Submarines of Russia and the world photo, video watch online. "Antey", a submarine: technical characteristics of nuclear submarines in the Russian fleet

American Holland-class submarine

    It was built by the American firm Electric Boat & Co at the Barnet Yard shipyard in Vancouver (Canada) by order of Great Britain. It was bought by Russia, and in the form of separate sections it was transported from the USA to Vladivostok, and then delivered by rail to Nikolaev to the Naval plant, where it was laid down on March 28, 1917 under the designation "AG-21". The work on assembling the ship was led by representatives of the American company mechanical engineer R. Gilmore and electrical engineer T. Graves. Shortly before the start of the revolution in October 1917, the submarine was launched. As a result of the Troubles that began and the ensuing Civil War, and then foreign intervention, the submarine rapidly changed owners: in April 1918, the ship that had already entered service could not leave Sevastopol and fell into the hands of the Germans, after they left the Crimea, the submarine became part of the Naval Forces South of Russia, after which on November 24, 1918 it was captured by the Anglo-French invaders.

    On April 26, 1919, during the evacuation of the armed contingent of the Entente countries from the Crimea, on the orders of the British command, AG-21, among other 11 Russian submarines, was sunk near Sevastopol. The submarine was taken to the raid with the help of the tug "Elizaveta", and, having opened the hatches and breaking through the side, they flooded.

    In 1926, the submarine was found at the bottom by the EPRON ship-lifting party. She lay at the bottom near Sevastopol, heavily sucked into the silt, with a list of 40 ° at a depth of 50 m. Ship-raising work continued for a long time (from the end of 1926 to the first half of 1928); despite the fact that the submarine had a 0.5 m hole in its side, the AG-21 became the only Russian submarine sunk by the British, which, after lifting, was subject to restoration.

    On May 21 (according to some reports on January 5), 1928, the submarine was finally raised by EPRON, restored, and on December 30, 1930, the submarine under the command of Bebeshin Mikhail Ivanovich became part of the Black Sea Naval Forces. On February 3, 1931, she received the name "Metallist" (tail number 16).

    On June 8, 1931, the submarine, performing a training torpedo attack, was rammed by the target ship, the destroyer Frunze, and sank at a depth of 28 meters at the mouth of the Belbek River. At the time of the accident, future admirals were on board the destroyer - navigator S. Gorshkov, miner L. Kournikov and artilleryman N. Kharlamov. The accident killed 24 people from the crew of the submarine. Nine managed to escape; six surfaced with an air bubble at the time of the death of the submarine (assistant commander A.A. Kuznetsov, boatswain V. Chuloshnikov, torpedo foreman A.D. Mezentsev, senior helmsman M.S. Datsyunov, helmsman P.D. Maistryuk and hold F.K. . Tatarinov), three (foreman electricians A. Mamutov, foreman motorists V. Nizhny and orderly N. Babarykin) were removed 42 hours later from the aft compartment after the ship was lifted. Submarine commander Bibeshin and two other crew members, trying to reach the surface, went missing. Obviously, they died during the ascent. The investigation found that the cause of the disaster was the gross mistakes made by the submarine commander in managing the boat and crew in a critical situation. Two days later, the submarine was raised and after repairs on January 1, 1932, under the command of Kudryashov Sergey Sergeevich was re-commissioned. In September 1932, a 76-mm dynamo-reactive gun of the Kurchevsky system was tested at Metallist.

    On September 15, 1934, the submarine received the designation "A-5", and in 1936 - 1938 it was overhauled and modernized.

    On June 22, 1941, the submarine met as part of the 6th division of the 2nd brigade of the submarine of the Black Sea Fleet, being under repair in Sevastopol. With the entry of the ship into service on June 27, a senior lieutenant (then lieutenant commander) was appointed commander of the A-5 Kukuy Grigory Aronovich .

    On August 2, 1941, having completed repairs, A-5 moved to its permanent base in Poti, from where it began servicing patrol positions on the approaches to Poti and Batumi.

    On February 27, 1942, the submarine arrived in Sevastopol, from where it headed for the Odessa region on March 5 (position No. 32). On March 12, the impact of storm waves on the submarine broke the feather of the stern horizontal rudders and bent the stock, which forced her to interrupt her patrol and return to the base ahead of schedule, and then go to Poti for emergency repairs.

    The eighth military campaign was marked by success. Since the evening of June 10, "A-5" patrolled the area of ​​​​position number 31 near Odessa. During daylight hours, the submarine maneuvered on the approaches to the port, and at nightfall it went to the eastern part of the position to charge the battery. On the afternoon of June 11, 1942, in A-5, she attacked a transport from the convoy and achieved a torpedo hit on it. Fortunately for the Romanian ship "Ardeal" (5695 brt) with a cargo of Luftwaffe property, it managed to throw itself into the shallows, and was soon raised, and after restoration put into operation. The German minesweepers escorting the Ardeal subjected the attacking submarine to a 20-minute pursuit, dropping 18 depth charges. An hour after the attack, the submariners, observing its result, were again discovered, the boat dropped 3 depth charges. As a result of the bombing on the A-5, the gyrocompass went out of position, the hatch cover lock was deformed, and a number of measuring instruments were damaged. The submarine remained in position for another week, after which it arrived safely in Tuapse.

    On July 18, 1942, A-5 entered the next, ninth, military campaign. She was supposed to change to the position "A-3". The area of ​​action - the boat approaches to Odessa was well known. On the morning of July 25, when the submarine remained in position for only two days, it was blown up on the anti-sweeper tube of one of the S-33 mines. (On these mines, exposed by the Romanian minelayers "Dacia" and "Murgescu" on June 25, 1942 - 260 German mines UMB, on August 24 the submarine "M-33" died, and on September 26 "M-60"). At the time of the explosion, the A-5 was submerged. After that, the lights went out almost everywhere on the submarine, the vertical and stern horizontal rudders jammed, the right line of the shaft. A combat alert was immediately announced, but two minutes later the A-5 lay down on the ground at a depth of 23 meters. By evening, almost all the damage inside the rugged hull had been repaired. With the onset of darkness, all the holds were drained; they did not do this during the day, fearing the appearance of an oil stain on the surface. At night, "A-5" moved into a positional position. It was only 7 miles to the coast. The night was quiet and starry; searchlights illuminated the sea surface from the shore. The commander of "A-5" decided first of all to go further into the sea. Immediately on the boat they were able to move under the left engine, but then it turned out that the ship did not obey the helm and rolled to the right, and when the engine stopped, to the left. So with the pushes of the A-5 she was able to go another two miles to the sea. During this time, the crew managed to ventilate the interior. Soon the moon rose, and on the bridge of the boat they heard the sound of aircraft engines. It was no longer possible to stay on the surface, and the A-5 plunged to a depth of 25 meters.

    The next night the submarine surfaced. In the ISA-M instruments, the commander of the BS-5 and the boatswain went down under the water and found out the nature of the damage. The right feather of the aft horizontal rudders, together with the stock and the fence, were bent down at an angle of about 60 degrees; the lower half of the vertical rudder blade, together with the guard, is turned to the left; one of the blades of the right propeller turned out to be bent into the stern and touched the right feather of the stern horizontal rudders.

    In order for the A-5 to be able to reach the base, it was necessary to cut off the bent part of the propeller blade and take the horizontal rudders to the ascent. Having created the maximum possible trim on the nose, the crew proceeded to repair the damage. From time to time, the water area was illuminated by searchlights from the shore, several times the sound of an engine of a flying aircraft was heard in the sky. Fortunately, the submarine was not seen by the enemy, otherwise the A-5 would have to urgently dive, and the people working in the stern would have died.

