order to better represent the entire range of sports-oriented tours, you can systematize them, and to do this, draw a distinction between:

• ? active and passive sports tourism: in active forms, tourists participate in sporting events, and in passive forms, they attend sporting events as fans and spectators;
• ? sports tours in which sport is the main and predetermining purpose of the trip, and tours in which the sports component is only one of the goals and part of the program of stay on the route;
• ? sports tourism for professionals, the programs of which involve professional participation in various sports, and sports tourism for beginner athletes and for amateurs involved in sports to maintain physical fitness and health.

Motives and goals adventure tourism (adventure tourism) are participation in programs and activities that provide intense emotional experience, strong feelings, excitement, arousal, and an adrenaline rush ( adrenalin rush). Some tourists want to test their physical capabilities and skills in new, previously untested ways, participating in climbing mountain peaks or operating a hunting kayak. Others seek to test their strength by remaining face to face with the wild, and try to live for some time without the modern conveniences that make life comfortable and safe. That is, travelers in this market segment are looking for destinations and tourism products that can provide them with an adventure experience with strong feelings and passions. The main resources of adventure tourism are nature in all its diversity: mountains, rivers, forests, lakes, deserts, islands, etc. Unlike other types and forms of nature tourism, which involve contemplation and enjoyment of the beauty of nature, adventure tourism involves the “forces of nature” - territories and objects of the natural environment, which should serve as obstacles and barriers for a person with whom he must enter into combat and it is desirable to win. A form of adventure tourism is extreme tours, in which the participant risks health and life, for example, rock climbing or skydiving.

A special group consists of various species specialized tourism or hobby tourism (special-interest tourism), for example, tours for flower growers and gardeners, for pet lovers, collectors, antique lovers, for amateur actors, singers, dancers, musicians, culinary and gourmet tours, as well as wine, beer, cheese, chocolate, music lovers and folklore tours, castle and palace tours, hunting tours and for ice fishing enthusiasts, survival tours (to a desert island, for example), for gambling enthusiasts, for those who like to watch exotic birds or butterflies in their natural habitat, industrial tours and many, many others. According to various estimates, today the tourism industry offers consumers approximately 150-200 types of specialized recreation.

Business tourism or business tourism includes travel for official or professional business purposes, but without receiving income at the place of assignment. Unlike tours for the purpose of recreation and entertainment, the decision on a business trip, sources and amounts of financing, as a rule, is made not by the tourists themselves, but by their employers, and the demand for business tours is therefore inelastic. UNWTO classifies business tourism as trips to participate in industrial seminars and meetings, business meetings, negotiations, shareholder meetings, and other corporate events ( corporate tourism)-, forums, congresses, rallies, congresses, assemblies and conferences of organizations, scientific conferences ( congress tourism)-, exhibitions, fairs, trade shows, salons and presentations ( exhibition tourism), as well as incentive trips (incentive tourism,incentive tourism). The term came into active circulation "MICE tourism" and the so-called MICE - industry ( MICE from English Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, Exhibitions), including enterprises and services for organizing and servicing business meetings (meetings), participants of incentive programs (incentives), congresses conventions exhibitions (exhibitions). The specificity of the MICE industry and the basis for combining its individual sectors into one tourist segment is that each of the sectors, with the exception of incentive tourism, is associated with advance planning and organization of trips for large groups of people with professional and business purposes, as well as with various types of services for public events.

Incentive or incentive tourism (incentive tourism) is an incentive trip that businesses award as bonuses to their employees for effective work that generates income for the company. This form of encouragement is an important tool for mobilizing and supporting the company’s human resources, restoring the physical and intellectual strength of the staff, a powerful incentive for the employee to maintain his loyalty to the company in the future, a means of supporting his corporate spirit, strengthening his desire to continue to work productively. It is important that incentive tours, as a rule, are organized at the expense of the company not only for the employee himself, but also for his family.

