What are the parts of an airplane wing? Where is the best place to sit on an airplane? At emergency hatches and exits
When buying tickets for a flight, passengers try to choose comfortable seats for themselves, rarely anyone thinks about safety. But not all places are equal at the time of occurrence emergency. In this article, we will show which are the safest places on the plane, we will analyze the topic in detail.
The front seats are usually considered very comfortable, they even have VIP zones, but this does not say anything about their safety, because in the event of a crash, the plane takes the main blow to the bow.
Average seats in the cabin
These places in the cabin of the car are also considered dangerous, since they are located above the wing of the airliner, where the fuel is located. In the event of an accident Great chance its ignition. However, statistics show that the number of survivors of air crashes is about the same among those who sat in front and in the middle of the cabin.
Seats in the "tail" of the cabin
Where it is safer on an airplane is at the end of the cabin. Accidents usually occur on the runway when an aircraft is taking off or landing. In this case, the front part of the airliner receives the main blow, while the tail part suffers less, which gives the passengers of this compartment a chance to survive. These places in the liner can be considered the safest on the plane, although in the event of serious accidents, for example, when a car falls from a height of 10 km, they will not save.
A good chance of rescue, especially in the event of an emergency evacuation of passengers, allows you to have places at the emergency exit. Passengers occupying them will be the first to leave the liner.
Popular Mechanics research
A popular science magazine conducted a study on the safest seats on an airplane. After analyzing the statistics for 30 years of the American National Safety Council and comparing the number of victims of aircraft accidents, depending on their presence in the cabin, the publication gives the following figures:
- In the “tail” of the cabin, there were most of all surviving people in plane crashes - 69%;
- In the middle part (above and in front of the wing) - 56%;
- In front of the liner, the percentage of survivors was 49%.
Research magazine Popular Mechanics where the plane is safer
If we consider the issue of greater safety for passengers on the left or right side of the aircraft, then the statistics indicate their equal chances.
American Studies
The Americans spent a million and a half dollars on this study and crashed an old airplane. The pilot first controlled the Boeing, then jumped off by parachute, and the car was further controlled remotely. In the Sonoran Desert, the plane crashed and crashed into the ground at a speed of 225 km / h.
The sky, the plane, the girl... No, no, it's not about the book, and not even about the movie, but rather about the ideal conditions for an airplane flight. And not only for girls, but for all passengers.
Agree, for those who often fly, this factor is fundamental, because sitting, for example, in the middle row, squeezed from both sides by “moderately well-fed” fellow travelers, is not very pleasant. Or “get” to the back row, where there may not be a porthole and the chairs do not recline, and the proximity to the toilet (constant movement and other disadvantages) is not conducive to comfort.
So, in order to have a great time "at the height", you need to know where the best places in airplane.
If you know the airline and the exact model of the liner you are going to fly on, look at the section with diagrams on our website. There are most of the schemes of aircraft of Russian air carriers.
If your aircraft was not found or you do not have such information, this article will give you general advice. In any case, it will not be superfluous to read, that's for sure.
Place near the porthole
pros
Firstly, no one will "squeeze" through your place to his own and will not bother you, and secondly, a wonderful view of the clouds and their bizarre shapes will not let you get bored in case of a short flight.
True, it depends on the flight time, at night, alas, you can hardly see anything.
Minuses
It is more difficult to get up from such a place, for example, to the toilet. You'll have to disturb your neighbors.
Aisle seat
pros
It is extremely convenient in that you can stretch your legs into the aisle, get up freely, go to the toilet, and also get to the exit a little earlier after the plane has landed.
Minuses
People and flight attendants with carts will pass near you. They can hurt sometimes. Also, you will have to get up whenever the neighbors want to get up from their chair. These are more restless places.
Seats in the Middle - Neutral Seats
These are "neutral" places. Combine the pros and cons of the porthole and aisle seats. It is calmer here than at the aisle and it is easier to get up than from the chair by the "window".
But still, you have to let one neighbor through if he wants to go out. And ask another neighbor to stand up if you want to leave.