    Soon we managed to turn the left line of the shaft. The submarine set sail and moved away from the coast for another 4.5 miles, where it lay on the ground until the next nightfall.

    Communication with the base, where "A-5" was already considered dead, was restored only on August 1. Having assessed the situation, the command sent the minesweeper T-204 (Shield) to help the submarine; under his escort at dawn on August 4, "A-5" returned to Ochemchiri.

    The emergency repair of the boat took 22 months. During this time, the commander was replaced on it. On October 3, 1942, Lieutenant Commander Kukuy was appointed commander of Shch-212, and on December 29, 1942, Lieutenant Commander became commander of A-5 Matveev Vasily Ivanovich .

    The first combat campaign after the repair of "A-5" was made in February 1944. The submarine operated off the southern coast of Crimea (positions No. 108 and 109). For the young commander, “the first pancake came out lumpy” - having met a convoy of five ships on the night of February 21, the submarine was unable to carry out the attack.

    In the future, the actions of the submarine were more aggressive; having taken an active part in the operation to liberate the Crimea, "A-5" made three combat campaigns, in which she carried out six torpedo attacks with the release of ten torpedoes (more than any other of the Black Sea submarines operating on enemy communications in April-May 1944) .

    On the morning of April 14, "A-5", operating to the west of Cape Khersones (part of position No. 7), attacked the landing barge "F-342", which was going to Sevastopol. Explosions were soon recorded on the submarine, but two torpedoes fired by the submarine from a distance of only 3.5 cables passed under the hull of the shallow-draught ship. In response, the submarine was counterattacked, fortunately, 30 depth charges exploded at a safe distance from the ship. The A-5 also experienced a long pursuit of enemy boats and aircraft in the morning of the next day, when 72 depth charges were dropped on it in five hours. On the morning of April 23, "A-5" was attacked by a large hunter "Uj-103" at the moment when it was bombed by Soviet aircraft. Probably, the explosions of aerial bombs and the lack of pursuit on the submarine were considered as a sign of hitting the target.

    On May 2, A-5 again goes to sea for operations west of Cape Khersones (southern part of position No. 7), but the next day the submarine damaged the propeller on an unknown floating object and was forced to return to the base. Already on May 8, after a short repair, the submarine headed for the area southwest of Cape Sarych (position No. 10). The goal was not long in coming. Just 9 hours after the submarine began patrolling the position on May 11, at the point 43 ° 35 "N / 32 ° 10" E. "A-5" made a torpedo attack on a single landing barge. An explosion was recorded on the submarine, but the enemy does not comment on the result of the attack, the possible outcome of which could be damage to the F-568 landing barge (sunk during a Soviet air raid on Constanta on August 20, 1944), or the destruction of the F-581 barge (the circumstances of the death not installed in May 1944). While trying to surface, the submarine was attacked by aircraft. The bombs he dropped slightly damaged the stern horizontal rudders of the submarine. After two and a half hours, having risen to the surface, the submarine found floating debris and an abandoned boat at the site of the attack. However, these could be traces of other failures of the German evacuation of Sevastopol.

    The next day, the A-5 lays down on a combat course twice. In the morning, A-5 unsuccessfully attacked the Hungarian transport Kassa, and in the afternoon torpedoes were fired at the big hunter Uj-318. In both cases, the torpedoes missed their target, as did the depth charges dropped in response. In a number of sources, the objects of the A-5 attacks on May 12 are the Romanian transport Durostor (1309 brt) and the German schooner Seelferd; both ships died off the coast of Crimea under Soviet air strikes on May 12 and April 13, 1944.

    On the night of May 13, 1944, "A-5" fired the last remaining torpedo at the enemy from a distance of 15 cables to no avail. For her, it was the last torpedo in the war.

    Arriving at the base "A-5" got up for repairs, by this time the war on the Black Sea came to an end. In June 1944, Lieutenant Commander was appointed commander of the submarine. Malov Nikolai Petrovich. On March 6, 1945, the A-5 submarine was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

    On August 27 (July 28), 1945, the ship was decommissioned, disarmed and reorganized into the PZS-8 floating charging station. On March 6, 1947 (according to other sources, the middle of the 1950s), the ship was finally excluded from the lists and scrapped.

13 military campaigns.
25.08.1941 – 01.09.1941
14.09.1941 – 16.09.1941
02.10.1941 – 08.10.1941
16.10.1941 – 23.10.1941
05.11.1941 – 12.11.1941
20.11.1941 – 28.11.1941
09.12.1941 – 23.12.1941
05.03.1942 – 16.03.1942
07.06.1942 – 20.06.1942
18.07.1942 – 04.08.1942
05.02.1944 – 25.02.1944
11.04.1944 – 27.04.1944
02.05.1944 – 05.05.1944
08.05.1944 – 16.05.1944

    In seven torpedo attacks (11 torpedoes fired), 1 ship was sunk (5.695 brt), the destruction of one ship needs to be confirmed.

Submarine "A-2" type American Holland (former "AG-24", "Communist")

Built by the American company Electric Boat & Co in Canada, commissioned by Great Britain in 1916. It was repurchased by Russia and transported in separate sections from the USA to Vladivostok, and then delivered by rail to Nikolaev to the Naval plant. In August 1917, the submarine was included in the lists of the Russian fleet under the designation "AG-24".

The outbreak of the revolution and the Civil War did not allow the ship to be completed. The submarine was relaid on June 1, 1920 (according to other sources, November 22, 1919) in the presence of the representative of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky and on the same day in honor of the distinguished guest received a new name in the spirit of the time - “the name of Comrade. Lunacharsky". On April 2, 1921, the submarine was launched and on July 22, 1921, under the command of Georgy Avgustovich Shredder, became part of the Black Sea Naval Forces. It was the second Soviet submarine in the Black Sea. In 1921 - 1922, the submarine paid visits to Inebola and Samsun, and on December 31, 1922, it was renamed "Communist". In 1927 - 1928 and 1932 - 1934 the submarine was overhauled. In October 1930 the submarine paid a visit to Istanbul.

In December 1935, the A-2 made a 2-week autonomous voyage, passing 1498.7 miles on the surface and 100.2 miles under water, the first of the Black Sea submarines to double the autonomous navigation standards.

On June 22, 1941, the submarine met under the command of lieutenant commander (later captain of the 3rd rank) Chebyshev Konstantin Ivanovich as part of the 6th division of the 2nd brigade of the Black Sea Fleet submarine. The submarine was at the Sevastopol Plant No. 201 in a major (according to other sources, in an emergency, after a collision at the beginning of the year with the T-408 BTShch) repair (major started on February 10, 1939, the completion of work was planned for August 1, 1941). With the completion of repairs on August 18, A-2 moved to Poti, from where, from September to December, the submarine went on patrol five times on approaches to Poti and Batumi. At the beginning of 1942, the question arose of involving submarines of the M and AG types in operations against enemy communications in the western part of the Black Sea. Based on Poti, with their autonomy, the “Americans” could not stay in the combat zone for a long time, so it was decided to transfer them to Sevastopol.

On April 7, 1942, the A-2 arrived at the place of its new base, from where it headed for Odessa four days later (position No. 31). In the first real military campaign, the enemy was not met. The second patrol of this area in May also did not bring results, although the submarine had contact with individual enemy ships and convoys. Attacks were thwarted due to improper maneuvering, an unfavorable heading angle, or, in the opinion of the commander, the low value of the target. Returning to Sevastopol, "A-2" was soon again ready to go to sea, as on May 27 at 22.35, when the submarine was standing against the wall in the South Bay, it was attacked by enemy aircraft. Two 250-kg bombs exploded 30 meters from the submarine. "A-2" received about 120 shrapnel holes in the fence of the cabin, superstructure and hull, the periscope and its lifting device were disabled, the pipelines for draining the main ballast tanks were broken. Having partially repaired the damage, on June 1 the submarine entered Ochamchiri for the final restoration of combat capability.

