Briefing for flight attendants

Security Council informs all flight attendants about the current situation.

If there is enough time, the briefing can be held at the front of the aircraft.

To prepare the passenger cabin for an emergency landing, it is necessary

full lighting.

Information for passengers

The captain of the ship informs the passengers about the situation that has arisen on board. If this is requested by the Security Council, it may use the established passenger information texts.

Preparation of work areas.

Remove all loose items, including newspapers and magazines (put in a bag).

Close and lock toilets, remove video monitors, remove baby cradles.

Fix kitchen equipment (containers, trolleys, etc.).

Turn off all electrical equipment, pull out the fuses.

Lock all compartments and wardrobes.

Open and fasten curtains, tear them down if possible.

Clear the escape routes from any items (hand luggage, etc.).

Doors and ladders

Door selectors must be in the “ARMED” position

Helper Passengers

When choosing assistant passengers, preference is given to crew members of any airlines that follow passengers, as well as other airline employees.

Assistance passengers must sit in emergency exit seats, in vacant cabin crew seats, and next to passengers who require additional assistance (disabled, unaccompanied minors).

When transferring assistant passengers, it is necessary to convince other passengers to give up their seats to them.

Passenger preparation information

The Security Council reads the stages of preparation for an emergency landing according to the instructions in accordance with the text of the emergency information. If there is little time for preparation, then the Security Council selects only those items that are necessary in this particular emergency.

The flight attendants themselves carry out and check the fulfillment by the passengers of the instructions of the Security Council, successively transmitting a signal about the completion of each stage of preparation:

Put the backs of the chairs in a vertical position, remove the folding tables,

steps and individual video monitors to: clear escape routes,

take a safety posture, avoid injury when landing.

Remove ties, unbutton collars to avoid breathing difficulties.

Outerwear. Wear in accordance with external conditions.

Punching and cutting objects, glasses, dentures must be removed and placed in hand luggage. If time is short, then these items can be placed between the seats of the chairs. The placement of these items in the pockets of the front seats is prohibited.

Hand luggage must be placed under the seats in front of you.

Light items are placed on the luggage racks (as an exception, there may be

restrooms used). In case of evacuation hand luggage

must be left on board the aircraft. Remove shoes, place them on a shelf or under the seat in front, so as not to damage the inflatable ladders and rafts.

Demonstrate emergency exits.

Emergency lighting.

Flight attendants must demonstrate a light path (if any) and

illuminated exit boards.

Emergency landing.

The use of stairways and wing exits should be explained.

Water landing.

Life jackets must be put on before landing on the water. The vests are inflated: just before leaving the aircraft through the door or after leaving the aircraft through the escape hatch (prematurely inflated vest will interfere with the adoption of a safe posture, evacuation and may be damaged during evacuation).

Life jackets for small children must be inflated by the accompanying person immediately after the aircraft stops. The infant life cot is inflated before leaving the aircraft.

Safe Posture.

Passengers need to explain the meaning of the command SAFETY POSITION and that it may sound shortly before landing. It is necessary to demonstrate to passengers a safe posture: while the security officer explains how to take a safe posture, flight attendants, sitting on the back of the first row seat in their area, demonstrate it. In first and business class cabins, a safe posture is demonstrated by flight attendants standing in the aisles. The safe position for the baby is individually explained to the accompanying person.

Warn passengers to expect several strong

jolts, and they should remain in their seats with their seat belts fastened until the aircraft comes to a halt.

Explain the start of the evacuation: at the command of the flight attendants, you need to unfasten the seat belts and

quickly run to the nearest exit.

Seatbelt.

After demonstrating the harness and training in its use,

require passengers to fasten their seat belts tightly at hip level

(A prematurely fastened seat belt will make it difficult for the passenger to prepare.)

Safety instructions for passengers.

Assistant passengers.

The briefing of the passenger-assistant includes: opening the exits; help downstairs at the ladder; providing assistance on the wing of the aircraft and on the ground; assistance to disabled passengers; collection of passengers at a safe distance; assistance to passengers who need it (the elderly, the sick, children).