Places located after emergency exits
pros
They are characterized by the fact that the distance to the next row is somewhat increased, which allows you to pass the time of the flight with great comfort - stretch your legs, stand up if necessary, without disturbing your neighbors. Some types of aircraft do not have a row of seats in front of the seats at the emergency exit / hatch.
Minuses
Often, airlines, for security reasons, practice leaving these places for people who meet the requirements “a healthy mind in a healthy body” - it is assumed that in the event of an emergency evacuation, such a person will not be confused, will be able to open the emergency hatch and help the staff to evacuate people, but, Of course, not all airlines undertake such a “layout”.
In this regard, passengers with children, animals and the elderly cannot be here.
Another of the minuses is that the approach to the hatches cannot be blocked by hand luggage.
Places that are located in front of emergency hatches
Here, usually, there are only minuses - most often the backs of the seats in these rows are fixed or have a very small angle of deviation. This is done in order not to block the approaches to the emergency hatches.
The row, which is located in the section between the two emergency exits, has a plus. In this case, there will be additional space in front of you (seen in the photo above, where the passengers are sitting).
Seats located in front of the cabin
pros
Most often, food service starts at the nose, so the front rows offer convenience and a wide selection of drinks and food on offer.
As a rule, if the seat is in the tail section of the aircraft, then the passenger is limited in the choice of assortment (everything is taken apart at the very beginning). In addition, the first row is a great opportunity to be one of the first to go down the ladder.
Minuses
But here, too, there are disadvantages - often mounts for baby cradles are installed in the bow, and passengers with small children can be here.
This is not conducive to comfort if you are going to work or relax.
Whoever flew near a child who does not tolerate the flight well and cries all 7 or 12 hours, he knows.
Seats in the tail
The only, but significant plus of this place is its relative safety.
According to American statistics, of all the passengers who survived the accident, 67% were sitting in the tail.
And if the airport is not equipped with telescopic ladders, then it happens that passengers are released / launched simultaneously from the bow and tail. If so, you will get off the plane faster.
I also note that on "unloaded" flights, the seats in the tail are usually empty. So you can comfortably sleep on 3 chairs at once. You can read about it in our article.
First row / Row in front of which there are no seats
If your row is first (it can be not only the “first row” physically, but also the first row after another class of service, or the first row in one of the sections of the cabin, in front of which there are no seats), then a significant advantage of this arrangement is that no one will throw back their seat on you. In conditions of a small distance between the rows of the economy class, this can be very important.
Of the minuses, we note that most likely there will be a partition or a kitchen / toilet in front of you. It is not very convenient for some passengers to look at the “wall” for the entire flight. Also, there may be fastenings for cradles in the wall. What it is fraught with - read above.
Last row/Row with no seats
Most likely, the backs of the seats in this row do not recline or are very limited in this. This happens when there is an emergency exit, toilet, kitchen, other technical room or wall behind you.
Summarize
Here, in a nutshell, is a list of good/bad places a traveler can look forward to. But it is worth noting that the internal layout of the aircraft differs significantly from each other, and this factor must also be taken into account.
In addition to the fact that the seats are 2,3,4 in a row, it is necessary to take into account the distance between the seats, the number of classes in the cabin, and other features. After all, the same company uses different types of aircraft for flights.
2. If you specifically know what kind of seat you would like to get, you should ask this question when checking in for a flight at the airport (there are allocated seats that are not occupied after). If you have no idea about the location of the seats, ask to see the layout of the cabin of the liner - all free seats will be highlighted in the appropriate color.
Also, when checking in at the airport, you can simply ask for seats "by the window", "by the aisle", etc. Usually the staff does not refuse.
The traditional check-in method is best done two hours before departure. If places are booked in this way, the first registrants have a wide choice of available places.
Busiest days are Sunday and Friday with morning and evening flights. If you have time, choose to fly on Monday, Tuesday, or Thursday, noon or afternoon flights.
5. In order not to get into trouble, you should take into account the spelling of the letters indicating the seat number - they can be both Russian and Latin, and in certain situations, these are, as they say, two big differences that can cloud the impression of the flight.
