Bowsprit. The bowsprit is his visiting card of the ship. What did the bowsprit look like on frigates of the 17th century
Under the spars and rigging of the vessel is understood all the equipment moving or at rest - masts, cargo half-masts, yards, hafels, cargo booms, shrouds, stays with all the details related to them. This name has been preserved since the days of sailing ships, however, its meaning has changed significantly during this time. So, initially the spars and rigging of a sailing vessel ensured the advancement of the vessel, and now their main task on modern cargo ships is to place a cargo device, and on passenger ships, icebreakers, tugboats and similar floating craft - signaling equipment.
Armament of a sailing ship
a - armament of a barque with an auxiliary engine; b - types of sailing equipment; c - types of sailing ships.
1 - mizzen boom; 2 - mizzen; 3 - mizzen mast; 4 - mizzen hafel; 5 - cruise topsail; 6 - cruise topmast; 7 - mainsail-bram-topmast; 8 - grotto-bom-bram-ray; 9 - main-bom-bramsel; 10 - grotto-bram-ray; 11 - main-bramsel; 12 - cruise-bram-staysail; 13 - cruise-wall-staysail; 14 - apse; 15 - upper mainsail; 16 - lower mainsail; 17 - grotto; 18 - main topmast; 19 - main mast; 20 - upper grotto-mars-rai; 21 - lower grotto-mars-ray; 22 - grotto-rai; 23 - mainsail-bom-bram-staysail; 24 - mainsail-bram-staysail; 25 - mainsail-stay-sail; 26 - for-bom-bram-ray; 27 - fore-bram-topmast; 28 - fore-bom-bramsel; 29 - fore-bram-ray; 30 - fore-bramsel; 31 - for-bom-bram-stay; 32 - bom-jib-leer; 33 - upper fore-mars-ray; 34 - upper fore-Marseille; 35 - fore topmast; 36 - lower fore-mars-ray; 37 - lower fore-Marseille; 38 - foke ray; 39 - fore-mast; 40 - fork; 41 - fore-topmast-staysail; 42 - middle jib; 43 - jib; 44 - boom-jib; 45 - bowsprit; 46 - Latin sail; 47 - straight rake sail; 48 - luger or rake sail Tretyak; 49 - lug or rake sail quarter; 50 - sprint sail; 51 - gaff sail; 52 - guari; 53- bermuda sail; 54 - evers; 55 - logger; 56 - ketch; 57 - deuhmast hafel schooner; 58 - two-masted topsail schooner; 59 - brigantine (schooner brig); 60 - brig; 61 - three-masted gaff schooner; 62 - three-masted topsail schooner; 63 - three-masted topsail schooner; 64 - barquentine (schooner-bark); 65 - bark; 66 is a fully armed ship.
The main part of the spars is the mast. Depending on the purpose of use, there are signal, cargo and special masts made of wood or pipes made of steel or light metal. To perceive the forces arising from the side and pitching during heavy seas, the masts are attached to the sides or in the center plane with the help of shrouds and stays, consisting of steel wire ropes. On the signal masts are placed signal and radio antenna yards, and often also a hafel for hoisting the country's flag. Fresh information rigging work with us. In addition, they have flag halyards and a holder for a lantern.
Spars and rigging of cargo ships
a - cargo and signaling devices of a cargo ship of an old design; b - a cargo ship with cargo booms and ship cranes.
The simplest design is tubular masts (Fig. below a), which have one cargo boom each in front and behind. To accommodate other cargo booms, a saling is mounted on the top of the mast, and a traverse is attached to the mast two or three meters above the deck. The ends of the traverse rest on short ventilation posts. Saling and traverse often consist of a single box beam (fig. below b). The most commonly seen bipedal masts usually lack standing rigging, thereby increasing visibility to the open deck. Sometimes when working with heavy cargo devices, stays are installed on the opposite side (fig. below c).
cargo masts
a - tubular mast; b - tubular mast with saling and traverse of the cargo boom; c - two-legged mast. 1 - antenna rail; 2 - ray; 3 - searchlight beam; 4 - observation post on the mast ("crow's nest"); 5 - guys; 6 - topmast; 7 - saling; 8 - ventilation column; 9 - the foundation of the cargo boom.
Cargo half-masts, unlike masts, are rarely equipped with topmasts and are installed in pairs outside the center plane of the ship between hatches or on hatches. As a rule, they do not have stays, but are often connected to each other by means of a connecting stay or traverse. Cargo half-masts are often used to ventilate the cargo hold; in this case, deck fan sockets are provided in them.
Cargo half-masts
a - the location of the half-masts; b - half-masts with a traverse; c - half-masts with hatchets and shrouds; d - half-masts without stays. 1 - topmast; 2 - traverse; 3 - cargo half-mast; 4 - toprik; 5 - guys.
The masts and half-masts are fastened with shrouds and stays, which in almost all cases consist of steel cables. They are attached at one end to the mast (saling) or to the half-mast with strong butts (cable-stayed butts), and at the other end - to the bases of the shrouds (shrouds) in the immediate vicinity of the bulwark. Shrouds or stays with butts are attached to the mast or shrouds with the help of lobes; in the presence of fork rope locks, lobes are not required. Between the shrouds or stays and shrouds are lanyards for pulling cables.
