Discussions - quizzes beyond competition - groups my world. Sailing ships of the beginning of the century
Victoria
- (from Latin) - victory, winner.
Derivatives
: Viktorka, Vikta, Viktusya, Vika, Vikusha, Vita, Vitulya, Vitusya, Vitush, Vityanya, Vira, Torah, Tosha, Tusya.
Temperamental. Usually stubborn. In work with laziness, but possesses
extraordinary taste. Athletic, with the posture of a champion, photogenic. Loves
be the center of attention. Allows himself extravagance. For men
dangerous: it always gives the impression that she is carried away by another ...
Victoria in Roman mythology, the goddess of victory, corresponds to the Greek
Nike. Depicted winged, sometimes on a chariot, with a laurel wreath in
the hand with which she crowned the winner. In Russia, the name appeared in the XVIII century in
connections with the victories of Peter I. The name is found infrequently, in cities more,
than in the countryside.
name zodiac : Aquarius.
Planet: Uranus.
Name color: Violet.
Talisman Stone: lapis lazuli.
auspicious plant: cedar, mimosa.
name patron: bumblebee.
Happy day: Saturday.
happy season: winter.
Diminutive forms: Vika, Viktusya, Vikusha, Veta, Vitulya, Vitush, Vityanya, Vira, Vichka, Torah, Tosha, Tusya.
Main features: activity, stubbornness.
NAME AND CHARACTER
From childhood, Vika's character begins to show such traits as
self-will, stubbornness. If parents resort to rude methods
upbringing, already in her early youth, Vika will provoke a heated protest. She is
will assert itself, satisfying the injured pride:
dress extravagantly, paint nails with bright varnish, amaze
surrounding with a strong smell of perfume, will behave defiantly on
party. This demonstrativeness, assertiveness, expressed more than
the situation requires, will characterize Victoria in the future.
Victoria is very beautiful, charming, and asks for the cover of a magazine.
But she herself thinks about it least of all. She is not devoid of ambition, but
loves when her abilities, intelligence and professionalism are noted. Victoria
male analytical mindset, which makes it possible to patiently delve into
details. Her will is strong, but it is often not enough to achieve
goals.
Victoria is most attracted to scientific activities, she can become
scientist, engineer, teacher. At work she shows
efficiency, activity, Victoria is witty, even sometimes resorts to
evil irony, not afraid to tell a colleague, even a boss. But Victoria
everything is forgiven, they love her, they know that by nature she is kind,
a sympathetic person will never act low.
Victoria is hardworking, emotional, carefully plan her affairs with
it fails, it relies on inspiration. Victoria has
creativity, she can be a writer, artist, musician,
artist, ballet soloist. She likes that profession, final
the result of which depends on itself. Field of activity at Victoria
wide - nurse, doctor, cook, hairdresser, designer. Victoria
unable to actively fight for a warm place in life, she is proud and with
treats people with respect.
Victoria is sexy, she has a stormy temperament, but this secret area of \u200b\u200bher
nature, and she does not like to be invaded. She is not always married
lucky. It seems to many that she has no problems in this matter, in fact
In fact, most often her chosen one is not the one she was waiting for! But she
fell in love, feels responsible for him, for the family, and
it is difficult for her to part with him. She cries secretly, and proves to others
that he is good. Victoria can sacrifice herself for the sake of the family, the child.
She loves children selflessly, often pampers.
Victoria dresses with taste, cooks well, she is very caring.
With a sensitive, attentive husband, she can become a housewife, because
her career is not very exciting, she just likes to do her job well
and to be valued according to her merits.
Victoria is very sociable, loves when guests come to her, even when
unexpected invasion will always find something to treat. However, collisions
it is better to avoid with her, Victoria does not know how to forgive.
Victoria can create a reliable and cozy family hearth with Vladimir, Mikhail, Leo, Sergey, Semyon, Eduard.
Yachts "Zabava", "Slavyanka", "Queen Victoria" on the Kronstadt roadstead. A fragment of a watercolor by N.S. Putyatin, 1892 (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts. Late 17th-early 20th century". St. Petersburg: EGO, 1997)
Model of a buer acquired by Peter I in Saardam. Made by ship modeler M. Chernikov in 1956, stored in the TsVMM (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts...")
Model of the yacht "Royal Transport", stored in the Central Naval Museum (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts...")
Model of the 18-gun court yacht "Princess Anna" (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts...")