After all, for example, seat 1 "B" - will have a different arrangement, meaning both an aisle chair and in the middle of a row. Also, be careful with the letter "E".
6. Be sure to take into account the direction of flight - with the right choice of place, the sun will not blind your eyes: East - West (the sun always shines on the left), West - East (on the right). If there is a need to fly on a morning flight, the North-South direction will please the sun on the left side, and the South-North direction on the right.
When traveling by plane, each of us usually has his own idea of where it is more convenient for him to sit. Someone strives to choose a seat at the “window” without fail, some of the passengers, on the contrary, prefer the outer row so that they can stretch their legs into the aisle between the rows. However, most people do not like to sit in the tail of the aircraft. As it turned out, even these not the most convenient places have their advantages.
To begin with, we note that the vast majority of leading airlines fly on two types of aircraft: on liners of the Airbus family and the popular Boeing 777.
In Airbus, seat 1A is the most comfortable. Here the passenger is waiting for a number of pleasant advantages: additional legroom, a good “view” from the window. The only negative is one of the coldest places on board.
Many passengers try to choose seats at the beginning of the cabin, immediately after the business class. The reasons are different - drinks and food are offered first. Yes, and they can also be the first to leave the board of the liner after landing.
True, and the first rows have their minus. Usually in this part of the aircraft, mounts for baby carriages or cradles are installed, and passengers with small children are also placed here. Therefore, such a neighborhood in an unsuccessful scenario cannot be called calm.
In the tail
Did you know that the seats at the end of the cabin of any aircraft are the safest?! According to statistics, almost 70% of passengers who survived plane crashes sat in the tail section of the aircraft.
Despite this, few passengers choose their own this part of the cabin. Proximity to a toilet or kitchen and the corresponding smells are not very comfortable for travelers.
And on the Boeing-777, perhaps, the most uncomfortable places are on the last two rows - the 44th and 45th volumes. This is a complete "antipode" of the first row described above. Here, in addition to the forced proximity to the toilet and kitchen, there is also limited legroom, and, alas, the inability to recline the back of the chair in the last row: in some cases, it can simply be rigidly fixed.
But if the board flies incomplete, then the last rows most often remain free. So, passengers who got seats in the last part of the cabin have the opportunity to take a whole row of seats on one side - to sleep or just sit in more comfort.
At the wings
As for the seats in the middle of the cabin, they are considered neutral: when the cabin is fully loaded, passengers can sit on both sides of you, and their physique can be very impressive. So it remains to be seen what could be worse: sitting in the “tail” or in the middle, sandwiched between two fat men and resting their knees on the back of the chair reclined in front.
Tip: look at the layout of the aircraft in advance, if, of course, you know which one you will fly on - a Boeing or an Airbus. This information can be found on the official website of the airline.
It is customary to attribute seats by the window to convenient seats on an airplane. Firstly, you can simply look out the window of the plane, and secondly, it is more comfortable to sleep in such a place, and in general there is minimal contact with the rest of the surrounding passengers. But if you plan to actively move around the cabin during the flight - this also happens - then a window seat can create inconvenience for you and your neighbors in a row.
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A certain category of passengers certainly need to stretch their legs. We advise such people to choose places in the aisle or at the exits - emergency or ordinary, because there are no seats in front, which means that the distance allows you to stretch your legs. But in these places you can’t keep any hand luggage, not even ladies' bags on their knees - the approach to the emergency exit hatches should be as free as possible.
Have time to choose your place
Choosing the right seats on the plane is not a problem now: almost all leading airlines have open online registration for the flight - usually 24-30 hours before departure. There is another "old" way - to come to the opening of registration early. Usually such disciplined passengers get seats in the first third of the cabin, because tickets are distributed starting from the front of the aircraft. Well, those who are still late will have to be content with chairs already in the “tail”.
There is another way to get around the "competitors" in flight. Register at the self-registration kiosk while already at the airport. And then with a boarding pass in hand .