Bowsprit a tree pushed overboard in the bow of a ship horizontally or at some angle. The largest angle to the horizon reaches 35°. B. is either fixed or retractable, i.e., one whose outboard part can be reduced by pushing it inside the vessel (the tackle serving for this purpose is called B.-shot), or latrine, i.e., raised up, for free action by ramming on armadillos. The end of the B., which enters the vessel, is called a spur and is affirmed in a specially made place called a partner; the other end is called a top and an ezelgoft is put on it. 1. Bowsprit. 2. Bowsprit ezelgoft. 3. Utlegar. 4. Stem. 5. Tension yoke. 6. Staple. 7. Water back stays. 8. Water stays. 9. Fore stays. 10. Folding yoke. 11. Spurs utlegar. B., like masts, are made from resinous coniferous forests; on large ships, the battleship is not a single tree, but a composite one, mainly of 4 pieces, fastened with yokes and bolts (see Masts). B. serves to remove some of the windage from the center of gravity of the ship, and this makes it possible to increase the rotational force of the forward oblique sails; in addition, B. serves to support the foremast from the front, for which it is strongly fastened to the stem. B. does not count as masts; so, a two-masted ship has two vertical masts and B.; three-masted - three masts and B., etc. B. is put in place either by a crane, or by arrows and is affirmed in its position by water-woolings, brackets or clips, water stays and water backstays. When determining the slope of B., the place of the common center of windage is taken into account. With an increase in the slope of the windmill, the center of the windage approaches the bow, which, by assisting the rudder, is especially advantageous during fresh winds, in which most ships carry the rudder in the wind and thereby reduce their speed. The fore-staysail and fore-topmast-staysail are raised on the B. Both of these sails balance the action of the rear sails and serve to deflect the bow of the vessel into the wind.
Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .
Synonyms:See what "Bowsprit" is in other dictionaries:
Ship Falls of Clyde Bowsprit, bowsprit (Dutch. boegspriet (from boeg nose and spriet peak, in ... Wikipedia
- (Dutch boegspriet, from boeg bend, curvature, and spriet pole). A mast placed at an angle to the front of a ship. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. BOOSPRIT bowsprit, tilted over the nose and ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
A horizontal or sloping bar protruding from the prow of a sailing vessel. It serves to bring forward triangular bow sails (jibs and staysails) in order to improve the maneuverability of the vessel and partly to secure the fore mast. Naval ... ... Marine Dictionary
BUSHPRIT, bougsprit male, marine. the front mast on the ship, lying obliquely forward, behind the water cutter. Continuation of the bowsprit: jib, and the transverse tree: pancakes. The sails on the bowsprit are triangular: forestengs staysail, jib and boom jib. Dictionary… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Bugsprit, mast, spars Dictionary of Russian synonyms. bowsprit noun, number of synonyms: 3 bowsprit (1) mast ... Synonym dictionary
- (from the English bowsprit) a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing ship. Serves mainly for fastening bow sails ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
And BUGSPRIT, bowsprit, husband. (from the Dutch boeg the bow of the ship and the spriet pole) (mar.). A beam protruding obliquely ahead of the bow of the ship. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
BUT; m. [Dutch] boegsprit] Mor. A horizontal or inclined bar used to carry the bow sails forward. * * * bowsprit (from the English bowsprit), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing vessel. Serves mainly… encyclopedic Dictionary
A bowsprit (eng. bowsprit, Dutch boegspriet), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the ship's stem. On the sailing ships B. serves to carry forward bow sails (jibs), thereby increasing the total area ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
M. Horizontal or inclined beam on sailing ship, which serves to carry forward the bow sails. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova
Books
- Set "Sea of Wonders. Ghost ship" (147261) , . Your attention is invited to an interactive aquarium "Ghost Ship". Contents: aquarium, mast, prow (2 pcs.), bowsprit, forward deck (tank), railings (6 pcs.), middle deck…
- What about dealing with him? Just a tilted log! Xenia said.
– Even with a "simple log" you need to know the names of the parts ... The rear end of the bowsprit is called a spur, like a mast. Front - but about to, like a boom, hafel or ray.
The spur of the bowsprit is fixed between two strong bars (b and teng and m) that go from the deck to the very bottom. In addition, the bowsprit is attracted to the bowsprit by a special bracket, it is called v a ter - v l and n g.
- But he's on top, on the deck, and not near the water, - Slava was surprised. - Why "water ..."?
- The fact is that the front part of the stem, with which it cuts through the water, is called a water cut. The waterwooling is attached to it ... Actually, the word "wooling" means "fastening from a cable." Because it was with cables in the old days that the bowsprits were fixed on the water cutter ...
You see how much is connected even with a "simple log". But simple, that is, from one tree, bowsprits are found only on small ships. And we are building a complete frigate, with all the details of the spars. Therefore, our bowsprit has two extensions, they are attached to each other with bushsprit and ezelgoftam.
The second part of the bowsprit is called UTL E GAR. And the continuation of the legar is BOM-UTLEGAR.