Introductory tourism or FAM tourism or familiarization tourism) is a common type of business tourism, gaining increasing popularity within the tourism industry itself as the geography of tourism expands and the tourist offer diversifies. Introductory or, as it is also called, Fennell D.A. A Content Analysis of Ecotourism Definitions // Current Issues in Tourism. No. 4 (5), 2001. pp. 403-421. Lomine L., Edmunds J. Key Concepts in Tourism. Palgrave Macmillan: NY, 2007. p. 116. UNESCO International Symposium on the Silk Roads. Xi'an Declaration. - 2002. Lomine L., Edmunds J. Key Concepts in Tourism. Palgrave Macmillan: NY, 2007. p. 172.

Moshnyaga E.V. Glossary of tourist terms: Dictionary of English-Russian and Russian-English correspondences. M.: Soviet sport, 2007.

International Tourism: L Global Perspective. Madrid: WTO, 1997. p. 380;Moshnyaga E.B. Glossary of tourist terms: Dictionary of English-Russian and Russian-English correspondences. M.: Soviet sport, 2007; Moshnyaga E.V. English: tourism, hospitality, means of payment. M.: Soviet sport, 2007. p. 87-88.

The simplest type of sports tourism is pedestrian or ski crossing for short distances (for example, weekend tours), and the most difficult - mountain, water, including sailing tourism and cave exploration.

These types are associated with risks to life and health and require special training.

What is modern tourism by purpose: table with characteristics

• group and individual;
• for children, youth and adults;
• with different types of obstacles(mountain, water, etc.);
• professional or amateur;
• combined and regular.

Table with types and main characteristics of tourism.

Types of tourism	Definition	Peculiarities
Pedestrian	Hiking along a predetermined route (with or without an overnight stay) for an average duration from 1 to 16-20 days. There are hikes of different difficulty levels with an average distance from 50 to 250 km. The most popular types of hiking are trekking (a regular walking tour) and hiking (a longer and more difficult trek).	Group hikes are carried out with an instructor. Singles Hiking requires knowledge of the route and special skills.
Ski	Overcoming the intended route on skis. The group moves with frequent stops. Stops are possible at ski resorts with ski slopes. Hikes are divided into six difficulty levels. Duration of the trip - from 1 to 16-20 days. Route length - up to 300 km. Travel time is from January to March.	Always carried out with special sports equipment. Horse-drawn sleigh support is possible along the route.
Mountain	Travel of a group of tourists through mountainous terrain with the aim of passing passes of a certain category of difficulty, including climbing to the peaks. Average transition time - from 3 to 15 days. Route length - up to 160 km. Climbing possible up to 3000 meters or more, as well as overcoming other natural obstacles.	Requires special training (mountain climbing skills, etc.).
Water	Movement on the water surface on a variety of watercraft(boats, yachts, etc.). The most popular types of water tourism are river rafting, rafting, and sea kayaking. The length of the route can reach 250 km.	Requires sports vessels (kayaks, kayaks, etc.), good physical preparation when participating in rafting of increased complexity.
Sailing (yachting)	One of the most popular types of water tourism. Overcoming the route on a yacht and other types of floating craft (on three- and five-seater boats, rafts with sails, boards). It is carried out not only at sea, but also on lakes and rivers.	You must have a yacht helmsman's license or other skills in managing water transport.
Speleotourism	A type of sport and recreation associated with the exploration of horizontal and vertical caves, slums and underground passages. Can be explored in one route from 1 to 5 caves.	Travel may be at low temperatures, with almost 100% humidity air. Requires special training.

Peculiarities

Route for land crossing is compiled in advance and can include both plains, long obstacles (for example, swamps, rivers), and difficult passes and mountain peaks.

Depending on the complexity of the hike, it is determined tourist equipment.

When calculating the category of difficulty, such features as extended obstacles are taken into account, for example, for bicycle tours, and for mountain hikes - local obstacles. Along water routes category depends on mileage and the difficulty of the rapids.

Sports tourism differs from ordinary tourism in the need to overcome natural obstacles. For tourists, distance matters ( maximum up to 3-3.5 thousand km) and duration of the trip ( on average from 1 to 20 days). The route may have up to 5, and in some cases up to 6 categories and up to three degrees of difficulty.

Reference! Sports tourism is mainly a team sport. If it is not associated with the purchase of expensive vehicles, then in most cases does not require significant financial costs.

Tours by vehicle

In addition to hiking and water travel, there are popular types of tourism using horses, bicycles, cars and motorcycles. This speeds up progress along the route and makes it more interesting for those who love speed and risk.

