Architectural monuments image of a beautiful building project. Architectural monuments

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Text content of presentation slides: Architecture Prepared by primary school teacher Prokhorocheva N.S. Architecture is the art and science of building, designing buildings and structures, as well as the totality of buildings and structures. An architectural monument is an immovable object of material and spiritual creativity that has national or international significance. Architectural monuments. Roman Colosseum The Colosseum is the largest amphitheater of the Roman Empire, an outstanding achievement of architecture and engineering of those times. The largest theater in the world could seat 50,000 to 80,000 spectators. Built in 70-80 AD. The Colosseum is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Taj - MahalTaj Mahal in Agra - a huge mausoleum of white marble, built by order of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife. The most exciting feature of the Taj Mahal is the marble dome that tops the mausoleum. Its height is 35 meters, as is the length of the base. The top of the famous dome is decorated with a lotus flower. Santa Maria del Fiore The construction of Santa Maria del Fiore began in 1296 and ended in 1436. This is the most beautiful cathedral in Florence and the symbol of the city, its main attraction. The basilica is one of the largest churches in Italy, and until the modern era, its dome was the largest in the world. But also on this moment it remains the largest brick dome ever built. Jeronimos Monastery is the most beautiful of the most ancient monuments in Portugal. This monastery is one of a series of "must visit" attractions in Lisbon. You can go inside and see the huge room of the temple, beautiful and majestic. Modern architecture. The 17-story "White Tree" by Japanese architect So FujimotoThe project will be implemented in Montpolier - one of largest cities in the south of France. The Dancing House got its name due to its unusual design, namely the pronounced deconstructivist style. Chuckling, Praguers call these towers "Ginger and Fred", after the famous dancer Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. The towers really resemble a dancing couple. One of them curves beautifully. It's Ginger in a flowing dress. The second one stands exactly, denoting Fred. The Krzywy Domek (which literally translates as "crooked house") was built in 2004 by Szotynscy & Zaleski in a popular shopping area. The building was recognized as the best architectural invention of Poland. In Dubai - largest city United United Arab Emirates On January 4, 2010, the opening of the high building in the world - Burj Dubai, the new name of which is Burj Khalifa. The height of the Burj Khalifa is 828 meters. The Capital Gate building, which precedes the entrance to the capital of the United Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi, was included in the Guinness Book of Records as "the building with the largest slope in the world" Creative work. Draw a building that, in your opinion, could become a monument of architecture .

Monuments and Architectures Mausoleum of Aisha Bibi

Monument of architecture: 11-12 centuries, located in the village of Aisha bibi, Zhambyl district, Zhambyl region, 18 km from the city of Taraz.

It is an architectural monument of republican significance.

Aisha Bibi was the beloved of Karakhan, who built a mausoleum in her memory.

The base of the mausoleum is cubic. Massive columns are placed at its four corners.

Small niches, small columns, vaults, lancet arches, terracotta facing tiles were used in the design.

Mausoleum of Karakhan

Monument of architecture: 9th century, located in the central part of the city of Taraz at the intersection of Tole bi and Bayzak Batyr streets.

The mausoleum is included in the cult-memorial complex, since 1982 it has been included in the list of monuments of republican significance.

Folk legends associate the construction of the mausoleum with a man who was the khan of the Karakhanid dynasty, which ruled in the 10th-12th centuries.

It is a square, portal-dome structure. It consists of a central hall and three small corner rooms, the fourth corner of the mausoleum is occupied by a staircase leading to the roof of the structure.

In 1906 it was rebuilt, the structural principle was preserved, but the original architectural and decorative decoration was lost. Inside the mausoleum, a stepped tombstone has been preserved.

Mausoleum of Zhoshy Khan

Monument of architecture: 13th century, located in the Ulytau district of the Karaganda region, 40 km from Zhezkazgan on the banks of the river. Kengir.

Since 1892, the monument has been under state protection

According to legend, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, Zhoshy Khan, is buried in the mausoleum.

It has a portal-dome structure. The dome has not been preserved; earlier it rested on a star-shaped 17-sided drum of a very rare shape and was lined with tiles and turquoise glaze. The inner shell of the dome, covering the square chamber, rests on arched sails. At the back of the chamber is a gravestone. The floor of the mausoleum is paved with bricks. The interior is illuminated by two arched openings located in the side chambers.

Mausoleum Kozha Akhmet Yassaui

Monument of architecture: 14th century, located in the south of Kazakhstan in the city of Turkestan.

The mausoleum is listed world heritage UNESCO.

The construction was erected in honor of the famous ancient Turkic poet and preacher of Sufism Kozha Ahmet Yassaui, who lived in the 12th century.