Last readiness check

Flight attendants must make sure that the cabins and kitchens are fully prepared for an emergency landing.

Uniform

Wear a full set of uniforms to distinguish yourself as a member of the crew. Remove metal emblems and name badges. Flight attendants remove their shoes at the time of informing passengers during training, or at the time of the last readiness check.

Passenger cabin lighting

Upon completion of the preparation, the lighting of the salons must correspond to the external

conditions at the time of landing.

Removable emergency equipment

Make sure emergency equipment is available. All equipment is in place until it is needed after landing.

End of preparation

The flight attendants must report to the SB, SB - to the commander of the ship.

Flight attendant seat

Take your seat and have a 30 second mood.

Carrying out evacuation

Evacuation does not always follow preparations for an emergency landing.

If an evacuation becomes necessary, flight attendants must

start it after the command "PASSENGER EVACUATION" in accordance with the "Instruction

for the evacuation"

In case of a sudden accident, the crew and flight attendants have little or no time to prepare passengers and the passenger cabin for an emergency (emergency) landing. Therefore, as soon as it became clear that the situation on the aircraft was emergency and a forced (emergency) landing would occur in a few seconds (minutes), the PIC should command the passengers to take an emergency landing position using the GCS. For example, "Bend down and grab your knees with your hands! Use soft things to protect your head and torso from blows! Group up! "

This is the minimum that can be done to prepare passengers for impact at the time of landing in almost any situation.

In civil aviation, there are generally accepted security measures, according to which, during takeoff, landing, when the aircraft passes through the turbulence zone, passengers must be in their seats fastened with seat belts, while the seatbacks must be brought to a vertical position, the table is closed (fixed), and flight attendants must verify that passengers comply with these security measures, which is their responsibility. Therefore, if a sudden accident occurs during takeoff, landing or while passing through turbulence, the command to take an emergency landing position will be an additional safety measure to those already taken previously and routine for each flight. After an emergency landing, the crew must act in accordance with the emergency schedule.

ACTIONS OF THE CREW AND FLIGHT ATTENDANTS IN THE GROUND ACCIDENT

The actions of the crew in case of an accident on the ground are regulated by the AFM of a specific aircraft (section "Actions in emergency situations"), but the general provisions for all aircraft are the same.

In the event of an emergency on board the aircraft that threatens the safety of passengers and crew members, while parking, taxiing, takeoff run, run after landing, when there is no time to perform preparatory operations, crew members (including flight attendants) are required to take all measures to immediate evacuation of passengers, without waiting for the arrival of the ground rescue team, and take them to a distance of at least 100 m from the nearest part of the aircraft.

As soon as it is established that the situation on the aircraft is emergency (crew members must report to the PIC about the appearance of smoke, fire or other deviations from normal conditions), the PIC must immediately instruct the crew, including flight attendants, to act according to the emergency schedule in case of a forced landing on land.

At the same time, the PIC must give a command to the flight attendants to start evacuating passengers from the aircraft (after the aircraft has stopped, if it was in motion at the time of the emergency).

In the event of an emergency in the parking lot (for example, a fire) while the PIC is absent, immediately start evacuating passengers from the aircraft. As soon as the situation allows, the PIC is obliged to directly supervise the evacuation of passengers in accordance with the emergency schedule after an emergency landing on land. The duties of flight crew members and flight attendants are the same as for an emergency landing on land.

A. After careful briefing of passengers, and if conditions so require, the covers from the emergency exit hatches should be removed and stored in the kitchen or in the lavatories. During a forced landing on water, exits should not be opened, which may be below the water level after the aircraft has landed.

B. In the event of a fire on an aircraft, emergency exits may only be opened at strictly specified times.

B. The need to clear the cabin of smoke in some cases determines which exits should be opened.

D. If it is impossible to open the emergency exit, you should knock out the window with an emergency ax.

Actions of the crew before leaving the aircraft

If it is dark in the cockpit, the emergency lighting should be turned on before landing.