Having completed the repair, the submarine takes part in the supply of the besieged Sevastopol. On the evening of June 29, "A-2" under the command of the commander of the 6th division of the submarine R.R. Guza (the full-time submarine commander acted as an understudy in this campaign), having on board 8.5 tons of 152-mm artillery shells, 4.5 tons of ammunition for aviation and 2.5 tons of food, left Novorossiysk to the coast of Crimea. At dawn on July 1, when the submarine arrived at the approach fairway of Sevastopol, it was attacked by enemy planes and boats blockading the fortress. The intensity of the attacks was very high (submariners counted about 200 explosions), but the submarine did not receive serious damage, except for the failure of the gyrocompass. On the night of July 2, when it became clear that the fate of Sevastopol was decided, "A-2" received an order to throw the cargo into the sea and go to the Khersones Bay to receive people on board. Under the guidance of the assistant to the submarine commander, senior lieutenant B.S. Buyansky, with great difficulty, the submarine personnel threw boxes of ammunition overboard (heavy boxes with shells had to be carried across the entire boat), the submarine on the evening of July 2, forcing a minefield, approached the coast. Through the periscope it was clear that hand-to-hand combat was taking place on the shore in different places. At 100 meters from the water's edge, "A-2" gave a signal with a white light. In response, the Germans opened fire from machine guns from the shore. The submarine remained on the surface, since the defenders of Sevastopol also saw its signal. Within an hour, the submarine received 13 people from the 1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the Navy, who swam up to the submarine on rafts made from the sides of trucks. At 20.30. visibility improved, artillery joined in the shelling of the submarine, and she had to move further out to sea. The personnel of the 35th coastal battery were waiting. For another 2.5 hours, the submarine was off the coast, but there was no one else to save. The A-2 submarine was the last submarine that was in Sevastopol. On the morning of July 5, A-2 arrived in Novorossiysk.

Soon the submarine resumed its exits to Odessa (position No. 31). On the morning of August 4, having found the target, due to the illiterate use of the periscope and improper maneuvering, the submarine ended up behind the stern of the attacked transport and came under a ram attack from an anti-submarine boat, and was also attacked by depth charges. As a result of the damage received, the submarine was forced to leave the position and return to the base. Upon arrival, the commander of "A-2" was removed from his post (subsequently convicted, demoted and decommissioned to the Marine Corps), and Captain 2nd Rank Zaidulin Izmail Motigulovich was appointed in his place. The submarine moved to Poti, where it stood up for emergency repairs. 1 September 8 as the ship's commander became lieutenant commander (later captain of the 3rd rank) Buyansky Benzian Solomonovich.

With a new commander, the submarine patrolled the Yalta area (position No. 47) in the second half of October, but did not meet the enemy. The following exits of the submarine were associated with the performance of special missions. On the evening of November 22, "A-2" again went to act on enemy communications near Yalta, having an order to land a reconnaissance group in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bCape Nikita. On November 27, while trying to land scouts, the submarine came under fire from the shore. In the future, due to difficult weather conditions, the group was not able to land. During January and early February 1943, "A-2" performs a number of special tasks as part of the landing operation near South Ozereyka - Myskhako. The submarine was supposed to, after reconnaissance of the coast, install two luminous buoys to indicate the place of landing of troops. After hard training under the supervision of the hydrograph lieutenant commander Sakhotkin, who took part in previous reconnaissance exits of the submarine, on the evening of February 3, "A-2" quickly and accurately completed the task. (The installation of each buoy was supposed to take 40 minutes, in real conditions everything turned out much faster - both buoys were delivered in 55 minutes).

In the second half of February, the submarine patrolled the Cape Sarych - Sudak area (position No. 7, since February 26 it operated within position No. 61, Cape Opuk sector - meridian 36 °), but did not meet enemy ships. The first torpedo attack by the submarine took place only on 20 June. On this day, the submarine was in position in the Kiik-Atlam area - Cape Opuk (position No. 86 - spare). After at the point 44°53.4"N/35°56.3"E. "A-2" fired two torpedoes at the landing barge from the convoy, two explosions were recorded on the submarine. The enemy does not confirm the success of the submarine attack, noting that the F-307 landing barge observed the trail of one of the torpedoes.

My father is the commander of the A-2 submarine, Lieutenant Commander Buyansky B.S. Black Sea Fleet, 1943

The second attempt to open an account occurred only after the unsuccessful patrolling of the area between Sevastopol and Feodosia (late July - early August 1943, positions No. 83, 84 and 86-reserve), when on September 16 "A-2" at the point .W/34°45.6"E (limits of position No. 84) attacked a convoy of landing barges. The torpedoes did not hit the target, and one of them passed next to the F-369 landing barge. Luck accompanied the submarine only in the next combat campaign, when it operated in the area of ​​position No. 97 off the southern coast of Crimea. On the afternoon of October 10, one of the A-2 torpedoes hit the board of the landing barge F-474, which followed as part of a large convoy evacuating the Kuban bridgehead. The ship with a cargo of military equipment sank at the point 44°28" N / 34°13" E, 1 person died. The enemy counterattacked the submarine, unsuccessfully dropping 21 depth charges on it.

The commander of the submarine A-2 captain 3rd rank Buyansky I.B.

The last combat campaign "A-2" took place in the first half of December 1943. "A-2" patrolled the area of ​​position No. 92 on the Sevastopol-Constanta line. On the morning of December 7, due to poor visibility and improper maneuvering, the submarine was unable to attack the convoy, and on the night of December 9, it was redeployed to position No. a group of enemy ships. From December 14 to December 18, A-2 was on the southern coast of Crimea (positions No. 97, 98), but did not meet anyone there.

Submarine commanders of the 2nd submarine brigade of the Black Sea Fleet on board the Neva floating base, Poti, 1943
the first on the left is the commander of the "baby" Hero of the Soviet Union Kesaev A.N., second from left - commander A-2 Buyansky B.S.

Returning to Poti, "A-2" got up for the current repair, which was completed on July 15, 1944. The submarine, which entered service, soon moved to Batumi, where on September 27, while maneuvering on the outer Batumi roadstead, it fell into the anti-submarine network and was blown up by a subversive cartridge and again went out of action for 6 months. By the time the A-2 entered service, the fighting in the Black Sea had ended.

In March 1947, the submarine was decommissioned and turned into a floating charging station (according to other sources, the submarine continued to remain in service, and on June 16, 1949 received the designation "M-52"). At the end of November 1950, the submarine was removed from the lists and handed over for disassembly for metal.

20 military campaigns

16.09.1941 - 24.09.1941
23.10.1941 - 30.10.1941
12.11.1941 - 20.11.1941
04.12.1941 - 10.12.1941
23.12.1941 - 30.12.1941
11.04.1942 - 23.04.1942
07.05.1942 - 22.05.1942
29.06.1942 - 05.07.1942
28.07.1942 - 10.08.1942
16.10.1942 - 29.10.1942
22.11.1942 - 05.12.1942
09.01.1943 - 12.01.1943
20.01.1943 - 23.01.1943
02.02.1943 - 05.02.1943
19.02.1943 - 04.03.1943
16.06.1943 - 01.07.1943
28.07.1943 - 12.08.1943
04.09.1943 - 19.09.1943
05.10.1943 - 21.10.1943
30.11.1943 - 20.12.1943

In 1958, TsKB-18 (today TsKB MT "Rubin") began the development of a second-generation nuclear missile carrier of the 667th project (head - chief designer Kassatsiera A.S.). It was assumed that the boat would be equipped with a D-4 complex with R-21 - underwater-launched ballistic missiles. An alternative option was to equip the submarine with the D-6 complex (project "Nylon", product "R") with solid-propellant missiles, which were developed by the Leningrad design bureau Arsenal since 1958. The submarine, according to the original project 667, was supposed to carry 8 missiles of the D-4 (D-6) complex, which are placed in the rotary launchers SM-95, developed by TsKB-34. Twin launchers were located outside the strong hull of the submarine, on its sides. Before launching missiles, the launchers were installed vertically, rotated 90 degrees. Development of sketch and technical submarine missile carrier projects were completed in 1960. But the practical implementation of the development was hampered due to the high complexity of the rotary devices of the launcher, which was supposed to work when the submarine was moving in a submerged position.