“It would be more logical to use a bram-fitler,” Slava remarked.
- May be. But it just so happened: "bowsprit, jib, bom-jib".
Bowsprit, jib, bom jib!
What a great way to run on them! -
composed by Anton Shtukin.
“Sometimes the sailors have to go for a run there,” Yakov Platonovich agreed. But it must be done skillfully and carefully. And then not long to be in the water.
“But they’re stretching a net under the bowsprit!” Xenia exclaimed. - Here, on the Meridian model ...
- Yes. But this was not always the case. On old big sailboats the bowsprits were huge - whole masts! Try to make a network for such a giant! Yes, even when it bristles with long spars.
- What offshoots? Anton was surprised.
- Sometimes a spar is attached to the bowsprit, which is called BLINDA-RAY. "Blind" in translation into Russian means "blind". In past centuries, a quadrangular sail was tied to the blind yard, which helped with the maneuvering of a heavy ship ... It helped to help, but it was hard to see it from the deck, which is why it was called blind. Abandoned the use of the blind in the eighteenth century. But the rail remained - for stretching the cables that hold the bowsprit from the sides. However, sometimes now, instead of a blind-ray, they put two processes - BLINDA-HAFEL.
And under the bowsprit, approximately in the same place where the blinda ray or blinda hafels are attached, another spar detail is often placed. Such a process that looks obliquely or vertically down. This is MARTIN Geek. Why "geek" is understandable. It looks like mast booms. And why "Martin", I, to tell the truth, I do not know. Maybe it was invented by a shipbuilder with that name ...
I knew a cadet who liked to compose poems about sails and storms. I remember these lines:
Water and sky met in a noisy dispute,
And the ocean was boiling wild.
And our ship flew forward over the sea,
Ripping out combs with a martin geek...
Antosha Shtukin sighed enviously. He did not yet know how to invent such beautiful poems.
- And at the end of today's classes we will make the last spar drawing, - said Yakov Platonovich. - Bowsprit with all the details. I will try to start, and you, Slava, help ...
And so they did...
- Just a real spreading tree on the ship's bow, - said Vasya.
“Yes,” agreed Yakov Platonovich, brushing off the chalk from his palms. - And in the days of Magellan and Francis Drake, on heavy ships like galleons and old ships of the line, an additional mast was put on the bow of a jib or bom-jib - with one or two yards, with a top. That's what it was called - b u shp r and t n a i m a ch t a.
And behind the mizzen on such ships there was sometimes another mast - also a small, auxiliary one. B o n a v e n t ur – ma ch t a. "Bonaventure" in some languages means "good luck". Probably, the sailors believed that this mast would make the management of the ship more successful.
Source: Central Marine Club DOSAAF RSFSR. Publishing house DOSAAF. Moscow, 1987
§one. Spars.
Spars are all wooden, and on modern ships, metal parts that serve to carry sails, flags, raise signals, etc. The spars on a sailing ship include: masts, topmasts, yards, hafels, booms, bowsprits, utlegaris, fox spirits and shots.
Masts.
Salings and ezelgofts, depending on their location, belonging to a particular mast, also have their own names: for-saling, for-bram-saling, mast ezelgoft. fore-sten-ezelgoft, kruys-sten-ezelgoft, bowsprit ezelgoft (connecting bowsprit with utlegar), etc.
Bowsprit.
A bowsprit is a horizontal or somewhat inclined beam (an inclined mast) protruding from the bow of a sailing vessel and serving to carry straight sails - blind and bom-blind. Until the end of the 18th century, the bowsprit consisted of only one tree with a blind topmast (), on which direct blind and bom blind sails were placed on the blind yard and bom blind yard.
Since the end of the 18th century, the bowsprit has been lengthened with the help of a jib, and then a bom-jib (), and blind and bom-blind sails are no longer placed on it. Here it serves already for the removal of the foremast stays and its topmasts and for fastening the bow triangular sails - jibs and staysails, which improved the propulsion and agility of the ship. At one time, triangular sails were combined with straight ones.
The bowsprit itself was attached to the bow of the vessel with the help of a water-wooling made of a strong cable, and later (XIX century) and chains. For knitting the wooling, the main end of the cable was fastened to the bowsprit, then the cable was passed into the hole in the knyavdiged, around the bowsprit, etc. Usually they put 11 hoses, which were tightened in the middle with transverse hoses. From the sliding of hoses and stays along the bowsprit, several wooden fittings were made on it - bis ().
Boostrits with a jib and bom jib had a vertical marting boom and horizontal blind hafels for spacing the standing rigging of the jib and bom jib.
Rhea.
Ray is a round, spindle-shaped spar tree, tapering evenly to both ends, called nocks ().
Shoulders are made at both legs, close to which fires of perts, block slings, etc. are nailed. They serve as yards for attaching direct sails to them. The yards in their middle are attached to the masts and topmasts in such a way that they can be raised, lowered and turned in a horizontal direction to set the sails in the most advantageous position relative to the wind.
At the end of the 18th century, additional sails appeared - foxes, which were placed on the sides of the main sails. They were attached to small yards - fox spirits, advanced to the sides of the ship along the main yard through the yoke ().