Optional little things
Depending on the direction of the flight, the day of the week and the time of departure are important. Morning and evening flights tend to be the busiest. According to statistics, the chance of getting on an unloaded flight is much higher if you fly from Monday to Thursday, and even in the middle of the day.
The designation of seats in the ranks of the cabin is Russian and English. For example: Russian - 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1D, 1E, English - 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F. And in this case, place 1B (English "B") is not at all the same as place 1B (Russian "B"). After all, these places are different: the first is at the aisle, the second is in the middle.
So it's easier to remember that way. With any layout of the cabin: seat 1A will always be at the porthole, and 1C - at the aisle.
It matters which way to fly. After all, if the sun shines directly into your eyes, you will have to hide behind the porthole curtains. If this is important to you and you are well oriented in the cardinal points, then determine in which direction you are flying. If from east to west, then the sun will shine from the left. If from west to east, then on the right. When flying from north to south, the sun will be on the left in the morning, but in the evening it will be on the right. If from south to north, then vice versa.
Well, if the "stars" nevertheless converged unsuccessfully for you, and you got a bad place, then you can always change it - if the salon is not full. To do this, you need to contact the flight attendants within 5 minutes after boarding the plane is completed and the flight attendant announces “Boarding is over”. If you do not have time to do this, you will have to wait until the plane reaches the required height and passengers are not allowed to get up from their seats.
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Good luck with your flight!
If you like to travel a lot and often, then you probably spend a lot of time on the road, namely on board an airplane. If the flight does not last long, then you do not pay attention to minor inconveniences, but if you need to fly for 8-10 hours, then comfort is of great importance, and other things being equal, I will always choose more convenient flight conditions.
The comfort of your flight depends on many factors - entertainment on board, but most importantly - on the convenience of the very place where you will spend almost the entire journey. Today I want to tell you about the difference between different seats on board an aircraft, how to find out in advance which cabin your flight will have, and how to choose the seat you like.
To choose the best seat on board an aircraft, you must first find out which aircraft you will be flying on. Moreover, even the same aircraft from different airlines may have a different seating arrangement, so it is important to find out not just the type of aircraft, but the specific aircraft.
You can do this even before buying a ticket on the airline's website (in the flight schedule) or in the ticket search engine.
For example, when searching for a ticket for a flight, you can immediately see the name of the airline and the flight number in the route description. Let's look at the example of a London-New York flight:
The first segment of the flight will be operated by Norwegian Air, flight number DY-2802. Using this information, you can learn more about a particular aircraft at www.seatguru.com and www.seatexpert.com.
2. Where to find the interior layout
You can also view the scheme of the salon on specialized sites.
Let's try to find the layout of the aircraft cabin for the same flight London-New York for the first segment of the flight at www.seatguru.com.
First, on the main page, enter the necessary information - the name of the airline and the flight number (we already learned them on the ticket search engine or on the airline's website):
A window opens where you can see what the plane will be like. To see the layout of the salon, click "View map":
The page opens with detailed information about the aircraft, as well as the layout of the seats:
3. Features of different places on board the aircraft
In addition to a detailed study of the schemes, you need to remember some features of different places on board and select the best place based on your needs. Consider the different types of seats on the plane.
3.1. Emergency exit seats
If your height is above average, then these places are created especially for you! There is much more legroom in the row opposite the emergency exit than in regular seats. But there are also restrictions - hand luggage will have to be removed to the luggage rack, because. safety rules do not allow you to put things in the aisle to the emergency exit. So you can’t put anything under your own or under the seat of the passenger in front. Also, passengers with children are not allowed to sit at emergency exits. it is assumed that there should be a person sitting at the emergency exit who will be able to help the flight attendants open the emergency exit and carry out the evacuation of passengers.
Also note that if your seat is located in the row that is in front of the emergency row, then you will not be able to recline the back of the chair so as not to block the emergency exit.
3.2. Seats at the beginning of the plane
- Most often, the very first row is booked for frequent flyers and passengers with children. So keep in mind that you may not be able to sleep because of a crying baby. Although you are not insured against this in other places, but here the probability is higher.