In 1961, they began to develop a new layout, in which the D-4 (D-6) missiles were to be located in vertical shafts. But soon these complexes received a good alternative - a single-stage small-sized liquid-propellant ballistic missile R-27, work on which, under the leadership of Makeev V.P. started in SKB-385 on their own initiative. At the end of 1961, the preliminary results of the research were reported to the leadership of the country and the command of the navy. The theme was supported, and on April 24, 1962, a government decree was signed on the development of the D-5 complex with R-27 missiles. Thanks to some original technical solutions, the new ballistic missile was “squeezed” into the shaft, which is 2.5 times smaller in volume than the R-21 shaft. At the same time, the R-27 missile had a launch range of 1180 kilometers greater than that of its predecessor. Also, the development of technology for filling rocket tanks with propellant components with their subsequent ampulization at the manufacturing plant has become a revolutionary innovation.

As a result of the reorientation of the 667th project to a new missile system, it became possible to place 16 missile silos in two rows vertically in a strong submarine hull (as was done by the American nuclear submarine with ballistic missiles of the George Washington type). However, the sixteen rocket ammunition was determined not by the desire for plagiarism, but by the fact that the length of the stocks intended for the construction of submarines was optimally suited for the hull with sixteen D-5 mines. The chief designer of an improved nuclear submarine with a BR of project 667-A (the code "Navaga" was assigned) is S.N. Kovalev. - the creator of almost all Soviet strategic missile nuclear submarines, the main observer from the navy - captain of the first rank Fadeev M.S.

When creating the Project 667-A submarine, much attention was paid to the hydrodynamic perfection of the submarine. Specialists from scientific industry centers and hydrodynamics of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute were involved in the development of the ship's shape. The increase in missile ammunition required the solution of a number of tasks. First of all, it was necessary to sharply increase the rate of fire in order to have time to make a missile salvo and leave the launch area before the enemy anti-submarine forces arrived in it. This led to the simultaneous pre-launch preparation of missiles that were recruited into a volley. The problem can be solved only by automating pre-launch operations. For vessels of the project 667-A in accordance with these requirements under the leadership of the chief designer Belsky R.R. work was launched on the creation of the first Soviet information and control automated system "Cloud". For the first time, data for firing had to be developed by special. COMPUTER. The navigation equipment of the submarine was supposed to ensure confident navigation and launch of missiles in the regions of the poles.

The nuclear submarine of project 667-A, like the submarines of the first generation, was a double-hulled one (buoyancy margin was 29%). The bow of the ship was oval. In the stern, the submarine was spindle-shaped. Front horizontal rudders were located on the felling fence. Such a solution, which was borrowed from American nuclear submarines, created the possibility of a differential-free transition at low speeds to great depths, and also simplified the retention of the submarine during a missile salvo at a given depth. The stern plumage is cruciform.

The robust hull with external frames had a cylindrical section and a relatively large diameter, which reached 9.4 meters. Basically, the strong hull was made of AK-29 steel with a thickness of 40 millimeters and was divided into 10 compartments by waterproof bulkheads that could withstand a pressure of 10 kgf / sq. cm:
the first compartment is a torpedo;
the second compartment - residential (with officers' cabins) and battery;
the third compartment is the central post and the control panel of the main power plant;
the fourth and fifth compartments are missile;
the sixth compartment is a diesel generator;
seventh compartment - reactor;
eighth compartment - turbine;
the ninth compartment is turbine;
the tenth compartment served to accommodate electric motors.

The frames of the strong hull were made of welded symmetrical T-sections. For inter-compartment bulkheads, 12 mm AK-29 steel was used. For a light body, SW steel was used.

A powerful degaussing device was installed on the submarine, which ensured the stability of the magnetic field. Also, measures were taken to reduce the magnetic field of the light hull, durable external tanks, protruding parts, rudders and fencing of retractable devices. To reduce the electric field of the submarine, for the first time, a system of active field compensation was used, which was created by a galvanic propeller-hull pair.

The main power plant with a nominal capacity of 52 thousand liters. With. included a pair of autonomous blocks of the right and left sides. Each block included a VM-2-4 water-cooled reactor (power 89.2 MW), an OK-700 steam turbine plant with a TZA-635 turbo-gear unit, and a turbogenerator with an autonomous drive. In addition, there was an auxiliary power plant, which serves to cool down and start the main power plant, supplying the submarine with electricity in case of accidents and ensuring, if necessary, the movement of the vessel on the surface. The auxiliary power plant included two DC diesel generators DG-460, two groups of lead-acid batteries (each with 112 el. 48-SM) and two reversible propeller motors "sneaking" PG-153 (power of each 225 kW) . On the day the head SSBN of project 667-A was put into service (the chief designer of the project was present on board the ship), at maximum speed, they reached a speed of 28.3 knots, which was 3.3 knots higher than the set speed. Thus, in terms of its dynamic characteristics, the new missile carrier is actually on par with the main potential opponents in "underwater duels" - nuclear-powered anti-submarine ships of the Sturgeon and Thresher type (30 knots) of the US Navy.

Two propellers in comparison with nuclear submarines of the previous generation had a reduced noise level. To reduce hydroacoustic visibility, the foundations under the main and auxiliary mechanisms were covered with vibration damping rubber. The strong hull of the submarine was lined with soundproof rubber, and the lightweight hull was covered with a non-resonant anti-sonar and soundproof rubber coating.

On a Project 667-A submarine, for the first time, a 380V alternating current electric power system was used, which was powered only by autonomous power generators. Thus, the reliability of the electric power system increased, the duration of operation without maintenance and repair increased, and it also made it possible to transform the voltage to provide different consumers of the submarine.

The submarine cruiser was equipped with a combat information and control system (CICS) "Cloud". "Tucha" became the first Soviet multi-purpose automated shipboard system that provides the use of torpedo and missile. In addition, this CIUS collected and processed information about the environment and solved navigation tasks. To prevent a failure to a great depth that could lead to a catastrophe (according to experts, this caused the death of the US Navy Thresher nuclear submarine), the project 667-A SSBN for the first time implemented an integrated automated control system that provides software control of the vessel in depth and course, and also depth stabilization without travel.

The main information tool of the submarine in a submerged position was the Kerch SJSC, which served to illuminate the underwater situation, issue target designation data during torpedo firing, search for mines, detect hydroacoustic signals and communications. The station was developed under the leadership of the chief designer Magid M.M. and worked in noise and echo direction finding modes. Detection range from 1 to 20 thousand meters.

Communication means - ultra-shortwave, shortwave and medium-wave radio stations. The boats were equipped with a Paravan buoy-type pop-up VLF antenna, which made it possible to receive signals from a satellite navigation system and target designation at depths of less than 50 meters. An important innovation was the use (on submarines for the first time in the world) of ZAS equipment (communication classification). When using this system, automatic encryption of messages was provided, which were transmitted over the Integral line. The radio-electronic armament consisted of the Khrom-KM "friend or foe" radar transponder (installed on a submarine for the first time), the Zaliv-P search radar and the Albatross radar.