Is an architectural complex, which combines the functions of a mausoleum, a mosque, a khanaka, administrative and economic purpose. Externally symmetrical, compact plan includes up to 35 rooms connected by passages, stairs and corridors. . The exact choice of the structural scheme, the high quality of the material and construction work ensured the strength and stability of the building for centuries.

Mausoleum of Alash Khan

Monument of architecture: 11-12 centuries, located in the Ulytau district of the Karaganda region, 2 km south-west of the village of Malshybai on the right bank of the river. Karakengir.

Since 1892, it has been included in the list of historical and cultural monuments and is under state protection.

The tomb was erected by craftsmen in honor of Alash Khan, whose name is associated with the emergence of three Kazakh zhuzes .

Has the shape of a rectangle. The building was built of brick, only wood was used to decorate window openings and doors. In the center of the main facade there is a double-leaf door, behind which there is a deep two-arched niche.

"Russian Strongholds"

Since ancient times, Russian people settled on the shores of lakes and rivers rich in forests. Forest thickets gave him shelter and shelter, food and material for buildings. Huts and barns were cut from the forest, churches and cathedrals were erected, cities, towns (small towns), and Kremlins were built.

How do you understand the word KREMLIN? How else can you call it? ( fortress). What does fortress mean? ( from the word strong).

Chronicles say that already in the 9th century, at the very dawn of Russian statehood, fortress cities were built: Novgorod, Rostov the Great, Kyiv, etc. ( PRESENTATION sl 2 - 4)

What are the similarities between these fortified cities?

The heroic image of the fortress - protection, fence - took root in architecture and became one of the most characteristic and striking features of ancient architecture.

Who do the silhouettes of many wooden churches and belfries remind us of? ( epic heroes standing as an outpost on the Russian borders) (PRESENTATION 5)

Is it possible now to see a real fortress or the Kremlin? Where?

The word "Kremlin" came into use under Prince Ivan Kalita in the 14th century, when the Moscow fortress on Borovitsky Hill was surrounded by powerful archers, the predecessors of the current Kremlin towers. ( PRESENTATION sl 6). The Moscow Kremlin is beautiful, its main one is a travel archer above the main entrance gate. ( PRESENTATION sl 7)

The best craftsmen from all over Russia - from Moscow, Suzdal, Tver, Rostov, Pskov, Vladimir - built the main tower of the Kremlin and the entire Kremlin with buildings inside it. For centuries, its present appearance has evolved. It reflected the highest level of Russian architecture, embodied truly folk ideas about beauty.

And in other great cities, fortresses have been preserved as architectural monuments. ( PRESENTATION sl 8 - 12).

The history of Russia keeps the memory of the great battles near the walls of Russian cities. In ancient times, Russia endured a lot from the raids of nomadic tribes, and later from the invasion of hordes of enemies from both the south and the west, which burned villages, robbed and captured people. Cities were burning, the earth was groaning. Irrevocably perished people and great artistic values created in those days. There was no harmony in those distant centuries among the princes. Then they said: "In the Rostov land - a prince in every village." Each prince stood for himself, often brother against brother went to war in order to ruin neighboring principalities. However, the Russian people were steadfast, tempering themselves in endless battles for the freedom of their land and erecting defensive structures. In troubles, the spirit of the Russian people grew stronger, their love for the Fatherland grew. On devastated lands in different places Ancient Russia Numerous fortresses rose again and again from the ruins and monasteries were founded. These powerful fortifications protected the possessions of the motherland, inspired the Russian people, protected the treasures of Russian culture.

The fortifications that have survived to this day are not only witnesses to the history of their native country, keeping the memory of the heroic past of our ancestors. Ancient fortresses and monasteries are also outstanding works of Russian architecture.

Consider the image of the fortress-monastery on the screen ( PRESENTATION SL 13) and in creative notebook on p. 44.

How are they similar and how are they different? Do they have the same function?

Why is it called a fortress? What are they made of?

Let's look at the drawings of individual architectural objects of this ensemble. Below each figure is a number. Read what these objects are called. What is their purpose?

1) Fortress wall

2) Central entrance

3) Single-domed temple with aisles

4) Corner tower

5) Five-domed temple

"Wonderful city of Kitezh"

Let's make a virtual trip to the very center of Russia, the Nizhny Novgorod region. ( PRESENTATION next 2)

In the very center of Russia, the Nizhny Novgorod Territory, there is Lake Svetloyar - the pearl of Russian nature. This lake is sometimes called a small Russian Atlantis: its history is covered with legends. ( PRESENTATION SL 3). It was considered sacred to the Russian princes. These are truly Russian sacred places that remember the native Russian faith, the Magi and temples.

The main Svetnoyarsk legend is about the invisible city of Kitezh. The legend says: there is a lake in the Vetluzh forests. It is located in the forest thicket. The blue waters of the lake lie still day and night. Only occasionally a light swell runs through them. There are days when quiet shores a long chant is heard, and a distant bell ringing is heard.