- Service starts right from the front rows, so you will have the maximum choice of dishes.
- You will have to walk to the toilet, because. business class toilets are normally not allowed to be used.
- After landing, you will be able to leave the plane in the first rows, right after the first and business class passengers.
3.3. Seats in the middle of the plane
These places do not have pronounced disadvantages or advantages. When choosing a seat in the middle of the plane, pay attention to whether the wing of the plane will block your view if you plan to sit near the window.
3.4. Seats at the tail of the aircraft
According to statistics, the places located in the tail section of the aircraft are considered the safest, because. most of the passengers who survived the crash were in the tail section.
But absolutely safe places does not happen, so let's look at other features of these places:
- there are toilets in the tail section, which, on the one hand, is convenient - you don’t have to go far, but on the other hand, people will always walk next to you, so it can be very noisy.
- there are not always windows on the last rows, so if you want to enjoy the views, look in advance at the diagram of the aircraft on which you will fly.
- also on the last row the back may not recline, because. no extra bed provided.
- if you like to photograph the view from the porthole, then please note that there may be poor visibility in the tail section due to the exhaust plume.
- if the plane is not packed to capacity, then most of the empty seats are usually in the tail section, so that you can take several seats at once, comfortably lounging.
- if you are flying with a transfer, then it is better not to sit at the very tail of the plane, because. You can only leave the last one, thereby losing a lot of time.
- food distribution usually starts from the beginning or middle of the plane, so if you did not order special meals, some dishes may not be enough for you (for example, you eat only fish, and only a few portions with meat remain).
3.5. The most uncomfortable places
In addition to relatively convenient places that have both advantages and disadvantages, there are also places that are absolutely not recommended to sit on, for example:
- seats in the row located in front of the emergency exit. You won't be able to recline your back.
- seats in the middle row (if the aircraft has three rows of seats, with the layout 3-3-3, 3-4-3, 2-5-2). Especially if you are sitting in the middle of this row - it is difficult to get out to the toilet, you may have to let passengers through yourself, it is also difficult to get something from the luggage rack, it takes the longest time to get out after the plane has stopped.
- places next to the toilet - there may be an unpleasant smell, as well as people scurrying back and forth will not let you rest.
4. How to book a specific seat on board
When you have decided on the place you want to take, you need to book it. You can do this both in advance and immediately before departure. At the same time, you need to understand that the earlier you start booking a place, the more likely it will be to take exactly what you want.
So, there are several options for booking a seat.
4.1. Booking when buying a ticket
If you, then most likely it will be possible to book a place on board immediately upon purchase. Find out about this option right away.
Peculiarities. If you are flying on a low-cost airline, then most likely an additional fee will be charged for booking a specific seat. So I don’t see the point of booking something in advance, only if for some reason you really need a certain place (for example, you are traveling with a child and want to be sure in advance that you will sit next to or take a seat in the first row) . If you do not book a seat in advance, then it is likely that you will be able to use another selection option, more on that below.
4.2. Booking in your account
If you bought your ticket from an intermediary (for example, through or skyscanner), then you can manage your booking on the airline's website. Just go to the airline's website, register (or immediately go to your personal account if you are already registered) and personal account go to "my bookings" or "manage bookings". There you can already select places (if there is such an option) or, for example, insert a card number to count miles.
4.3. Seat selection during online check-in
Online check-in usually starts 24 hours before the departure of the aircraft, but sometimes it opens earlier, you need to find out on the airline's website. It is best to register immediately, in the first minutes after the start of registration, so there will be more chances that you will have time to book the right place. In order not to miss the time, set yourself a reminder. Again, this option does not apply to low-cost companies, because there is a choice of seats only for an additional fee.
4.4. Seat selection during check-in at the airport
Here, too, it makes sense to arrive at the airport early in order to be among the first to check in. The best seats are already taken, but at least you can choose a seat at the window or in the aisle, in the middle of the plane or at the end. If you resort to the front desk at the last minute, then most likely it will not be possible to choose a seat. This applies to flights to popular destinations during high season. If you are flying in the low season and the plane is half empty, then closer to the end of check-in, you can, for example, ask for a seat in a free row where there will be no one next to you.