The main armament of the nuclear submarine with project 667-A ballistic missiles consisted of 16 R-27 liquid-propellant single-stage ballistic missiles (ind. GRAU 4K10, western designation - SS-N-6 "Serb", under the SALT agreement - RSM-25) with a maximum range 2.5 thousand km, installed in two rows in vertical shafts behind cutting fences. The launch weight of the rocket is 14.2 thousand kg, the diameter is 1500 mm and the length is 9650 mm. The mass of the warhead is 650 kg, the circular probable deviation is 1.3 thousand m, the power is 1 Mt. Rocket silos with a diameter of 1700 mm, a height of 10100 mm, made of equal strength with the submarine's hull, were located in the fifth and fourth compartments. To prevent accidents in the event of liquid fuel components entering the mine during rocket depressurization, automated systems for gas analysis, irrigation and maintaining the microclimate in the specified parameters were installed.

The missiles were launched from flooded mines, exclusively in the submerged position of the submarine, with sea waves less than 5 points. Initially, the launch was carried out by four consecutive four-rocket salvos. The interval between launches in a salvo was 8 seconds: calculations showed that the submarine should gradually rise up as the missiles were fired, and after the launch of the last, fourth, missile, leave the “corridor” of the starting depths. After each volley, it took about three minutes to return the submarine to its original depth. Between the second and third salvos, it took 20-35 minutes to pump water from the annular gap tanks into the missile silos. This time was also used to trim the submarine. But real firing revealed the possibility of carrying out the first eight-rocket salvo. Such a volley was performed for the first time in the world on December 19, 1969. The value of the firing sector of the project 667-A submarine was 20 degrees, the latitude of the starting point should have been less than 85 degrees.

Torpedo armament - four bow 533 mm torpedo tubes, providing a maximum firing depth of up to 100 meters, two bow torpedo tubes of 400 mm caliber with a maximum firing depth of 250 meters. The torpedo tubes had electric remote control and fast loading systems.

Project 667-A submarines were the first missile carriers to be armed with MANPADS (portable anti-aircraft missile system) of the Strela-2M type, which is designed to defend a surfaced vessel from helicopters and low-flying aircraft.

In project 667-A, considerable attention was paid to habitability issues. Each compartment was equipped with an autonomous air conditioning system. In addition, a number of measures were implemented to reduce acoustic noise in residential premises and at combat posts. The personnel of the submarine were housed in small cockpits or cabins. An officer's wardroom was organized on the ship. For the first time on a submarine, a dining room for senior officers was provided, which quickly transformed into a cinema hall or a gym. In residential premises, all communications were removed under removable specials. panels. In general, the interior design of the submarine met the requirements of that time.

The new missile carriers in the fleet began to be called SSBNs (strategic missile submarine cruiser), which emphasized the difference between these submarines and SSBNs of the 658th project. With their power and size, the boats made a huge impression on the sailors, because before they had dealt only with "diesel engines" or much "less solid" first-generation submarines. The undoubted advantage of the new ships in comparison with the ships of the 658th project, according to the sailors, was a high level of comfort: “industrial” colorful interiors with interweaving of pipelines and multi-colored harnesses gave way to a well-thought-out design of light gray tones. Incandescent light bulbs were replaced by fluorescent fixtures "coming into fashion".

For their external resemblance to the American nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles "George Washington", the new missile carriers in the Navy were dubbed "Vanki Washington". In NATO and the United States, they were given the name Yankee class.

Project 667-A modifications.

The first four nuclear submarines with project 667-A ballistic missiles were equipped with the one developed in 1960 under the leadership of Maslevsky V.I. all-latitude navigation system "Sigma". Since 1972, the navigation complex "Tobol" (Kishchenkov O.V. - chief designer) began to be installed on submarines, consisting of an inertial navigation system (for the first time in the Soviet Union), an absolute hydroacoustic log, which measured the speed of the vessel relative to the seabed, and the system information processing, built on a digital computer. The complex ensured confident navigation in Arctic waters and the possibility of launching a rocket at latitudes up to 85 degrees. The equipment determined and maintained the course, measured the speed of the submarine relative to the water, calculated the geographical coordinates with the issuance of the necessary data to the ship's ship systems. On the submarines of the latest construction, the navigation complex was supplemented with the Cyclone, a space navigation system.

Submarines of late construction had automated radio communication systems Molniya (1970) or Molniya-L (1974), the head of these developments was the chief designer Leonova A.A. The complexes consisted of an automated radio receiver "Basalt" (provided reception on one channel of SDV and several KB channels) and a radio transmitter "Mackerel" (allowed for hidden auto-tuning to any of the frequencies of the operating range).

The arrival of the advanced Polaris A-3 missiles (maximum firing range of 4.6 thousand km) into service with the US Navy and the deployment in 1966 of the program to create the Poseidon S-3 ballistic missile, which has higher performance, required retaliatory measures to increase potential of Soviet nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles. The main focus of the work was equipping submarines with more advanced missiles with an increased firing range. The development of a missile system for the upgraded submarines of project 667-A was taken up by the design bureau "Arsenal" (project "5MT"). These works led to the creation of the D-11 complex with solid-propellant ballistic missiles of the R-31 submarines. The D-11 complex was installed on the K-140 - the only SSBN of the 667-AM project (re-equipment was carried out in 1971-1976). In the West, this boat was given the designation Yankee II class.

At the same time, the KBM developed a modernized D-5U complex for R-27U missiles with a range of up to 3 thousand km. On June 10, 1971, a government decree was issued that provided for the modernization of the D-5 missile system. The first experimental launches from a submarine began in 1972. The D-5U complex was adopted by the Navy on 01/04/1974. The new R-27U missile (in the West passed under the designation SS-N-6 Mod2 / 3), in addition to the increased range, had a conventional monoblock warhead or an improved “scattering” type warhead with three warheads (capacity of each 200 Kt) without an individual guidance. At the end of 1972, the 31st division received the K-245 submarine - the first submarine of project 667-AU - with the D-5U missile system. Between September 1972 and August 1973, the R-27U was tested. All 16 launches from the K-245 submarine were successful. At the same time, the last two launches were made at the end of combat service from the combat patrol area (the Tobol navigation system with an inertial navigation system was tested on the same submarine, and at the end of 1972, to test the capabilities of the complex, the submarine completed a trip to the equator region). In the period from 1972 to 1983, the fleet received 8 more SSBNs (K-219, K-228, K-241, K-430, K-436, K-444, K-446 and K-451), completed or upgraded according to project 667-AU ("Burbot").

K-411 became the first Project 667-A ballistic missile submarine withdrawn from the strategic nuclear forces as a result of US-Soviet arms reduction agreements. In January-April 1978, this relatively “young” submarine had its missile compartments “amputated” (subsequently disposed of), and the missile submarine itself, according to project 09774, was converted into a special-purpose nuclear submarine - the carrier of an ultra-small submarine and combat swimmers.

SSBN project 667-A. Photo from a helicopter of the Soviet Navy

SSBN Project 667-A

The K-403 missile carrier was transformed into a special-purpose boat under project 667-AK (“Akson-1”), and later under project 09780 (“Akson-2”). In an experimental manner, a special was installed on this submarine. equipment and a powerful HOOK with a towed extended antenna in a fairing on the tail.

In 1981-82, the K-420 SSBNs were upgraded according to project 667-M (Andromeda) for testing high-speed strategic cruise missiles Grom (Meteorit-M) developed by OKB-52. Tests in 1989 ended in failure, so the program was curtailed.