Long ago, even before the advent of the Tatars, Grand Duke Georgy Vsevolodovich ( PRESENTATION SL 4) built the city of Maly Kitezh (now Gorodets) on the Volga, and then, “crossing quiet rivers”, went to Lake Svetloyar. The prince stopped to rest near the lake. He was captivated by its beauty and ordered to build a new city - Big Kitezh. This was at the end of the 12th century. ( PRESENTATION next 5)

Here is a legend about this city: “This city was of indescribable beauty: every house was a new miracle, decorated from top to bottom. Even from the entrance gate, people could not take their eyes off, such unprecedented wooden lions on them - the watchman lay and smiled kindly at everyone entering the city. And the flowers that curled around them shook their heads at the same time, although they were also wooden. ( PRESENTATION sl 6)

Six domes of churches towered in the center of the city. There are many churches, icons too - what else does a simple Russian person need? The city was not slow to be called "saint", and the people reached out to the lake Svetly Yar. Big Kitezh was conceived as a majestic city. There were many temples in it, and it was built entirely of white stone, which at that time was a sign of wealth and purity. ( PRESENTATION sl 7)

In 1237, the Mongol-Tatars under the leadership of Batu Khan invaded the territory of Russia. ( PRESENTATION SL 8)

Arriving in Russia and having conquered many of our lands, Batu heard about the glorious Kitezh-grad and rushed to him with his hordes. ( PRESENTATION SL 9)

According to legend, the hordes of Batu first besieged Small Kitezh and, having defeated the squad of Prince George, burned the city. However, the prince with the remnants of the soldiers managed to leave for Big Kitezh on a dark night. One of the captives told the Mongols about secret paths to Lake Svetloyar. The horde pursued Yuri and soon reached the walls of the city.

The Tatars surrounded the city with a thundercloud and wanted to take it by force, but when they broke through to its walls, they were amazed. The inhabitants of the city not only did not build any fortifications, but were not even going to defend themselves. They prayed for salvation, since nothing good could be expected from the Tatars. To the surprise of the Mongols, the city did not have any fortifications at all. The marvelous city of Batu ordered to be burned to the ground so that there would be no memory of him left.

And as soon as the Tatars rushed to the city, high-water springs suddenly burst out of the ground, and the Tatars retreated in fear. And the water kept running and running. ( PRESENTATION sl 10)

When the noise of the springs subsided, there were only waves in the place of the city. In the distance glimmered the solitary dome of the cathedral with a shining cross in the middle. She slowly sank into the water. The cross soon disappeared. ( PRESENTATION SL 11)

Amazed by the power of the "Russian miracle", the Tatars rushed to run in all directions. But God's wrath overtook them: whom the animals devoured, who got lost in the forest or simply disappeared, taken away by a mysterious force.

The city has disappeared. According to legend, he should "manifest" on the day of the Last Judgment. On the day when the dead rise from their graves, Kitezh will also rise from the water. ( PRESENTATION sl 12)

This legend gave birth to numerous incredible rumors that have survived to this day. It is said that only those who are pure in heart and soul will find their way to Kitezh. It is also said that in calm weather you can sometimes hear the bell ringing and singing of people heard from under the waters of Lake Svetloyar. Some say that very religious people can see the lights of religious processions and even buildings at the bottom of the lake. For this reason, Lake Svetloyar is sometimes called the "Russian Atlantis".

Currently, the territory of the lake is protected by the state. The lake and its surroundings are part of the reserve, which is under the protection of UNESCO. ( PRESENTATION SL 13)

Zamoskvorechye - one of the oldest corners of Moscow One of the nine protected areas of the capital, unique corners Moscow, where everything valuable that has come down to us from time immemorial has been preserved: low mansions of nobles and merchants, elegant churches, slender bell towers.

From the history of Zamoskvorechye The first mentions in the annals of the XIV century characterize it as a densely populated trade and craft settlement. On the low-lying sandy shores of Moscow, trades were located. Zamoskvorechye covered the Kremlin from the raids of the Tatar hordes from the south. At the beginning of the 17th century, about 50 thousand archers were concentrated here.

Population of Zamoskvorechye 1. Serving the royal court: royal coiners, Kadashevites, interpreters, gardeners and others. 2. Posad people, traders, merchants. 3. Archers (military people). On the streets of Zamoskvorechye one could hear the cries and jokes of street vendors and artisans.

About modern Zamoskvorechye Today, the almost unchanged layout of Zamoskvoretsky streets and alleys and their names, coming from the archery and craft settlements of the 16th-17th centuries, remind of these ancient times today. Dubininskaya street, Stremyanny lane, Bolshaya Ordynka, Kadashevskaya embankment and others.