As soon as the plane stops, you need to open the appropriate exits and start evacuating passengers from the plane.

radio transmitter

Due to the fact that during a forced landing the rear of the aircraft suffers less damage than the front, it is in the tail of the aircraft that the emergency radio transmitter "Jibson Girl" or other portable radio station is placed, which can be used by people who do not have any radio training.

If the aircraft radio was not damaged during landing, then you can use it to establish communication.

Air accident - an event related to the operation of an aircraft that occurred while passengers or crew members were on board, which resulted in damage or destruction of the aircraft and caused injury to people or did not cause bodily injury.

Depending on the location of the accident, aviation accidents are divided into:

1. flight accident- an event related to the performance of a flight task by the crew and entailing consequences of varying severity for the people on board the aircraft (injury or death) or the aircraft itself (damage or destruction).

2. ground incident- an accident that took place before or after the flight.

Depending on the consequences of the incident for passengers, crew and aircraft, flight and ground accidents are divided into the following:

1. Breaking- an aviation accident, which was not followed by the death of crew members and passengers, resulting in damage to the aircraft, the repair of which is possible and economically feasible.

2. Accident- an aviation accident that did not result in the death of crew members and passengers, but led to the complete destruction or severe damage to the aircraft, as a result of which its restoration is technically and economically impossible and impractical.

3. Catastrophe- an aviation accident that resulted in the death of crew members or passengers in the event of destruction or damage to the aircraft, as well as the death of people from injuries that occurred within 30 days from the moment of the accident.

World statistics show that almost 50% of air crashes occur on the airfield. In other cases, accidents occur in the air at various altitudes, and an aircraft in distress causes the death of not only passengers and crew, but also people on the ground.

Civil aviation accidents, which seem to be very frequent and dramatic compared to other transport accidents, are characterized by low average loss rates. At the same time, in aviation accidents, the size of losses can reach 80-90% of the total number of people on the aircraft.

Aviation accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons and lead to serious consequences. During takeoff and landing accidents, there is hope of saving people, since accidents usually occur when the aircraft is still on the ground or not high above it, and its speed is relatively low. Moreover, they tend to happen in the area around the airport, where there are rescue teams and the necessary equipment.

All causes of air transport accidents are divided into groups:

1. Human factor - errors of the crew or air traffic control, poor health or fatigue of pilots. Recently, the reason has become relevant - the blinding of pilots from the ground with light pointers, lanterns.

2. Technical factor - failure, malfunction or breakdown of on-board equipment, poor fuel quality.

3. Bad weather conditions - fog, rain, cold snap, high humidity.

4. Terrorist act - seizure of a ship, explosion, sabotage.

emergency equipment

This is a set of means in an aircraft designed to prevent injury to passengers and crew and ensure their emergency evacuation and rescue in the event of an emergency landing of the aircraft on land or water.

Emergency and rescue equipment consists of means of fixing people, emergency exits for passengers and crew, marking means, external and internal emergency lighting systems, communication and warning systems for passengers, auxiliary means for evacuating people to the ground.

Main and emergency exits

1. Main doors for the entry and exit of passengers, they are performed on the left side of the aircraft, and with more than 250 passengers, the exits can be located on both sides. The door height depends on the fuselage diameter and is equal to 1400-1830 mm. The width of the door must be at least 860 mm; on wide-body aircraft, to reduce entry and exit times, the doors are often made so wide that 2 people can enter them at the same time. The threshold at the door is not allowed, the doorway from below is limited by the floor plane. During an emergency evacuation of the aircraft, the main doors count towards the number of emergency exits.