Five more ships of project 667-A were to be converted according to project 667-AT ("Pear") into large torpedo nuclear submarines carriers of subsonic small-sized TFR "Granat" by adding an additional compartment with onboard torpedo tubes. According to this project, four submarines were converted in 1982-91. Of these, only the K-395 nuclear submarine has remained in service to date.

Construction program.

The construction of submarines under project 667-A began at the end of 1964 in Severodvinsk and was carried out at a rapid pace. K-137 - the first SSBN was laid down at the Northern Machine-Building Plant (SSZ No. 402) on 11/09/1964. Launching, or rather, filling the dock with water, took place on 08/28/1966. On K-137 at 14:00 on September 1, the naval ensign was hoisted. Then the testing began. K-137 11/05/1967 entered service. The new missile carrier under the command of the captain of the first rank Berezovsky V.L. December 11 arrived in the thirty-first division, based in Yagelnaya Bay. On November 24, the submarine was transferred to the nineteenth division, becoming the first ship of this division. On March 13, 1968, the D-5 missile system with R-27 missiles was adopted by the Navy.

The Northern Fleet was quickly replenished with second-generation "Severodvinsk" missile carriers. K-140 - the second boat of the series - entered service on 12/30/1967. It was followed by 22 more SSBNs. Somewhat later, the construction of Project 667-A submarines began in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. K-399 - the first "Far Eastern" nuclear-powered ship - joined the Pacific Fleet on 12/24/1969. Subsequently, this fleet included 10 SSBNs of this project. The last Severodvinsk submarines were completed according to the improved project 667-AU with D-5U missile systems. The entire series of submarines of projects 667-A and 667-AU, built in the period from 1967 to 1974, amounted to 34 vessels.

Status for 2005.

As part of the Northern Fleet, Project 667-A ships were part of the nineteenth and thirty-first divisions. The service of the new nuclear submarines did not start very smoothly: the numerous “childhood illnesses” natural for such a complex complex affected. So, for example, during the first exit of the K-140 - the second ship of the series - to combat service, the port side reactor failed. However, the cruiser under the command of Captain First Rank Matveev A.P. successfully completed a 47-day trip, part of which passed under the ice of Greenland. There were also other troubles. However, gradually, as the personnel mastered the technology and “finished” it, the reliability of the submarines increased significantly, and they were able to realize their capabilities, unique for that time.

K-140 in the fall of 1969, for the first time in the world, carried out an eight-rocket salvo. Two missile carriers of the thirty-first division - K-253 and K-395 - took part in the largest naval maneuvers "Ocean" in April-May 1970. During them, rocket launches were also made.

Nuclear submarine with ballistic missiles K-408 under the command of Captain First Rank Privalov V.V. in the period from January 8 to March 19, 1971, she made the most difficult transition from the Northern Fleet to the Pacific Fleet without surfacing to the surface. On March 3-9, during the campaign, the submarine performed combat patrols off the American coast. The campaign was led by Rear Admiral Chernavin V.N.

On August 31, the K-411 missile carrier under the command of Captain First Rank Sobolevsky S.E. (Senior Rear Admiral G.L. Nevolin on board), for the first time equipped with an experienced special. equipment for detecting stains in ice and polynyas, reached the North Pole region. The submarine maneuvered for several hours in search of an opening, but neither of the two found was suitable for surfacing. Therefore, the submarine returned to the ice edge to meet with the icebreaker that was waiting for her. The report on the fulfillment of the task, due to the poor passability of the radio signal, was transmitted to the General Staff only through the Tu-95RTs aircraft loitering over the ascent point (when returning, this aircraft crashed during landing at the Kipelovo airfield due to dense fog; the crew of the aircraft - 12 people - died ). K-415 in 1972 completed a successful transition under the ice of the Arctic to Kamchatka.

Initially, the SSBNs, like the vessels of the 658th project, were on combat duty near the east coast of North America. However, this made them more vulnerable to the growing strength of American anti-submarine weapons, which included underwater surveillance sonar, specialized nuclear submarines, surface ships, as well as helicopters and land-based and ship-based aircraft. Gradually, with an increase in the number of Project 667 submarines, their patrols began near the Pacific coast of the United States.

At the end of 1972, the 31st division received the K-245 submarine, the first submarine of project 667-AU, with the D-5U missile system. In September 1972 - August 1973, during the development of the complex, the R-27U rocket was tested. 16 launches from the K-245 submarine were successful. At the same time, the last two launches were made at the end of combat service from the combat patrol area. Also on the K-245, the Tobol navigation system, which has an inertial system, was tested. At the end of 1972, to test the capabilities of the complex, the submarine made a trip to the equatorial region.

K-444 (project 667-AU) in 1974 carried out rocket firing without ascent to periscope depth and from a stationary position, using a depth stabilizer.

The high activity of the American and Soviet fleets during the Cold War many times led to a collision of submerged submarines during covert surveillance of each other. In May 1974, in Petropavlovsk, near the naval base, one of the Project 667-A submarines, located at a depth of 65 meters, collided with the Pintado nuclear-powered torpedo ship (Sturgeon type, SSN-672) of the US Navy. As a result, both submarines received minor damage.

Explosion-damaged missile silo K-219

K-219 in profile on the surface of the water. It is easy to notice the orange smoke of nitric acid vapors from the destroyed rocket silo, directly behind the wheelhouse.

A picture of the emergency boat K-219, taken from an American aircraft

On October 6, 1986, the K-219 submarine was lost 600 miles from Bermuda while on combat duty. On a nuclear submarine with BR K-219 (commander captain second rank Britanov I.), which was in combat service near the east coast of the United States, a rocket fuel leaked with a subsequent explosion. After a heroic 15-hour struggle for damage, the crew was forced to leave the submarine due to the rapid entry of water into the pressure hull and a fire in the holds of the fourth and fifth compartments. The boat sank at a depth of 5 thousand meters, taking with it 15 nuclear missiles and two nuclear reactors. Two people died during the accident. One of them, sailor Preminin S.A. at the cost of his own life, he shut down the starboard reactor by hand, thus preventing a nuclear catastrophe. He was posthumously awarded the Order of the Red Star, and on 07/07/1997, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation.

For the entire period of operation, missile submarines of projects 667-A and 667-AU made 590 combat patrols.

In the late 1970s, in accordance with the Soviet-American agreements in the field of arms reduction, submarines of projects 667-A and 667-AU began to be withdrawn from the Soviet strategic nuclear forces. In 1979, the first two submarines of these projects were put into conservation (with a cutout of the missile compartment). Subsequently, the withdrawal process accelerated, and already in the second half of the 1990s, not a single missile carrier of this project remained in the Russian Navy, except for the K-395 of project 667-AT, converted into a carrier of cruise missiles and two special-purpose submarines.