Rays also take names depending on their belonging to one or another mast, as well as their location on the mast. So, the names of the yards on various masts, counting them from the bottom up, the following: on the foremast - foka-ray, for-marsa-ray, for-bram-ray, for-bom-bram-ray; on the main mast - main-roy, main-mars-ray, main-bram-ray, main-bom-bram-ray; on a mizzen mast - begin-ray, cruysel-ray, cruise-bram-ray, cruise-bom-bram-ray.
Gafels and booms.
A hafel is a special rail, fixed obliquely at the top of the mast (behind it) and lifted up the mast. On sailing ships, it served to fasten the upper edge (luff) of an oblique sail - trisel and oblique mizzen (). The heel (inner end) of the gaff has a wooden or metal mustache sheathed in leather, holding the gaff near the mast and covering it like a grip, both ends of which are interconnected by a bayfoot. The bayfoot can be made of a vegetable or steel cable, sheathed in leather or with balls put on it, the so-called rax-clots.
For setting and cleaning sails on ships with oblique armament and an oblique mizzen sail, the hafel is raised and lowered with the help of two running rigging gear - a hafel halyard that raises the hafel by the heel, and a dirik-fal that raises the gaff by the knock - the outer thin end ().
On ships with direct armament, oblique sails - trisails are pulled up (when they are harvested) to the gaff with git, but the gaff is not lowered.
The booms are used to stretch the luff of the slanting sails. The boom is movably fastened with a heel (the inner end with the mast using a swivel or mustache, like a hafel (). The outer end of the boom (knock) with the sail set is supported by a pair of topenants, reinforced on one side and the other of the boom.
Gafels and booms, armed with a slanting sail on a mizzen, began to be used in the Russian fleet from about the second half of XVIII centuries, and in the time of Peter the Great, a Latin ray (ryu) was hung obliquely on a mizzen to carry a Latin triangular sail. Such a rail was raised in an inclined position so that one knock (rear) was pulled up high, and the other was lowered almost to the very deck ()
Having familiarized ourselves with each spar tree separately, now we list all the spar trees according to their location on the sailing ship, with their full name ():
I - knyavdiged; II - latrine; III - krambol; IV - bulwark, on top of it - sailor bunks; V - foca-line and shrouds; VI - grotto-ruslen and shrouds; VII - mizzen-ruslen and vant-putences; VIII - right shell: IX - balconies; X - mine-wels-barhout; XI - chanel-wels-barhout: XII - shire-wels-barhout; XIII - shir-strek-velvet; XIV - rudder feather.
| Rice. 9. Rigging of a three-deck 126-gun battleship of the middle of the 19th century. |
| 1 - bowsprit; 2 - jib; 3 - bom-fitler; 4 - martin boom; 5 - blind hafels; 6 - bowsprit ezelgoft; 7 - guis-stock; 8 - foremast; 9 - top foremast; 10 - for-trisel-mast; 11 - topmasts; 12 - mast ezelgoft; 13 - fore topmast; 14 - top fore-bram-masts; 15 - for-saling; 16 - ezelgoft fore topmast; 17 - fore-bram-topmast, made in one tree with fore-bom-bram-topmast; 18-19 - top for-bom-bram-masts; 20 - klotik; 21 - fore-ray; 22 - for-mars fox-alcohols; 23 - for-mars-ray; 24 - for-bram-lisel-alcohols; 25 - fore-bram-ray; 26 - for-bom-bram-ray; 27 -for-trisel-hafel; 28 - main mast; 29 - top mainmast; 30 - main-trisel-mast; 31 - grotto-mars; 32 - mast ezelgoft; 33 - main topmast; 34 - top mainsail; 35 - grotto saling; 36 - ezelgoft mainmast; 37 - grotto-bram-topmast made in one tree with grotto-bom-bram-mastmast; 38-39 - top grotto-bom-bram-masts; 40 - klotik; 41 - grottorei; 42 - grotto-mars-lisel-alcohols; 43 - grotto-mars-ray; 44 - grotto-bram-lisel-alcohols; 45 - grotto-bram-ray; 46 - grotto-bom-bram-ray; 47 - mainsail-trisel-hafel; 48 - mizzen mast; 49 - top mizzen mast; 50 - mizzen-trisel-mast; 51 - cruise-mars; 52 - mast ezelgoft: 53 - cruise topmast; 54 - top cruiser topmast; 55 - cruise-saling; 56 - ezelgoft cruise topmast; 57 - cruise-bram-topmast, made in one tree with the cruise-bom-bram-mastmast; 58-59 - top cruiser-bom-bram-masts; 60 - klotik; 61 - begin-ray; 62 - cruys-mars-rey or cruysel-rey; 63 - cruise-bram-ray; 64 - cruise-bom-bram-ray; 65 - mizzen boom; 66 - mizzen hafel: 67 - aft flagpole. |
§2. Basic proportions of spar trees of battleships.