Bicycle

Bike trips last as long as 1-2 days, and more ( up to 20 days). The group moves along bicycle paths or regular roads and often combines movement with sightseeing, recreation and walking.

Photo 1. A small group of tourists with bicycles following a difficult route in the mountains.

Cycling tours are popular in Tuscany, Turkey, France, on the island of Tenerife and other beautiful places. Route length cyclists can reach 600-800 km. Usually small groups are formed for movement from 3 to 10 people.

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Auto and motorcycle tourism

Traveling by motorcycles and cars allows you to travel long distances, along the way, tourists explore cities and attractions, stop overnight in hotels or in protected places. Main problems that may arise, - breakdowns on the road, difficulties with accommodation in unfamiliar areas and accidents.

Equestrian

This type of tourism includes both short-distance horse riding and long-distance travel ( for at least 4 days). You can go on a short hike without prior horse riding training. Highlight four difficulty levels such trips.

Photo 2. Horseback riding, as one of the types of equestrian tourism, can be for a short distance or last several days.

Combined tours

Combined tourism is called tourism, which combines various types of activities. For example, tracking is combined with search and rescue work, and auto tourism is combined with racing. Ski trips are often combined with mountain tourism or mountaineering, water trips - with diving or spearfishing.

Advantages of combined tours:

• the ability to combine different types of physical activity;
• rich cultural and recreational program(for example, sightseeing in different cities and countries).

The most common combination option in hiking and cycling, where walks are combined with trips, visiting caves or mountain hikes. When classifying combined trips, it is important that the section of one type of tourism is continuous.

Classification of different routes

Hiking trails are mainly classified depending on their length, complexity, danger geographic area, variety of obstacles and many other factors.

Each type of tourism has its own obstacles, and the more serious they are, the more difficult the route is considered.

Exists Unified All-Russian sports classification of routes, which determines the difficulty of a particular distance.

Types of routes:

• linear;
• radial;
• ring;
• combined.

Linear

If the beginning and end of the path are at different points, then such a route is considered linear. For example, from point A a tourist moves to point B, that is, as if moving along one line. After completing the distance, the group either leaves for their cities or returns to point A by transport.

Radial

From one point of stay, the tourist goes to other points of stay, always returning to the place where the hike began(usually this is a sports or tourist base, camp).

For example, speleologists go out in the morning to explore a cave and return in the evening.

Radial sports tourism is also popular on regular vacations. You can go from the hotel on a walking tour for 2-3 days or go on a diving tour.

Annular

Tourist group starts and ends its journey in the same place. For example, tours along the “Golden Ring of Russia” are often taken from Moscow along the circular route. Ring distances are convenient for both bicycle tours and pedestrian crossings.

Combined

The route contains elements of linear, circular and radial. It is most often used in hiking and horseback riding, as well as hiking, caving and water travel. In one tour, people can complete the route as well as explore historical sites, engage in other sports.

When classifying routes, local and extended obstacles, as well as the category of difficulty, are primarily taken into account.

Basic forms

Forms of tourism are classified according to different criteria.

For example, focusing on the organizational form or duration of the distance, the age of the tourist, and the seasonality of the trip.

A clear classification helps the tourist make a choice and not go on a journey that may be too difficult and unpredictable for him.

Organizational

There is an amateur and organizational (planned) type of tourism activity. If tourists decide to go hiking on their own, then all risks fall on their shoulders.

Another thing is an organized tour, where the route will be marked in advance, and possible support in the form of a professional instructor, transportation of things, organization of meals at rest stops. Planned tourism is organized by tour operators or sports clubs, which are responsible for the safety of tourists.

By number of participants

Depending on the number of participants there are different group and individual tourism. In the first case, groups are formed from 3 to 20 people, instructions are given, equipment and food rations are provided, after which the hike begins. In the second - a single tourist takes care of your own route, equipment and safety.

Important! Mostly they go on individual tours well trained athletes with extensive travel experience.