2. For emergency evacuation of the aircraft, emergency exits are made on both sides of the aircraft, 510x1100 mm in size, located on the left and right sides. The number of emergency exits depends on the number of passengers. The number and size of emergency exits must be such that when leaving the aircraft, with 50% of all exits open, including the main ones, evacuation is carried out in 90 seconds. It has been established that if there are two main exits on the left side and two emergency exits on the right side, 120-160 passengers leave the aircraft in 30 seconds. Aircraft have at least two emergency hatches for access to the wing. To ensure an exit when landing an aircraft on the water, at least two upper emergency hatches must be made to exit to the top of the fuselage at the rate of 1 hatch for 35 passengers.

All main, service and emergency exits are used for emergency exit of the aircraft by passengers and crew. Exits for passengers, approaches to them and means of opening are prominently marked to facilitate their detection. All inscriptions are illuminated from the inside, regardless of the main lighting system. The devices of emergency hatches and their locks are simple, noticeable and do not require much effort to open. Instructions for opening them are printed on the doors (hatches).

Individual and group life-saving equipment on board the aircraft.

When flying over water, emergency equipment is supplemented by individual and group rescue craft.

Personal lifeboats include:

• life jackets;
• pillows with constant buoyancy;

Group rescue boats

• Inflatable rafts.
• Combined ladder-rafts: a combined aid used both to facilitate the descent of passengers during evacuation from emergency exits after an emergency landing on the ground, and to keep a group of passengers afloat after an emergency exit from an aircraft that has made a forced landing on the water.
  The weight of one raft for 6 people complete with equipment and meals for 3 days is 15 kg. Group rafts can accommodate from 6 to 25 people.

• Inflatable emergency ladder. Such a ladder must be on board if the main and emergency exits are located high above the ground. Its mass together with the balloon is 40-45 kg. A place for it is given near the front door or emergency hatch.

Actions of passengers on board an aircraft during an accident and an emergency

In the event of an emergency situation, pilots try to the last to avoid a disaster, so it is strictly forbidden to panic, scream, get up from your chair and run around the cabin. By doing this, you will only distract the crew, which will worsen the already dangerous situation on board.

Passenger actions if the aircraft enters the turbulence zone.

Often during the flight, the aircraft can get into an air pocket, resulting in shaking and strong vibration on board. This situation is called turbulence. Fasten your seat belt and follow the instructions of the crew members exactly. Do not stand still - this can lead to injury.

Passenger actions in the event of an accident during takeoff and landing

1. Bring the back of the chair to an upright position.

2. Remove glasses, high-heeled shoes, loosen a tie, unbutton a collar, remove sharp objects from pockets.

3. Put soft things on your knees, adjust the seat belt and fasten it.

4. Lean forward, lower your head down, rest your hands on the back of the seat in front of you (in its absence, grab your knees with your hands and put your head on them).

5. Leaving the plane through the exit with the ladder released and inflated, you need to jump on it without stopping, and not sit on the edge and then slide down. Only by jumping is an increase in the speed of evacuation achieved. Take off your goggles and high heels before jumping.

6. During decompression, i.e. rarefied air in the cabin of the aircraft as a result of depressurization, the aircraft is filled with dust and fog. Visibility is sharply reduced, air quickly leaves the lungs of a person, and it cannot be delayed. At the same time, ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur.

Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air escapes). In this case, without waiting for the command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help anyone before you put on the mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and pass out, then both will be without oxygen. Fasten your seat belts immediately after donning your mask and prepare for a steep descent.

Actions of air passengers in case of fire

1. Listen and follow the commands of the crew members.

2. Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire, using existing clothing, blankets, etc..

3. Crouch down and crawl to the exit on all fours.

4. If the passage is blocked, move over the lowered backs of the aircraft seats.

5. Once outside the aircraft, move as far away from it as possible.

When evacuating, get rid of hand luggage and avoid exit through hatches near which there is open fire or heavy smoke.

Actions during a forced (emergency) landing of an aircraft on water

Forced landing of an aircraft on the water is rare. Before sinking, the aircraft can be afloat from 10 to 40 minutes. However, if the fuselage is damaged, this time is much shorter. Aircraft with wing-mounted engines will float in a horizontal position, while those with two or more tail-mounted engines will float tail down. In one case, the plane can touch the water surface very smoothly, in the other, it can fall apart and quickly sink.