The main performance characteristics of the submarine project 667-A "Navaga":
Surface displacement - 7766 tons;
Underwater displacement - 11500 tons;
The greatest length (on design waterline) - 127.9 m (n / a);
The greatest width is 11.7 m;
Draft on design waterline - 7.9 m;
Main power plant:
- 2 VVR type VM-2-4, with a total capacity of 89.2 MW;
- 2 PPU OK-700, 2 GTZA-635;
- 2 steam turbines with a total capacity of 40 thousand hp (29.4 thousand kW);
- 2 turbogenerators OK-2A, with a capacity of 3000 hp each;
- 2 diesel generators DG-460, power of each 460 kW;
- 2 electric motors of economic progress PG-153, with a capacity of 225 kW;
- 2 shafts;
- 2 five-bladed propellers.
Surface speed - 15 knots;
Underwater speed - 28 knots;
Working depth of immersion - 320 m;
Maximum immersion depth - 550 m;
Autonomy - 70 days;
Crew - 114 people;
Strategic missile armament - 16 launchers for R-27 / R-27U SLBMs (SS-N-7 mod.1/2/3 "Serb") of the D-5 / D-5U complex;
Anti-aircraft missile weapons - 2 ... 4 launchers MANPADS 9K32M "Strela-2M" (SA-7 "Grail");
Torpedo armament:
- 533 mm torpedo tubes - 4 bow;
- 533 mm torpedoes - 12 pieces;
- 400 mm torpedo tubes - 2 bow;
- 400 mm torpedoes - 4 pieces;
Mine weapons - 24 mines instead of part of the torpedoes;
Electronic weapons:
Combat information and control system - "Cloud";
Radar system of general detection - "Albatross" (Snoop Tray);
Hydroacoustic system - Kerch hydroacoustic complex (Shark Teeth; Mouse Roar);
Electronic warfare equipment - "Zaliv-P" ("Kalina", "Chernika-1", "Luga", "Panorama-VK", "Vizir-59", "Cherry", "Paddle") (Brick Pulp / Group; Park Lamp D/F);
GPA funds - 4 GPA MG-44;
Navigation complex:
- "Tobol" or "Sigma-667";
- KNS "Cyclone-B" (latest modifications);
- radio sextant (Code Eye);
- INS;
Radio communication complex:
- "Lightning-L" (Pert Spring);
- towed buoy antenna "Paravan" (SDV);
- VHF and HF radio stations ("Depth", "Range", "Speed", "Shark");
- station of sound underwater communication;
Radar state recognition - "Khrom-KM".

ctrl Enter

Noticed osh s bku Highlight text and click Ctrl+Enter

Atomic Submarine- a strong and deadly machine. Nowhere else on the planet is there such a concentration of people and firepower. they really fought on the front of the Cold War, but for all their strength they cannot be compared with the power of the seas. The strongest enemy of a submariner is not a potential enemy, but the ocean itself. The deep sea environment will look for a flaw in the steel cocoon submarine. She can break in and drown her. The sea can make a submariner its prisoner and kill him with terrifying slowness.

NUCLEAR SUBMARINES PROJECT 949/949А "Granit"/"Antey"

Impact atomic submarines Project 949 is a kind of submarine missile carriers that have become a real threat to surface ships of the "" type. Interest in them has always remained great on the part of foreign intelligence services as a treasure trove of secrets.

The rapid modernization of the potential enemy’s naval weapons gradually nullified the capabilities of the Soviet submarines missile carriers. Now the aircraft carrier strike groups of the NATO fleet could inflict 1,500 nuclear strikes on the territory of the USSR within three days. By that time, the Soviet Union was already developing an anti-ship complex " Granite". Its missiles were completely autonomous throughout the flight path, had a multi-variant target attack program and increased noise immunity, which made it possible to use them to destroy group surface circuits. The Soviet military leadership instructed three design bureaus at once to create a carrier for such missiles, a cruising submarine third generation. After the development of tactical and technical specifications in December 1978 at the Central Design Bureau of MT " Ruby» in Leningrad, the keel of the first submarine, opening a series of nuclear-powered ships of project 949.

Project 949 received the code " Granite". P.P. was appointed chief designer. Pustyntsev.

The lead submarine K-525 was launched in 1980 and entered service on October 2, 1981. NATO forces classified her as " Oscar". The next submarine K-206 entered service in 1983.

nuclear submarines of project 949 "Granit" photo

restroom

complex "Granite"

launching of the submarine "Omsk"

submarine "Omsk"

submarine "Smolensk"

After the first two submarines, construction began submarines according to the improved project 949A code " Antey"(according to NATO classification -" Oscar II»).

As a result of modernization submarine received an additional compartment, allowing designers to improve the internal layout of weapons and on-board equipment. As a result, displacement submarine project 949A increased by 2000 tons, at the same time, it was possible to reduce the level of unmasking fields and install improved equipment.

Submarines project 949 are two-hull ships with a strong cylindrical hull, divided into 9 compartments. The light body is covered with a special anti-sonar coating.

To facilitate ascent in ice, the conning tower has a reinforced rounded roof. Bow horizontal rudders submarines installed in the bow and retracted inside the light hull. There are also two thrusters.

main armament submarines of project 949 are 24 anti-ship missiles Granite", located along the sides in the launchers. Missiles can be fired both singly and in one gulp. Torpedo tubes with 26 torpedoes are installed in the bow. The torpedo tubes are automated and equipped with a fast-loading device, with racks of longitudinal and transverse feed, which allows you to shoot all the ammunition within a few minutes.

Project 949 submarines are equipped with a sonar system " stingray", navigation complex" Bear"and a radio communication complex" Tsunami».

The main power plant has a block design and includes two nuclear reactors of the OK-650B type and two steam turbines of the OK-9 type with a capacity of 98,000 liters. s, working through gearboxes on propellers. Optional for helper functions submarines project 949 are equipped with two DG-190 diesel generators with a capacity of 8700 hp. With..

Submarines project 949 differ from their "colleagues" in fairly decent conditions for the comfort and habitability of personnel for long-term autonomous navigation.

All crew members SSGN Project 949 are provided with individual berths in one-, two-, four- and six-bed cabins. The submarine has a wardroom and a dining room for 42 sailors to eat at the same time. The stock of provisions for full autonomy is located in provisional freezers and pantries. The missile carrier also has a gym, swimming pool, solarium, sauna and living corner.

The leadership is planned to have twenty submarines of this type, but only 13 were built. None of submarine has not served its time. Already decommissioned by 2001 submarines K-525 and K-206 of project 949, K-148 and K-173 are in the sludge. Submarines K-132 and K-119 require major repairs.

THE FATE OF PROJECT 949 K-141 KURSK SUBMARINE

Submerged under water, a nuclear submarine makes less noise than the sea itself, and its nuclear reactor can supply electricity to a small city. The ears of a nuclear submarine are sonar capable of hearing the sound of feeding shrimp or whales. nuclear submarine should always function, so work on it continues around the clock. Powerful and technically perfect submarines still remain vulnerable. And when something happens, the consequences are too often fatal.

August 2000 Russian nuclear Submarine « Kursk» K-141 stands at the berth of the Western Arctic base of the Russian Navy Zapadnaya Litsa. The submarine's crew of 118 is an intelligent, courageous and close-knit brotherhood and is not much different from the crews of foreign submarines. The submarine is run by strikingly young people. The average age of the crew is 24 years. Like all submariners, the cruiser's crew is glad that they are going to sea. " Kursk leaves his home base, heading for exercises in the Barents Sea.

August 12, 2000 at 09:00 the crew submarine preparing for a torpedo attack. The role of the target is played by the atomic Peter the Great". The commander of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Federation, Admiral Popov, gives the order to start. An American nearby is watching Russian exercises. Suddenly, her sonar picks up a terrible noise. The explosion caused the submarine's torpedo room to detonate. Kursk. Two minutes later, seismographs record a second powerful explosion. Mighty " Kursk, the giant deadly weapon of war is destroyed. Most of the crew died immediately, but 24 surviving submariners gathered in the ninth compartment.

« Kursk” lay in relatively shallow water. On board the cruiser Peter the Great' couldn't believe that Submarine sank. Several hours passed before the alarm was raised. The first hours of the catastrophe are decisive. But only 30 hours later, Russian rescuers went to the Kursk submarine. Russian media reported that the nuclear submarine had technical problems, and the submarine deliberately sank to the bottom.