Yacht-buer "Natalia". Fragments of a drawing made by Ivan Afanasyev, master of flippers. Presumably, this is a later drawing of a yacht, according to the design - a typical Dutch buer of the late 17th - early 18th centuries, delivered to St. Petersburg from Holland in 1719. On the drawing there is an inscription: “Drawing of the yacht“ Natalie ”, length through the stems - 53 feet. Width without boards - 16. Depth 6-8". According to the materials of the TsVMM. Published for the first time
Yacht "Happiness". Fragments of a drawing made by shipbuilder P. Kachalov. On the drawing there is an inscription: “This drawing was witnessed and signed in the Royal Admiralty Board on February 24, 1763 ...”; “This drawing was reviewed in the Ober-Sarvaer office and appeared at the construction of the yacht conveniently ... on the day of 1763. Potai Kachalov, Danila Ulfov. According to the materials of the TsVMM. Published for the first time
Sailing drawing of the 12-gun yacht "Neva", built in 1808-1809. The builder is the ship master Isakov. Main dimensions: length - 21.94 m, width - 5.69 m. According to the materials of the TsVMM. Published for the first time
Drawing lower deck 12-gun yacht "Friendship". From a set of drawings made before the timbering of the yacht at the St. Petersburg Okhta shipyard in 1836.
Imperial 12-gun yacht "Friendship". A fragment of a watercolor by the artist A.K. Beggrov (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts...")
Yacht "Queen Victoria". Sailing drawing. RGAVMF. F.327. Op.1. D.3224. Published for the first time
Model 6-gun paddle steamer"Alexandria", made in 1832-1834 (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts...")
Steam yacht "Alexandria". From a watercolor by V.V. Ignatius (from the album "Russian Fleet". Edition of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich. St. Petersburg, 1892)
"Alexandria" regularly served four emperors (photo taken in 1880 at the Novo-Peterhof pier)
Drawing of the sailboat "Goof". RGAVMF. F.327. Op.1. D.4524. Published for the first time
Yacht "Niksa" on the Neva Admiralteyskaya embankment. Photo of 1856 (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts...")
Model of the imperial yacht "Standard", made in 1864. From the funds of TsVMM
Imperial steam wheeled yacht "Derzhava". Fragments of drawings (RGAVMF. F.876. Op.141. D.39, 40) and a mortgage board (from the funds of the TsVMM)
Imperial yacht "Derzhava". From a watercolor by V.V. Ignatius (from the album "Russian Fleet". Edition of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich. St. Petersburg, 1892)
Imperial steam wheeled yacht "Derzhava", projection "side" of the theoretical drawing with elements of the external view and plan upper deck. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.141. D.35,39. Published for the first time
Imperial yacht "Derzhava". Artist M.S. Tkachenko (from the album “Russian Imperial Yachts...”)
Imperial yacht "Derzhava" on the roads of Copenhagen (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts ...)
Training vessel "Dvina" (former yacht "Derzhava")
Paddle steamer "Tiger" - the first imperial yacht on the Black Sea
Corvette "Memory of Mercury" and the yacht "Tiger". Artist A.P. Alekseev (from the album “Russian Imperial Yachts...”)
Imperial yacht "Livadia" on the slipway (from the collection of V.A. Gushchin)
Imperial screw yacht "Livadia" after launching
The general arrangement of the imperial screw yacht "Livadia":
Sailing drawing of the yacht Marevo. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.141. D.19. Published for the first time
Yacht "Marevo": external view of the side, plan of the upper deck, longitudinal section, plan of the hold. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.141. D.20, 21. Published for the first time
Imperial yacht Marevo. Artist N.S. Putyatin (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts. Late 17th-early 20th century". St. Petersburg: EGO, 1997)
Yacht "Tsarevna" on the move
Imperial yacht "Tsarevna" at the floating lighthouse of the Great Nevsky fairway. Artist D.P. Alekseev (from the album -Russian Imperial Yachts.,.")
Miraculously preserved to this day, the avenue dedicated to the construction of the imperial yacht "Polar Star" at the Baltic Mechanical and shipyard. (from the collection of I.R. Rassola)
"Polar Star" on the roads of the capital of Denmark - Copenhagen
Imperial yacht "Polyarnaya Zvezda": a - sail plan, approved by the Admiral General on February 22, 1892, b - plan of the upper deck (from a drawing dated November 17, 1912). According to the materials of the RGAVMF. F.876. Op.163. D.6, 13
Imperial yacht "Polar Star": a - longitudinal section, b - first deck; in - the second deck. According to the materials of the RGAVMF. F.876. Op.163. D.2, 3. Published for the first time
Imperial yacht "Standard". One of the design drawings. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.157. D.5. Published for the first time
"Standart" - the largest of the Russian imperial yachts
Imperial yacht "Standard". Drawing of spars and windage. At the bow of the yacht there is a Hall anchor retracting into the hawse (design version). RGAVMF. F.876. Op.126. D.51. Published for the first time
Mortgage board of the imperial yacht Shtandart. From the funds of TsVMM
Imperial yacht "Standart": a - longitudinal section (drawing dated October 30, 1907), b - plan of the upper deck, c - plan main deck. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.157. D.1, 523, 522. Published for the first time
"Standard"
"Standart" on the stones of Grancher Island. August 1907
Imperial yacht "Standard" at the entrance to one of the German ports. Artist G. Blukke (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts...")