After a forced landing on the water, life rafts descend. The time to bring the raft into working condition is approximately 1 minute in summer and 3 minutes in winter.

When splashing down, it is necessary to clearly act on the command of the crew commander or flight attendant.

1. Be careful, before flying over the water surface, the flight attendant always instructs on the correct use of an inflatable life jacket.

2. Follow all crew instructions during an accident.

3. Put on warm clothes or take it with you.

4. Remove and put on the life jacket with the pockets facing forward.

5. It is forbidden to inflate the vest in the cabin. This will make evacuation more difficult.

6. Take a seat on the life raft.

7. Once in the water, pull the pin to automatically inflate the vest.

8. Using oars and available items, move away from the dive site of the aircraft. After that, it is necessary to straighten and throw overboard a floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of the raft drift in the wind and will keep those fleeing in the area of ​​the accident.

9. It is advisable for all survivors to stay together, so you will be detected faster and you can keep warm longer.

Statistics say that aviation is the safest mode of transport. On average, just over 3,000 people die in aviation accidents worldwide every year. For comparison, I will cite the same statistics of traffic accidents that claim more than 30,000 lives per year in our country alone. Why, then, do we sigh with such relief when the plane, having completed its short flight, touches the landing gear of the concrete runway of the airfield? Probably because plane crashes, if they happen, leave airline passengers with very little chance of survival.

But do they leave? Yes. And the more prepared a person is for self-rescue in a plane crash, the higher they are. An example of this is the disaster that occurred in 1974 with the B707 aircraft at Samoan Payu Payu Airport. Of the 102 passengers, only five survived. The commission of inquiry concluded that they survived only because they carefully read the memos and listened to the instructions of the stewardess before the flight. During the accident, most of the escaping passengers rushed to the front doors, blocking the narrow passage with their bodies. Panic and stampede began, depriving them of hopes of salvation.

Five attentive passengers did not rush to the doors, but preferred, as recommended by the stewardess, to use the emergency exit leading to the wing of the aircraft. The rest paid a heavy price for their disregard for official instructions. The most hopeless from the point of view of survival should be recognized as air crashes associated with explosions of aircraft in the air, collisions of airliners. Slightly more likely to survive uncontrolled falls to the ground.

The only thing that can be advised here is to strictly follow the instructions of the crew. Fasten the belts, and adjust them to your size so that they do not hang on the body and are as low as possible, preferably almost on the hips. Put crossed arms on the back of the chair in front of you, tilt, press your head against them, stretch your legs and rest them on the floor or front seat. In another recommended position in case of an accident, which seems to me more convincing, you should clasp your hands with your elbows with the passengers sitting next to you, protect your head with your palms (or, covering your head with them, rest your elbows on the back of the front seat), put a folded blanket on your knees and under your stomach, a coat, a bag with soft things to create the most voluminous soft buffer, bend over, firmly press your chin to your chest and rest your knees on the back of the front seat.

From glasses, earrings, brooches, pens, keys, etc. it is better to get rid of pocket change so that subsequently doctors do not have to cut and pick them out of your body. Scarves, scarves, ties, chains and laces around the neck are dangerous, which, catching on a random protrusion, can strangle you. At the moment of impact, it is necessary to strain all the muscles as much as possible, especially in the forward and downward direction, from where, most likely, a push will follow. Until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not leave the seat and do not unfasten the seat belts. After the first blow, a second and third, more crushing, may follow.

Leaving the plane after a plane crash should be both through the main and through the emergency hatches. These hatches are located, as a rule, in each cabin. Unfortunately, the experience of accidents shows that passengers tend to leave the plane the same way they got into it. And they die in traffic jams formed at the entrances. For descent from the crashed aircraft to the ground, special ropes with knots and inflatable ladders are provided, which are two balloons inflated with air with a bottom stretched between them. One end of the ladder is fixed in the plane, the other rests on the ground. Passengers sit down (jump during a quick evacuation) on the floor and slide down it.