The length of the mainmast is determined by the length of the ship along the gondeck, folded to its greatest beam and divided in half. The length of the foremast is 8/9, and the mizzen of the mast is 6/7 of the length of the mainmast. The length of the tops of the main and foremasts is 1/6, and the tops of the mizzen masts are 1/8-2/13 of their length. The largest diameter of the masts is located at the operdeck and is 1/36 for the fore and main masts, and 1/41 for the mizzen masts of their length. The smallest diameter is under the top and is 3/5-3/4, and the spur has 6/7 of the largest diameter.
The length of the mainmast is equal to 3/4 of the length of the mainmast. The length of the tops of the topmast is 1/9 of the entire length of the topmast. The largest diameter of the topmast is for mast ezelgofts and is equal to 6/11 of the diameter of the mainmast for the mainsail and fore-mast, and 5/8 of the diameter of the mizzen-mast for the cruise-topmast. The smallest diameter under the top is 4/5 of the largest.
The length of the bram-topmast, made in the same tree as the bom-bram-topmast and their flagpoles (or tops), is made up of: the length of the bram-topmast, equal to 1/2 of its topmast, bom-bram-topmast - 5/7 of its bram- topmast and a flagpole equal to 5/7 of its bom-bram-topmast. The largest diameter of the topmast at the wall-ezelgoft is 1/36 of its length, the bom-bram-topmast is 5/8 of the diameter of the topmast, and the smallest diameter of the flagpole is 7/12 of the diameter of the topmast.
The length of the bowsprit is 3/5 of the length of the main mast, the largest diameter (at the bulwark above the stem) is equal to the diameter of the main mast or less than it by 1/15-1/18. The lengths of the jib and bom jib are 5/7 of the length of the bowsprit, the largest diameter of the jib is 8/19, and the bom jib is 5/7 of the bowsprit diameter is 1/3 from their lower ends, and the smallest one is at the bows - 2/3 largest diameter.
The length of the main yard is equal to the width of the ship multiplied by 2 plus 1/10 of the width. The total length of both legs is 1/10, and the largest diameter is 1/54 of the length of the yard. The length of the main-mars-yard is 5/7 of the main-yard, the legs are 2/9, and the largest diameter is 1/57 of the length of the main-top-yard. The length of the grotto-bram-rai is 9/14 of the grotto of the mars-rai, the legs are 1/9 and the largest diameter is 1/60 of this rai. All sizes of fore-yard and fore-mars - yard are 7/8 of the size of the mainsail and mains-mars-yard. Begin-rei is equal to the main-mars-rei, but the length of its both legs is 1/10 of the length of the rai, the cruisel-rei is equal to the main-bram-rei, but the length of its both legs is 2/9 of the length of the rai, and the cruise-bram-rei equal to 2/3 of the main-bram-ray. All bom bram yards are equal to 2/3 of their bram yards. Blinda-ray is equal to for-marsa-ray. The largest diameter of the yards is in their middle. The yards from the middle to each end are divided into four parts: on the first part from the middle - 30/31, on the second - 7/8, on the third - 7/10 and at the end - 3/7 of the largest diameter. The mizzen-boom is equal to the length and thickness of the fore- or main-mars ray. Its largest diameter is above the tackboard. Mizzen hafel is 2/3 long and 6/7 boom thick, its largest diameter is at the heel. The length of the marting booms is 3/7, and the thickness is 2/3 of the jib (there were two of them until the second quarter of the 19th century).
The main-mars has a length of 1/4 of the length of the main-topmast, and a width of 1/2 of the width of the ship. Fore-mars is 8/9, and cruise-mars is 3/4 grotto-mars. The mainsaling has long salings 1/9 of the length of its topmast, and the spreaders are 9/16 of the width of the mars. Forsaling is 8/9 and cruisesaling is 3/4 of the mainsaling.
§3. Standing spar rigging.
The bowsprit, masts and topmasts on a sailing vessel are fixed in a certain position with the help of special gear called standing rigging. Standing rigging includes: shrouds, forduns, stays, backstays, perts, as well as jib and bom-jib of the lifeline.
Once wound up, standing rigging always remains stationary. Previously, it was made from a thick vegetable cable, and on modern sailing ships - from a steel cable and chains.
Standing rigging is called shrouds, with which masts, topmasts and bram-topmasts are strengthened from the sides and somewhat behind. Depending on which spar tree the shrouds are holding, they receive additional names: fore-shrouds, fore-sten-shrouds, fore-bram-sten-shrouds, etc. The shrouds also serve to lift personnel onto masts and topmasts when working with sails. For this purpose, hemp, wooden or metal veneers are strengthened across the shrouds at a certain distance from each other. Hemp bleeds were tied to the shrouds with a bleed knot () at a distance of 0.4 m from one another.
The lower shrouds (hemp) were made the thickest on sailing ships, their diameter on battleships reached up to 90-100 mm, the wall shrouds were made thinner, and the bram-shroud shrouds were even thinner. The faded ones were thinner than their shrouds.
The topmasts and bram-masts are additionally held from the sides and somewhat behind by forduns. Forduns are also named after the masts and topmasts on which they stand. For example, for-sten-forduny, for-bram-sten-forduny, etc.