The project of a wheeled imperial yacht, presented by the W. Creighton factory to replace the Alexandria yacht, built in 1852. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.158. D.1748. Published for the first time
Imperial yacht "Alexandria" before launching
Imperial yacht "Alexandria": a - plan of the upper deck, b - plan of the living deck, c - view from the port side on the slipway showing the launcher. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.158. D. 1777, 1779, 1780, 593
Imperial yacht "Polar Star"
Imperial yacht "Alexandria". From a photograph from the First World War
General-Admiral's yacht "Strela"
The yacht of the Minister of Marine "Neva" near the English Embankment in Petrograd. 1914
Imperial yacht "Standard". Built in Copenhagen at the shipyard "Burmeister og Wein"
Bow decoration of the imperial yacht "Standard" (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts. Late 17th-early 20th century". St. Petersburg: EGO, 1997)
Both sailing and motor yachts are divided into several categories.
At the very top of the model range are sailing mega yachts (mega yachts), their level of comfort is not inferior to motor boats of the same price category. The length of such a yacht is more than 25 meters, and in most cases it is built individually according to the author's project. Such a vessel, as a rule, has its own moorings at yacht clubs. Slightly lower class are cruise sailboats. Like mega-yachts, they have comfortable cabins, and these vessels are quite suitable for long sea voyages. A sailing double-hull catamaran with a powerful sail can be attributed to the same type.
Sailing yachts of the budget type are racing, cruising ships and dinghies. They are designed with racing in mind, and the emphasis in the design is on speed performance. They are not suitable for recreation and any cruises and therefore they are purchased mainly by athletes.
Motosailer - another type sailing motor yacht. It has all the advantages that both sailing and powerboat. There are a lot of this type of yachts in the clubs of Israel. Some models of motorsailers, designed for small cruises and just boat trips, are so small that they can be folded and transported on a car trailer. But in terms of cost, they are more expensive than budget sailboats and an order of magnitude cheaper than almost all motor yachts.
To rent sailing yacht- means to be able to enjoy clear water away from the coast, sunbathe and no one can disturb you at this time. Silence, tranquility and tranquility. Everything changes in one moment, you just have to raise the white sails - the yacht comes to life and takes you to a meeting with new sensations.
| Past in the present In order to study the designs of modern sailing boats, one must have an understanding of earlier working boats, since many features of the hull shape and rigging are repeated in modern yachts. Then, as now, one of the main concerns of boat builders was speed. Boat builders of the past understood that the efficiency of a sail, i.e. its ability to propel a boat, was directly proportional to its size. The more sail the boat carries, the faster it goes. However, large sails are heavy and difficult to manage without a large crew, in places where human labor was valued cheaply, such as in Arabia, boats were equipped with huge Latin sails, which many sailors were hired to manage. In some parts of the Middle East, this has continued to this day. A typical example is the Arab dhows. They were once the fastest small merchant ships in the world and are still in use today. In Europe, different sailing conditions, cargoes and financial considerations called for different boat designs. For example, based on economic factors, the rigging of a barge used on the River Thames (a boat larger than a dhow) involved a crew of two. Traveling across the ocean was easiest on large ships equipped with numerous sails. Some of the very large cargo sailing ships built in the early 20th century carried up to seven masts. in Europe and North America various types of sailing weapons were developed to meet specific goals.