According to the age

In the Program for the Development of Sports Tourism in the Russian Federation for 2011-2018 sports tourism is divided into children's ( participants under 14 years old), youthful ( up to 18 years old), youth or student ( up to 25 years), adult (from 25 years old), as well as for tourism among old people. A distinction is made between multi-age tourism, when a group includes people of different ages and training levels.

Photo 3. A group of young tourists with equipment walking through a flower field, accompanied by adult instructors.

By travel duration

The duration of the trip affects the assignment to it difficulty categories. For the night, tourists stay in tents, at camp sites, in hotels and other places. Mostly to long-term types include hiking, skiing, mountain, cycling, auto, motorcycle, horseback riding tours, and less often - sailing tourism, speleology, rafting. Duration of one day tour measured in hours, and multi-day - by number of overnight stays.

By season

Depending on the time, tourism is divided into summer, winter and off-season. Ski sport tourism is mainly practiced in the winter season. At the same time, cycling tours or any water sports require warm weather. Pedestrian transitions are mostly practiced from May to October month.

Photo 4. Ski tourism is a winter sport; lovers of this activity practice it in the cold season.

Thus, the seasonality of sports tourism is very important factor. It can be ignored only if you move to a country with a suitable climate (for example, fly to Tibet in the summer for mountain tourism or fly to Egypt in the winter for water sports).

By use of vehicles

No trip is complete without equipment, but not everyone requires transportation.

A yacht, kayak, raft, boats and other types of watercraft are needed for water tourism. Cars, motorcycles, bicycles - for tours using them.

Such tourism usually costs more than other sports, since it requires refueling, maintenance, parking fees, etc.

Development of new types of active recreation

Every year new types of modern sports tourism appear in the world. For example, they are actively developing extreme sports: ice climbing, para-gliding, hang gliding, auto tour rally (off-road driving) and much more. Downhill skiing is popular unequipped tracks, desert racing, jungle treks for the purpose of survival.

Attention! Tourists often on one's own They think through routes and combine them with participation in various events.

Useful video

The video review talks about new extraordinary types of tourism that are gaining popularity.

Conclusion

Sports tourism can vary in complexity. You can choose for yourself any degree of load depending on physical fitness, sports category, age and skills.

Routes can be chosen independently or as part of an organized tour with mandatory compliance with all safety rules along the group's route.

Currently, there are many classifications of tourism. However, one of the main ones is the classification of tourism depending on the needs of travelers. The tourist himself is an active or passive subject of tourism activity. Tourist activities have changed over time from traditional types associated with culture, sports, to the latest, such as adventure tourism, rural tourism, etc. But more and more new species are constantly appearing.

So, let's look at the main types of tourism according to needs.

Cultural and educational tourism. It is based on the tourist’s need to expand his cultural horizons. This type of tourism introduces cultural values. At the same time, the tourist receives knowledge without coercion, of his own choice.

Cultural and educational activities can be grouped as follows:

A) getting to know different historical, architectural or cultural eras by visiting architectural monuments, museums, historical routes, etc.;
b) visiting cultural or artistic performances: music, cinema or theaters, concerts, exhibitions;
c) attending lectures, seminars, foreign language courses.

Sports tourism. There are 2 types of sports tourism: active and passive. When active, the basis is the need to engage in some kind of sport. When passive, it is interest in the sport, observation.

Sports tourism is a traditional form of activity. New forms of sports tourism have significantly revitalized it recently.

This type of tourism includes the following sports activities:

1. Water tourism, is an active form of activity known since ancient times in countries with water resources. Recently, with the emergence of new modern forms, it has been on the rise. This refers to the use of various types of vessels (sailing or motorized), which are purchased by tourists or rented. The main infrastructure of this type of tourism is the sports port.

2. Winter sport. The practice of winter sports is a traditional tourism activity. It has varieties: alpine skiing, alpine skiing, sledding, etc. As a rule, winter tourism is based on mountain winter stations.

3. Hunting and fishing. Activities related to hunting and fishing are a traditional form of tourism. However, it is carried out according to certain rules. A special license or permit is required. Hunting and fishing depend on the geographical location, time of year and relevant permits and prohibitions aimed at preserving certain species of animals and fish.

One of the hunting options is a safari in reserves in Africa. It should be noted that these 2 types of sports tourism are quite specific and have their own adherents.