The upper ends of the shrouds and forduns are attached to the mast or topmast with the help of ogons (loops) put on the tops of the masts, topmast and bram-topmast (). Guys, wall-shrouds and bram-wall-shrouds are made in pairs, i.e. from one piece of cable, which is then folded and fire is made according to the thickness of the top on which it is superimposed. If the number of shrouds from each side is odd, then the last shroud to the stern, including forduns, are made split (). The number of shrouds and forduns depends on the height of the mast and the carrying capacity of the vessel.
The shrouds and forduns were stuffed (fitted) with cable hoists on yufers - special blocks without pulleys with three holes for a cable lanyard, with which the shrouds and forduns are stuffed (tensioned) (). On modern sailing ships, the rigging is covered with metal screw lanyards.
In the old days, on all military sailing ships and large merchant ships, in order to increase the angle at which the lower shrouds and forduns go to the masts, powerful wooden platforms were strengthened from the outside of the side of the ship, at deck level ().
| Rice. 11. Fitting shrouds with slings. |
The shrouds were fastened with shrouds forged from iron strips. The lower end of the shrouds was attached to the board, and the lufers were attached to their upper ends in such a way that the latter almost touched with their lower part the channels.
The upper lufers are tied into shrouds and forduns with the help of fires and benzels (marks) (). The root end of the lanyard is attached to the hole of the shroud-yufers with the help of a lanyard knob, and the running end of the lanyard after tightening the guys, having made several slags around them, is attached to the shroud with the help of two or three benzels. Having founded the lanyards between all the yufers of the lower shrouds, they tied an iron rod to them over the yufers - vorst (), which did not allow the yufers to twist, keeping them at the same level. The shrouds of the topmast were equipped in the same way as the lower shrouds, but their yufers were somewhat smaller.
Standing rigging, supporting spars (masts and topmasts), in the diametrical plane in front, is called stays, which, like the lower shrouds, were made of a thick cable. Depending on which spar the stays belong to, they also have their own names: fore-stay, fore-sten-stay, fore-bram-stay, etc. The lights at the headquarters are made the same as those of the guys, but their sizes are larger (). They stuff the stays with lanyards on the stay blocks ().
Standing rigging also includes perts - plant cables on yards (see), on which sailors stand while working with sails on yards. Usually one end of the perts is attached to the butt of the yard, and the other in the middle. Perths are supported by props - pieces of cable attached to the yard.
Now let's see how the standing rigging will look completely on a sailing 90-gun two-deck ship of the line of the late 18th and early 19th centuries with its full name (): 1 - water stays; 2 - martin stay; 3 - martin stay from bom-utlegar (or lower backstay); 4 - fore-stay; 5 - for-moose-stay; 6 - fore-moose-stay-stay (serves as a lifeline for fore-topmast-staysail); 7 - fore-wall-stay; 8 - jib-leer; 9 - fore-bram-wall-stay; 10 - bom-jib-leer; 11 - fore-bom-bram-wall-stay; 12 - mainstay; 13 - mainsail-elk-stay; 14 - mainsail-moose-wall-stay; 15-gross-wall-stay; 18 - mizzen-stay; 19 - cruise-wall-stay; 20 - cruise-bram-wall-stay; 21 - cruise-bom-bram-wall-stay; 22-water tank stays; 23 - backstay jib; 24 - bom-utlegar-backstays; 25 - fore-shrouds; 26 - fore-wall-shrouds; 27-for-bram-wall-shrouds; 28 - for-sten-forduny; 29 - for-bram-sten-forduny; 30 - for-bom-bram-sten-forduny; 31 - main shrouds; 32 - mainsail-shroud; 33 - grotto-bram-wall-shrouds; 34 - grotto-wall-forduny; 35 - grotto-bram-sten-forduny; 36 - grotto-bom-bram-sten-forduny; 37 - mizzen guys; 38 - cruise-wall-shrouds; 39 - cruise-bram-wall-shrouds; 40 - cruise-wall-forduny; 41 - cruise-bram-sten-forduny; 42 - cruise-bom-bram-sten-forduns.
§four. The order of imposition, places of traction and the thickness of the hemp standing rigging.
Water stays with a thickness of 1/2 of the bowsprit are carried into a hole in the leading edge of the knyavdiged, fastened there and rise to the bowsprit, where they are pulled by cable lanyards based between the yufers. Water stays (one on each side) are hooked behind the butts, driven into the hull under the crumbles, and stretch at the bowsprit like water stays.
Then the shrouds are superimposed, which are made in pairs, 1/3 of their mast thick. Each end assigned to a pair of shrouds is folded in half and a bend is made at the fold by applying a benzel. First, the front right light is put on the top of the mast, then the front left pair of shrouds, etc. If the number of guys is odd, then the latter is split, i.e. single. The shrouds are pulled by cable lanyards, based between the yufers tied into the lower ends of the shrouds, and the yufers fastened at the channels with shrouds. Fock and main stays are made 1/2 thick, mizzen stays - 2/5 of their masts, and elk stays - in 2/3 of their stays (hemp cables are measured around the circumference, and spar trees - along the largest diameter).