Variety of sailing equipment. Directly rigged ships, most suitable for downwind navigation, traversed the oceans using the constant trade winds. In European and other coastal waters, where the winds are changeable, straight sails were combined with slanting ones attached to the masts by the leading edge. Oblique sails were placed along the ship, which made it possible to sail with sharp courses to the wind. Barges and barkentines, brigs and brigantines, shnyavs, schooners, ketches and iols cruised along the coasts. Each ship had its own advantages either in speed, or in ease of control, or in cargo capacity, or in maneuverability. In different parts of the world, people have found other solutions. For example, the Chinese raked sail (commonly known in Western Europe as the armament of a junk) is effective when sailing both sharp and full courses to the wind, easily corrugated and operated by a small crew. Due to the fact that the sail is made up of parts, and the rigidity of the structure is provided by bamboo, it can be easily and quickly repaired. This simple but effective armament has never before been used on work boats in other parts of the world. Recently, designers have begun to realize its advantages, and racing weapons are being installed on modern yachts. | |||||||||||||||||
HISTORY OF SHIPBUILDING
SHIPBUILDING 3"200i
IMPERIAL YACHT "QUEEN VICTORIA"
E. P. Ignatiev_
On May 31, 1844, Emperor Nicholas I, accompanied by his retinue, arrived in England to resolve a number of foreign policy issues. The Russian Tsar was received by the English court with all the honors due to him. From the board of the yacht “Victoria and Albert”, together with Queen Victoria, I watched demonstration races of yachts. The organization of sailing, which was in England under the auspices of the royal court, as a means of uniting the aristocracy, was to the liking of the Russian emperor - in 1846, by the highest command, the Imperial St. Petersburg Yacht Club was created.
During the period described, racing yachts were not built in Russia, therefore, in 1844, on the recommendation of the commander of the Royal Western
th yacht club of Lord Mount Edgecomb at the shipyard of J. White in Cork on about. White ordered a two-masted schooner, which was to become personal yacht Russian emperor. It is curious that J. White himself learned about the purpose of the yacht already in the process of construction. One of the probable reasons is that payments for the work performed were first transferred to the St. Petersburg trading house "Garmanov and Co." During the construction, Nicholas I asked the English royal court to allow the yacht to be given the name "Queen Victoria". Such permission, of course, was immediately received.
The layout of the interior and sail plan of the yacht "Queen Victoria":
1,2 - apartments of the emperor: salon and bedroom; 3 - commander's cabin; 4 - aft (ladies') cabin; 5 - rooms for officers; 6 - buffet; 7- room for the lower ranks; 8 - forepeak; 9 - skipper's cabin; 10 - galley
Given the importance of the order, no expense was spared for the best materials. Rosewood and maple with a bird's eye pattern were used for interior decoration. It is no coincidence that, while still on the slipway, contemporaries called the yacht a “floating palace”. The bow decoration of the yacht, made by the craftsmen Gelkier and Goll, was a carved wood figure of Queen Victoria with a scepter orb in her hands [ 1 ].
The interior equipment was carried out directly on the slipway. On the eve of the descent to the shipyard, ten paintings were delivered to decorate the middle cabin (salon), made by the English artist N. M. Condi Jr. on special order. The plots of the canvases were the visit of Nicholas I to England, the entry of a detachment of Russian ships and the race of yachts. The paintings were unfastened on the bulkhead in combination with mirrors, which immediately gave ship's premises sophistication of the palace apartment. In general, more than two dozen companies were engaged in the supply of the yacht, even the uniforms of the team were sewn by special order; Stoke's factory in Minton produced a ceremonial service for the yacht.
The imperial yacht "Queen Victoria" had a GVL length of 28.06, a width of 7.2 m, a displacement of 257 tons. The set, sheathing, and decking were made of oak and teak. Javanese teak was used for interior decoration (for example, pharmacies). In the hull structures, only copper fasteners were used, only forged iron brackets were installed to connect the frames with the beams.
The middle part of the ship was occupied by the imperial apartments (salon-dining room and bedroom). Closer to the stern were the cabins of the commander and officers, a double ladies' cabin. A significant volume was occupied by the galley compartment, located forward of the salon and consisting of the actual galley, food pantry and buffet. The rooms for the lower ranks were traditionally located in the bow of the yacht.
The yacht carried a simple and fairly effective armament of a gaff schooner with direct sails on the foremast. On the masts there were special winches to facilitate the work with gear, but the control
SHIPBUILDING 3"2üOO
shipbuilding history
The Queen Victoria was sailed with a simple tiller, which increased the load on the helmsmen, but at the same time made it possible to almost instantly respond to changes in the direction and strength of the wind. Four carronades were installed on the upper deck, used mainly for salutes and sound signals. The "foreign" name of the yacht was, apparently, the reason for the unusual decision - instead of the image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, traditional for Russian ships, for the lower ranks of the "Queen Victoria" they acquired the icon of St. Great Martyr Victor.