4. Golf is another type of sports tourism. The practice of this type of tourism originated in the UK and then spread to other countries around the world, mainly in Europe and the USA. It should be noted that sports tourism must have a wide infrastructure. It includes rental points for sports equipment, service areas: locker rooms, technical services; the presence of special facilities: fields, courts, swimming pools, skating rinks, etc. Due to the increased risk and risk of injury, the presence of medical stations is expected. In addition, an additional service area is also needed, including accommodation, food, shops, discos, etc.

Adventure tourism. Adventure tourism can be divided into two parts: adventure sports and adventure travel.

1. Adventure sports. Currently, in addition to traditional sports, new types associated with adventure have emerged and are included in tourism activities.

Among them are:

Balloon tourism (travel in a hot air balloon);
- rock climbing;
- descent along stormy rivers - rafting;
- water skiing;
- windsurfing;
- travel on horses, motorcycles, bicycles across the plains and mountains;
- parachute descent in the mountains or into the sea;
- diving;
- snowmobiling, jet skiing.

2. Adventure travel, or adventure tourism, consists not only of sports activities with a greater or lesser degree of risk, but also of various types of travel, the routes of which take place in difficult geographical or natural conditions. For example: Amazon River, Sahara Desert, Himalaya Mountains, etc. In addition, the possible difficulties of the route may depend on vehicles, places of accommodation (accommodation), and type of food.

Tourist areas in which adventure tourism is especially popular are African savannas and deserts, mountainous regions of South America and Asia.

Business tourism. These are trips for the purpose of establishing or maintaining contacts with business partners. Business tourism covers travel for business purposes without generating income at the place of business. In contrast to leisure trips, the decision to travel on a business trip is, as a rule, made not by the tourists themselves, but by other persons (boss)

Business tourism is directly connected with large cities, where industry, trade, science and culture mainly develop. The largest cities in which these meetings and business negotiations take place are Paris, London, Frankfurt am Main, Rome, Amsterdam, Madrid, Geneva, Barcelona.

The World Tourism Organization (WTO) includes business tourism as trips to participate in congresses, general meetings of any organization of a diplomatic or other nature, conferences, industrial seminars and meetings, fairs, exhibitions and international salons, etc.

The WTO includes business tourists as truck drivers, commercial agents, flight attendants, tour guides and others who are constantly traveling and performing their professional duties outside the usual environment. All of them can be rightfully considered tourists at work.

However, business tourism is often divided into business trips; congress and exhibition; incentive tourism(from the English incentive - stimulating, encouraging).

Convention and exhibition tourism- these are tours for the purpose of participating in various events (meetings, congresses). The intensive development of this type of tourism has led to the creation of a number of organizations completely specialized in international events (“International Union of Congress Organizers”). Carrying out such events requires special preparation. Since the service includes both the provision of direct tourism services (accommodation, meals, excursions, transfers) and specific ones. It is necessary to provide a large volume of services that go beyond traditional ones: registration of congress participants, translation services, technical support, production of a large volume of printed materials (booklets, catalogs, etc.)

Incentive tourism represents trips with which the company rewards its employees for high performance in their work. Of course, productive work can also be stimulated with the help of a cash bonus. But, as practice shows, a tourist trip carries a much stronger incentive to do better work. This form of labor encouragement has proven itself especially well in insurance and banking companies, and in trading enterprises. The results of a survey conducted among UK commercial firms showed that more than 90% of them recognize the high effectiveness of the incentive and intend to use it in the future. Unlike mass tours, incentive programs are developed for a specific corporate customer and, as a rule, involve high-quality accommodation and service along the route. And although “award” tourists make up only 5-7% of the total tourist flow, the share of incentives in countries’ tourism income is much larger. This is explained by the high cost of incentive programs compared to regular tours.

Curative (medical) tourism. It is based on the need to treat various diseases. Medical tourism has several varieties, characterized by different means of influencing the human body (climate therapy; sea therapy; milk therapy). Often, several types of influence can be used simultaneously during treatment.

One of the types of medical tourism is balneological tourism, known since ancient times, which is associated with thermal and medicinal waters. Currently, mud therapy and thalassotherapy (algae wrap using mineral water) are actively developing.