They are put on the tops of the masts so that they cover the longo-salings with lights. The fore-stay and fore-elk-stay are pulled by cable lanyards on the bowsprit, the mainstay and the mainstay-elk-stay are on the deck on the sides and in front of the foremast, and the mizzenstay branches into paws and is attached to the deck on the sides of the mainsail. mast or passes through the thimble on the main mast and stretches on deck.
Wall-shrouds with a thickness of 1/4 of their topmasts are stretched on the mars platform with lanyards based between the yufers tied into the wall-shrouds and the yufers fastened to the putens-shrouds. Sten-forduns with a thickness of 1/3 of their topmasts stretch on the channels like shrouds. The wall-stays are 1/3 thick, and the elk-wall-stays are 1/4 of their topmasts, the fore-wall-stay is carried into the pulley on the right side of the bowsprit, and the fore-elk-wall-stay is on the left. The mainstay and the mainstay and the mainstay are carried through the pulleys of the blocks on the fore mast and are pulled by the gins on the deck. The cruise-wall-stay passes through the block pulley on the main mast and stretches on the topside.
Standing rigging the jib and the bom-jib are made 1/4 thick of their spar trees. Each martin stay is carried out sequentially into the holes of its marting boom (there are two of them), where it is held by a knob, then into the pulley of the block on the leg of the jib, into the pulley on the marting boom and on the bowsprit, and stretches on the forecastle. Utlegar-backstays (two on each side) are tied with the middle of the end behind the nok of the jib, their ends are held in thimbles near the legs of the blind-yard and stretched on the forecastle. Also, bom-utlegar-backstay is superimposed and stretched. Martin-stay from bom-jib is fastened by the middle of the end behind the nok of bom-jib. and passing through the pulleys on the marting boom and bowsprit, stretches on the forecastle.
Bram shrouds and bram forduny are made 2/5 thick, and bram stays are 1/2 of their bram topmasts. Bram-shrouds are passed through the holes in the saling spreaders, pulled up to the topmast and descended along the shrouds to the top, where they are pulled by lanyards through the thimble at their ends. The fore-bram-stay leads into the pulley at the jib's bow and stretches on the forecastle, the main-bram-stay goes into the pulley on the fore-mast, and the cruise-bram-stay goes into the pulley on the top of the mainmast and both are pulled on the deck.
Bom brahm rigging is carried and pulled like brahm rigging.
§5. Running rigging spars.
The running rigging of the spar is called all movable gear, through which work is performed related to lifting, picking, pickling and turning spar trees - yards, gaffs, shots, etc.
The running rigging of the spars includes halyards, dryreps. halyards, braces, topenants, sheets, etc.
On ships with direct sailing weapons, halyards serve to raise and lower the lower yards with sails (see) or gaffs (his heels); dryreps for lifting the topsails, and halyards for lifting brahm-rays and bom-bram-rays, as well as slanting sails - jibs and staysails.
The tackle with which the gaff head is raised and supported is called a dirik-fal, and the tackle that lifts the hafel by the heel along the mast is called the hafel-gardel.
Tackle, which serves to maintain and align the legs of the yards, is called topenants, and for turning the yards - brahms.
Now let's get acquainted with all the running rigging of the spars, with its full names, according to its location on the ship ():
Gear used to raise and lower the yards: 1 - halyard fore-yard; 2 - for-mars-drayrep; 3 - for-marsa-fall; 4 - for-bram-fal; 5 - for-bom-bram-fal; 6 - halyard main-yard; 7 - grotto-marsa-drayrep; 8 - main-mars-fall; 9 main-bram-halyard; 10 - grotto-bom-bram-fal; 11 - gardel-begin-ray; 12 - cruise-marsa-fall; 13 - cruise-marsa-drayrep; 14 - cruise-bram-fal; 15 - cruise-bom-bram-fal; 16 - hafel-gardel; 17 - dirik-fal.
Tackles that serve to maintain and align the legs of the yards: 18 - blind-topenants; 19 - foca-topenants; 20 - for-mars-topenants; 21 - for-bram-topenants; 22 - for-bom-brahm-topenants; 23 - grotto-topenants; 24 - grotto-mars-topenants; 25 - grotto-bram-topenants; 26 - grotto-bom-bram-topenants; 27 - beginant-topenants; 28 - cruise-mars-topenants; 29 - cruise-bram-topenants; 30-cruise-bom-bram-topenants; 31 - mizzen-geek-topenants; 31a - mizzen-geek-topenant pendant.
Tackles used for turning yards: 32 - blind-tris (bram-blind-ray); 33 - foca-braces; 34 - for-mars-bras; 35 - fore-bram-bras; 36 - for-bom-brahm-braces; 37 - grotto-contra-braces; 38 - grotto-braces; 39 - grotto-Mars-braces; 40 - grotto-brahm-braces; 41 - grotto-bom-brahm-braces; 42 - begin-braces; 43 - cruise-Mars-braces; 44 - cruise-brahm-braces; 45 - cruise-bom-bram-braces; 46 - erins backstays; 47 - blockage-waist; 48 - mizzen-boom-sheet.
§6. The wiring of the running rigging shown in.