On June 10, 1846, in the presence of representatives of the Russian diplomatic corps, the leadership of English yacht clubs, in a solemn atmosphere, the yacht "Queen Victoria" went into the water. A few days later, General-Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich visited the new ship, highly appreciating the quality of the work performed. The final cost considerably exceeded the preliminary one and amounted to £1,2778. Art. After receiving the necessary supplies, the yacht with an English crew under the command of Captain W. Powell went to sea and on September 1, 1846 anchored in the Great Kronstadt roadstead. For a trouble-free transition, on the orders of Nicholas I, Captain Powell was awarded a golden snuffbox, navigator J. Rowland - a ring with a diamond, other sailors were awarded cash awards.
The yacht "Queen Victoria" was among the ships of the Guards crew and at the same time - in the Imperial St. Petersburg Yacht Club, regularly participating in races, where, despite good driving performance, she could not take a prize. This state of affairs displeased Nicholas I, and in the summer of 1850, the commander of the yacht, Lieutenant Panafidin, received an order to overtake the Queen Victoria to England, so that on the spot, in consultation with the builder and captains of English yachts, improve the sailing performance of the ship entrusted to him.
On July 1, 3, the imperial yacht left Kronstadt, and on August 2, anchored in the Portsmouth roadstead. Repeated sea trials, pro-
"Queen Victoria" on the Neva
conducted together with English yachtsmen and shipbuilders, made it possible to draw a number of conclusions: without radical alterations to the hull, it was impossible to increase the speed; the yacht handled well, but the sail area was not enough, a topsail on the foremast should have been added; in terms of its qualities, the yacht was more of a sea pleasure vessel than a racing one. As a partial measure, J. White considered it possible to change the bow lines of the yacht and, offering his services, wrote: build the right yacht for the emperor, such a walker, which in all respects would have no analogue. Together with the letter, J. White handed over to Lieutenant Panafidin a drawing of the yacht's sail with the proposed changes, a model and a drawing of the bow. September 17 "Queen Victoria" returned to Kronstadt. The highest order to rebuild the yacht was not followed, the brought model was transferred to the model-chamber, and all work was limited to an increase in windage.
The high quality of work and first-class materials made it possible to increase the service life - only on November 5, 1863, the Queen Victoria yacht was raised into a wooden boathouse for a major overhaul - timbering. However, after removing
plating and decking, it became clear that most of the set and all beams, except for the keel, sternpost and half of the stem, were rotten. Due to the lack of a theoretical drawing, straight and bay fish were first installed, instead of defective parts of the set, new ones cut from Courland oak. The longitudinal strength of the hull was increased due to the design of the fender and lower gunwale. The wooden windlass was replaced with a more compact metal one. The jib mount was made more reliable and convenient, the sails were sewn from thinner canvas.
Carpentry work in the interior, the installation of the upper deck and bulwark decking, furniture upholstery and the delivery of carpets were entrusted under the contract to the contractor Gervais, who successfully completed the assigned task. The carpenters started work on March 26, 1864, and on June 27 the yacht went ashore with 9.6 tons of ballast, there was no deformation (kink). It is curious that neither the management of the shipyard nor the yacht's officers had any data on the correct ballasting of the yacht. I had to request a builder - J. White.
On July 25, all work was completed, and on August 1, 1, the Queen Victoria left St. Petersburg for Kronstadt, where, until September 24, the newly recruited crew mastered the management of the yacht, adjusted the sails along the way and determined the deviation.
HISTORY OF SHIPBUILDING
SHIPBUILDING
From May 1865, the yacht initially made short trips to the Peterhof raid, and only on July 22, under the command of Lieutenant K. Nebolsin, went on independent navigation, where, off the Gangut Peninsula, she joined the squadron under the flag of Admiral General Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich, which entered major ports Sweden and Denmark. Subsequently, the commander noted: “In Stockholm, the yacht stood at the Swedish Royal Yacht Club, and visitors were constantly replaced by one another, in particular they were delighted with the dining room, which is really huge and luxurious for such a small vessel.”
independently follow to Kronstadt. On the night of August 18-19, when the yacht was approaching the southern point of the island of Gogland, the copper butt of the windward mainstay burst, and then the mainmast itself broke at a height of about 3 m from the upper deck, collapsing to starboard. Convinced that only the bulwark was damaged, the sailors chopped off the main shrouds and threw the mast overboard. At the same time, it was possible to raise the main-hafel, mainsail, part of the blocks and rigging out of the water. At first they tried to tow the mast, but the commander, fearing for the integrity of the hull, decided to abandon this risky operation. In the afternoon, the Almaz screw clipper approached the yacht and took the emergency ship to St. Petersburg, where the Queen Victoria was to undergo a restoration.
brand new repair. The commander considered the reason for the loss of the mast to be the lack of a toprik - the tackle connecting the tops of the mast.