It is necessary to see emergency hatches and understand how they work before the start of a flight or a plane crash. Most hatches are opened by turning the handle down, after which the door is pulled into the cabin and moved to the side. In order not to damage the rubber surfaces of the ladder, women must take off their high-heeled shoes before boarding it. You should not hold on to the side edged cord (so as not to get burned) and linger at the bottom of the ladder, preventing other passengers from descending. In case of landing on water, each aircraft is equipped with collective and individual rescue equipment - life rafts and life jackets. Life jackets are stored in the seat of aircraft seats, from below.

The aviation life jacket (ASJ) has two chambers isolated from each other (front and rear), each of which has a separate valve for blowing. The vest is put on over the head. For fastening on a body special belts are provided. To attract the attention of rescuers - whistle and emergency. The weight of the vest is 950 grams, the positive buoyancy is 15 kilograms. There is a first aid kit on board to provide medical assistance. Flight attendants and crew members are trained in first aid.

Actions during depressurization of the aircraft in the air and decompression.

Air crashes at an altitude of more than seven thousand meters are often accompanied by decompression. At first, passengers hear a deafening roar, characteristic of a massive air leak from the passenger compartment. The surrounding area is filled with dust and fog, causing visibility to drop sharply. Separate loose objects and things can fly around the cabin. From the lungs, all the air located there is very quickly drawn out, which is impossible to hold by force, no matter how hard the chest is. At the same time, the eardrums are overloaded, which is accompanied by pain and noise in the ears, intestines, where internal gases expand, causing sharp pains. After a few seconds, the person loses consciousness from suffocation.

The only way to avoid losing consciousness when the aircraft depressurizes is to instantly use the oxygen mask, which is usually stored in the back of the seat in front, by putting it on the face. Just by putting it on, and not pressing it to your mouth, it is enough to lose consciousness for a small moment, which can happen with oxygen replenishment, so that it falls out of a weakened hand. Until the moment you put on a mask, you cannot try to help other people. Even if it's your loved one or your child. No matter how blasphemous it sounds, but the first concern should be about your health. What's the point if you rush to them first and die before you can help. First, save yourself, then, while maintaining consciousness and capacity, you will be able to help others.

Fasten the straps immediately after attaching the mask. The first thing the crew will do is send the aircraft that has lost pressure down, which can cause you to be thrown out of your seat. The safest places in accidents involving forced landings are located closer to the rear of the fuselage, but not in the tail itself. When an aircraft explodes and breaks up in the air, there are, of course, no safe places. All these places are falling from the same height and with the same acceleration. And yet, even in such a hopeless situation as a free fall from a height of several kilometers, people manage to survive.

Getting on the plane, for security reasons, it is necessary.

- Study the memos, listen to the instructions of the crew.
- Fasten the belt, adjusting it to the figure.
- When the aircraft depressurizes, immediately put on an oxygen mask, help the neighbors do it.
- In case of an emergency landing, remove earrings, glasses and throw away other sharp and breakable objects.
- Take a security position, bow your head, rest your elbows and knees on the front seat, put soft things under your stomach and chest.
- In case of a crush at the exit - use the emergency exit.

It is forbidden.

- clutter up the top shelves with heavy things
- Unfasten your belts, get up before the command.
- Help others before putting on the oxygen mask.
- Give in to panic.

Actions during an emergency landing of an aircraft in the event of a plane crash.

After a plane crash and forced landing, the surviving passengers should follow the instructions of the crew, who are trained in actions in such extreme conditions. But even before that, without waiting for a separate invitation, it is necessary to run away from the plane that has made an emergency landing, so as not to fall under a possible explosion, lie down on the ground behind some kind of obstacle and cover your head with your hands. And do not get up before the command of the crew. Or until the plane cools down and the fuel spilled on the ground evaporates.