The foca and the main-gardele are based between two or three-sheave blocks, two are strengthened under the topsail and two are near the middle of the yard. Begin-gardel is based between one three-sheave block under the topsail and two one-sheave blocks on the rail. The running ends of the halyards are attached to the bollards.
The fore- and main-mars-drayreps are fastened by the middle of the end to the topmasts, their running ends are each drawn into their own blocks on the yardarm and under the saling, and blocks are splashed into their ends. Marsa-falls are built between these blocks and blocks on the channels. Their lopars are pulled through the side bollards. The kruysel-marsa-drayrep is taken with the root end in the middle of the yard, and the running gear is drawn through the pulley in the topmast under the saling and a marsa-fal block is splashed into its end, which is based on the mantyl - the root end is attached to the left channel, and the hoist is attached to the right.
Bram- and brom-bram-halyards are taken with the root end in the middle of their yard, and the running ones are carried into the pulley of their topmasts and pulled by gins: bram-halyards are on the deck, and bom-bram-halyards are on the top.
The hafel-gardel is based between the block on the heel of the gaff and the block under the cruise-mars. Dirik-fal with the root end is attached to the top of the topmast, and the running end is carried through the blocks on the gaff and the top of the mast. Their running ends are attached to the bollards.
Blinda-topenants are based between the blocks on both sides of the bowsprit eselgoft and on the buttocks of the blind-yard, and their falls are pulled on the forecastle. Foka and main top-topenants are based between three- or two-sheave blocks, and begin-topenants - between two- or one-sheave blocks on both sides of the mast ezelgoft and on both yard legs. Their running ends, drawn through the "dog holes" are attached to the bollards. Marsa-topenant in the middle of the end are attached to the topmast, and the running ends, taken with a half-bayonet for the front wall-shrouds, are drawn into blocks on the legs of the yard, into the lower pulleys of butt blocks. through the "dog holes" and are attached next to the lower tokenants. Bram- and brom-bram-topenants are put on with a point on the yard-knots and, passed through the blocks on their topmasts, stretch: bram-topenant on the deck, and bom-bram-topenants on the top. Boom topenants are taken in the middle of the end by the foot of the boom, held on both sides of it, as shown in the figure, and pulled with grip-hoists at the heel of the boom.
The foca-braces are fastened at the middle of the end to the top of the mainmast, held, as can be seen in the figure, and stretched on the bollards of the mainmast. The main braces are based between the blocks at the side on the poop and on the legs of the main yard and stretch through the side bollards. The main-braces are based on the fore-braces between the blocks on the fore-mast and the legs of the yard and stretch at the foremast. The begin-braces are taken with the root ends of the rear main shrouds, and the running ones are carried through the blocks on the legs of the yard and on the rear main shrouds and are attached to the tile-plank at the side. Mars braces are fastened at the middle of the end to the topmast, held in the shrouds, as shown in the figure, and stretched on the deck. The fore- and main-bram-braces are fastened by the middle of the end to the bram or bom-bram-mastmast and are held in blocks on the legs of the yards and in blocks near the root end and stretch along the deck. Cruising braces and all bom braces are put on the toes of their yards, held as shown, and pulled on deck.
Majestically dissecting the sea waves - a truly bewitching sight. Now you can see it with your own eyes, except perhaps at the parade of sailing ships in Amsterdam, which takes place every five years. Several centuries ago, watching a sailboat was a common thing among coastal residents. The more massive the ship, the more sails are needed for its fast and smooth running. The sailboat has a complex structure, and each mast on it has its own purpose. Consider the structure sailing ship possible with its most advanced details.
Bar at the forefront of a sailboat
In a literal translation from Dutch, a bowsprit is an "inclined pole". The design is a bow beam of a sailing ship that is carried forward. In other words, a bowsprit is a spar, which is a continuation of the bow of the ship and protrudes beyond the stem. It plays the role of the front mast and is installed obliquely at an angle of 30-36 degrees. Initially, it consisted of one section. Subsequently on big ships it became composite: a jib was installed as its continuation, followed by a bom-jib. Like any mast, the rear base of the bowsprit is called a spur. The front end is called a nok, like a boom, hafel or ray.
Design purpose
The main purpose of the bowsprit is to carry forward the front oblique triangular sails - jibs. Due to this design, the sailing area of the ship is increased, which contributes to better handling and higher maneuverability. In addition, the bowsprit is partly used to secure the foremast. Its functions do not end there, because. it is also necessary for securing and raising the bow anchor. Thus, the ship's bowsprit is a multifunctional mast of a water craft.
Front mast dimensions
For ships of different profiles, the length of the bowsprit was different. As a rule, on merchant ships, the length of the forward mast was equal to three-fifths of the length of the main mast. On ships intended for naval combat, its length was equal to eight-ninths of the length of the foremast. In diameter, the bow beam was comparable to the diameters of the fore and main masts of medium size. At the same time, the thickness of the bowsprit decreased from the base to the toe by almost two times.
Sometimes the bow of the ship was decorated with a latrine (or bow) figure, which was usually located above the bowsprit and depicted, most often, a mermaid, an attractive girl or a lion's head. It is noteworthy that on the other side, on the same overhang, there were restrooms for the crew.