The truth in the form of rumors reached relatives waiting for submariners in the military town of Vedyaevo. Mothers and wives did not know what to believe and whom. Representatives of the fleet gave conflicting information. Relatives were told that with a submarine " Kursk» A connection is established and knocks are heard from it.
Despite official statements, Russian rescuers failed to dock with the nuclear submarine. Kursk". This was due to the place where the submarine lay. There was a strong current, which complicated the accuracy of docking with the emergency site. However, the Russian Navy did not accept the help of the United States and other countries. With every hour, the chances of saving someone were hidden.

Four days after the accident Kursk» The military leadership continued to refuse any foreign aid. For more than a week, the distraught mothers and wives, in spite of everything, hoped that it was still possible to save the submariners. Finally, Russian leadership officials admitted that they could not reach the people in the submarine.

Later rescue teams from Norway and Great Britain were invited. The submarine has been found. With the help of a hammer, the rescuers opened the hatch and thanks to the milk, which did not begin to flow inside in a white veil, the rescuers realized that all 118 people submarine « Kursk» died. Days later, the blatant lies of officials, the commander of the fleet, Admiral Alexander Popov, spoke on television: “ Life goes on, raise children, raise your sons, and forgive me for not being able to save your loved ones».

LIFTING THE KURSK SUBMARINE

For a large-scale operation to raise the Kursk, about 40 sets of documents of various kinds were developed. Many force majeure circumstances that could arise during the ascent were discussed. Finally, the submarine "Kursk" project 949 in October 2001 with the help of the ship " GIANT 4» created by the company « MAMMOET' was raised. The submarine was lifted at a speed of 9 meters per hour. Operation was successfully completed. After fixing the object, the ship was sent to the Murmansk region to the shipyard in Roslyakovo. The ship was then taken to the floating dock, where Premier League « Kursk"was secured in a submerged position. After pumping water from the dock, a terrible picture appeared to people. The submarine did not have a bow compartment, and what was left of it was torn to shreds. Then it was delivered to Snezhnogorsk for further disposal.

Technical characteristics of the nuclear submarine project 949 "Granit":
Surface displacement - 13400 tons;
Underwater displacement - 22500 tons;
Length - 143 m;
Width - 18.2 m;
Draft - 9.2 m;
Immersion depth - 400 m;
Surface speed - 15 knots;
Underwater speed - 30 knots;
Power reserve - unlimited;
Autonomy - 110 days;
Crew - 107 people;
Power plant - nuclear;
Turbine power - 100,000 hp;
Armament:
Shock missile:
Anti-ship missile system P-700 "Granit"
Ammunition - 24 missiles ZM-45;
Anti-aircraft missile:
Anti-aircraft missile system 9K310 "Igla-1" - 2;
Torpedo:
Torpedo tubes 650 mm - 2 (bow);
Torpedo tubes 533 mm - 4 (bow);
Ammunition - 24 torpedoes;

nuclear submarine (Premier League, PLA listen)) is a nuclear-powered submarine.

Story

Initially, in submarine shipbuilding, one of the most important problems was to increase the time spent under water and increase the speed of the underwater course, as the most important characteristics of submarines. Progress in this area was hindered by the imperfection of power plants, and in particular, their low power and the dependence of the time spent under water on the oxygen content in the air inside the boat. At first, these problems were solved by increasing the power of electric motors, the capacity of batteries, increasing the supply of liquefied oxygen, high-pressure air, and regenerative cartridges. During the Second World War in Germany, for the first time, a device for the operation of diesel engines under water began to be commercially used - a snorkel (RDP device) and a steam-gas turbine power plant of the Walter system. In the postwar period, nuclear power appeared in the USA and the USSR, and then in other countries, starting a new stage in the development of the submarine fleet. However, the creation of a mobile compact reactor took more than 10 years and required significant efforts.

On June 14, 1952, the world's first nuclear submarine "Nautilus" (Eng. USS Nautilus) was laid down in the USA, and it was launched on January 21, 1954.

The creation of the first nuclear submarine marked the current stage in the development of the energy of navigation, making it possible to provide for it an almost unlimited range. In addition, the technical solution allowed the Nautilus to both become the fastest submarine (under water) and the first ship to visit the North Pole.

In the USSR, for the first time, the idea of ​​creating a submarine with a nuclear power plant was presented by A.P. Aleksandrov in a letter to I.V. Kurchatov dated August 19, 1952. The project was completed on June 4, 1958, when the Soviet submarine K-3 launched nuclear power plant.

Later, with active cooperation with the United States, the program of nuclear submarine shipbuilding was launched by Great Britain, and with the assistance of the USSR, submarines with nuclear power plants began to be produced in the PRC.

However, there is another point of view on the nuclear submarine construction program in China. In the late 1950s, the PRC asked the USSR for technology and assistance in the construction of nuclear submarines, but while negotiations were underway, the Cultural Revolution began in the PRC and relations with the USSR deteriorated. The PRC began building nuclear submarines on its own in 1964 (the date is not exact) of project 091 (NATO code - SSN Han-class / “Han”), however, technical backwardness and the chaos of the Cultural Revolution led to the fact that the nuclear submarine entered service only in 1980 (date not exact). The only difference between the ship, whose name is unknown, is the tail number - 401.

In 1963, the first British nuclear submarine HMS Dreadnought (S101) entered service.

In 1969, the first French nuclear submarine Le Redoutable (S 611) began to carry out combat service, and it did not belong to torpedo submarines, but to the class of strategic submarines.

In 1974, China commissioned its first nuclear submarine.

Classification

Nuclear submarines are divided according to their purpose into three main groups:

Group name	Designation	Main armament	Description
Multipurpose boats (originally Torpedo boats)		Torpedo tubes and ammunition for them, including those with tactical nuclear charges.	The fastest boats are designed to destroy enemy ships and submarines.
Strategic missile carriers		Submarine ballistic missiles in special vertical shafts.	The most stealthy boats, one of the components of the nuclear triad, form the maritime nuclear deterrent force.
Cruise missile boats		Cruise missiles. In Russia - powerful anti-ship, in the USA - many small universal ones.	This group is represented only in the fleets of Russia and the United States. Russian SSGNs are designed to combat AUGs, while American ones are designed to achieve strategic goals by non-nuclear means. Part of cruise missiles can carry tactical nuclear charges. As part of the fourth generation of submarines, this group is merging with a group of multi-purpose submarines.

In addition to these main groups, a group of special-purpose submarines is distinguished, which combines a few submarines, both of special construction and converted from boats of the main groups (mainly from missiles), which were used to solve various tasks: radar patrol submarines, relay submarines, research Submarines, carriers of ultra-small submarines, submarines for covert operations.

Design features

Rugged housing

• made of steel (alloyed steel with high yield strength)
• made of titanium (K-222 (the first in the world), Komsomolets, boats of projects 705 (K) Lira, 945 Barracuda, 945A Condor; titanium boats were not built in the West)

Reactors

• Reactor with liquid metal coolant (project 645 Kit, project 705 Lira, USS Seawolf). In the USSR, an alloy of lead with bismuth was chosen as the liquid metal coolant; the choice of the US in favor of sodium was erroneous because of the fire and explosion hazard.

Armament

Operator countries

In June 2012, the start of the creation of a nuclear submarine in Iran was announced.

Sunken nuclear submarines

During the years of the Cold War, the USSR lost 4 nuclear submarines. All of them were part of the Northern Fleet of the USSR Navy.

• K-8 - April 8, 1970, during combat service,
• K-27 - an experimental submarine, on May 24, 1968, an accident occurred with a ZhMT power plant, on September 10, 1981, it was flooded instead of being disposed of,
• K-219 - October 3, 1986, during combat service,
• K-278 "Komsomolets" - April 7, 1989, during combat service.

In post-Soviet times, two already Russian nuclear submarines sank.