After that, if another team does not follow, the passengers should get together, carry the wounded to a safe distance from the crashed aircraft and provide them with first aid (at first, people with severe arterial and venous bleeding and airways clogged with foreign objects, then with fractures, wounds and other injuries), separate from the bulk of the people who died, inspect the wreckage of the aircraft and the surrounding area in order to search for items useful for survival, build a temporary shelter that protects from wind and precipitation.

These are priority actions, until the completion of which it is inappropriate to engage in others. It is only later that you can analyze the place where you are, for topographical hazards and the convenience of your stay, and try to find a safer one. In no case do not go far from the wreckage of the aircraft, unless it is caused by a real need. The first thing they will do is follow the route of the missing airliner. Thanks to the scattered, clearly visible debris from the air and damage to the natural appearance of the terrain, they will quickly find it, but if you went into the distant forests and dispersed in twos, threes in all directions, you will still have to gather.

Any search for places suitable for survival should be made only in the daytime and only in pairs or threes. Solo walking is not allowed. While the scouts are searching, everyone else should warm up and kindle as much as possible. Fire, besides heat, is important as a moral support factor. The sight of fire always calms and inspires hope. In addition, the fire facilitates the search for the crash site, as it is visible from the air for ten or more kilometers. When distributing duties and work, it should be borne in mind that the wounded and injured people require the most attention.

Children, despite their seeming insecurity, are physically very hardy (remember preschoolers who, in severe frost, with laughter, stuff snow into each other's collars and then manage not to get sick! Yes, an adult would die in their place.), But they are weak in spirit, so they need support. Old people, on the contrary, are physically weak, but this is more than compensated by their life experience and moral endurance. Women are simply an example of endurance and patience, but it is important for them to participate in their fate of the stronger sex, and most importantly, rational leadership.

In situations of a plane crash, when the crew of the aircraft died, it is important that a leader stand out from among the confused passengers. He must inspire confidence with all his appearance and behavior, give orders without a hint of doubt in his voice, even if he does not know what to do in the next minute. Anarchy is much worse than the most short-sighted one-man command. There are usually no problems with self-promotion to a managerial position in extreme conditions of an accident. Confused people will only be glad that someone will take responsibility for their lives. To avoid possible mistakes, the commander must rely on the advice of the most experienced survivors.

Aircraft fire action.

Fire is the next most dangerous type of air crash. Lightweight for obvious reasons, fuel tanks and tens of tons of fuel contained in them contribute little to fire safety. No wonder every fifth aviation accident is accompanied by a subsequent fire. And that is why it is so important to comply with flight instructions that categorically prohibit the transport of flammable combustibles and explosives on aircraft. Air fire regulations are more stringent than land fire regulations. It is understandable - in the cabin of an aircraft burning at an altitude of 10 thousand meters, you cannot pull the stop crane and jump out the window. In addition, an additional provocateur of ignition here is the rarefaction of the atmosphere caused by altitude, which significantly increases the evaporation of volatile liquids.

In the event of a fire in an airplane, you must quickly get rid of combustible and melting under the influence of fire synthetic clothing. For example, women from pantyhose. But outerwear made of poorly burning natural materials, on the contrary, should be worn to protect themselves from the heat of the flame. For the same purpose, and to protect the legs from possible splinters, wear shoes. Definitely non-combustible hats. If there is, throw a blanket or blanket on top. Attempts to extinguish a fire with the help of on-board fire fighting equipment (the location of which is better to know in advance) are not forbidden.

It is necessary to protect the respiratory tract from smoke with rags soaked in water, milk, juice, urine. With strong smoke, it is better to move on all fours near the floor. If the passage is blocked, crawl over the lowered backs of the aircraft seats. Emergency hatches should not be opened if smoke and fire are visible behind them. And yet, in the course of all these actions, we must not forget that everything is not going so badly. That, according to statistics, out of a hundred people who became victims of a secondary fire that broke out after a forced landing, seventy, in spite of everything, survive. Good odds? Well, that means everything will be fine!

Based on the materials of the book "School of Survival in Accidents and Natural Disasters".
Andrei Ilyichev.