4.5. Seat selection after boarding is completed
As soon as the landing is announced, you can safely choose a more convenient place for yourself. This applies, first of all, to low-cost airlines, because this is the only free seat selection option.
Also, a feature of low-cost airlines is that they sell a little more tickets than seats on an airplane, because. according to statistics, about 10% of passengers do not come to the flight. Therefore, the passengers who arrived the very last can often be put on the best seats, even sometimes they are put in a business class (if, of course, it is provided for in this low-cost).
Laboratory work No. 4. Aircraft device
4.1. General arrangement of the aircraft
A modern air liner is a complex system, for the creation of which the latest achievements of structural mechanics, high technologies, radio electronics, and cybernetics are used. Therefore, at first it is better to get acquainted with the device of a simpler machine - a single-seat sports aircraft (Fig. 2) of the monoplane type, i.e. with one wing.
The basis of the design is the fuselage, or body, which connects all parts of the machine. Equipment is placed in its cramped compartments: a radio station, batteries, flight and navigation instruments, often tanks for fuel and lubricants.
In flight, the lifting force that supports the car in the air is created by the wing. The wing has a flat bottom surface and a convex top surface, so air flows around the top surface at a higher speed than the bottom. Above the wing, an area of low pressure arises, which “pulls” the wing, and with it the entire aircraft, upwards. This is how lift is generated. The wing is assembled (Fig. 1) from spars 5 (main longitudinal load-bearing beams), stringers 6 (longitudinal elements), ribs 7 ( transverse elements) and upholstery.
Rice. 1. Wing scheme:
1 - aileron; 2 - double-slotted flap; 3 - brake shield;
4 - wing attachment points; 5 - spar; 6 - stringer; 7 - rib;
8 - slat; 9 - sheathing
The center section 2 (the middle part of the wing) is attached to the lower part of the fuselage (see Fig. 2), and the right and left consoles 3 (detachable parts of the wing), or bearing planes, are attached to the center section. The wing is usually fixed on the fuselage, but sometimes it can rotate relative to the transverse axis of the aircraft (for example, for vertical takeoff and landing aircraft) or change configuration (sweep, span).
On the trailing edge of the wing there are ailerons 4 - small movable planes with which the pilot regulates the roll of the machine (therefore, the ailerons are sometimes called roll rudders). If the control stick is moved to the left, the left aileron will rise, the right will fall, and the aircraft will roll to the left. If the stick is moved to the right, the right aileron will go up, the left one will go down, and the car will roll to the right.
On the wing (see Fig. 1) there are flaps 3 and flaps 2. These are surfaces that deviate downwards, which are designed to increase the stability and controllability of the machine during takeoff and landing. When taking off, they are released at a small angle, and when landing (to reduce speed) - completely.
Propeller 6 (Fig. 2), or a propeller (English propeller, from Latin propello - “drive”, “push forward”), is rotated by the aircraft engine. The propeller captures air and throws it back, creating thrust that pushes the car forward. Lift is generated on the wing as it moves. The pilot regulates the number of engine revolutions depending on the flight mode.
The keel 7, the rudder 9, the stabilizer 8 and the elevator 10 are placed in the tail section of the fuselage. Together, these elements make up tail unit. It is necessary for the aircraft to be stable in flight - not to nod, not to fall left and right, not to sag on its tail. To a certain extent, the tail unit can be compared with scales. He put the right weight at the right time - and the scales were balanced. Only for the pilot, such "weights" are the rudders, with the help of which he changes the magnitude of the aerodynamic forces acting on the plumage.
The steering wheel is deflected by foot pedals. "He gave his right leg" - the steering wheel deviated to the right, and the plane turned in the same direction. “I gave my left leg” - the plane turned to the left.
The elevator is sometimes also called the depth elevator. When the control stick is “pulled in”, the rudder deflects up and the aircraft nose up. If it is "given away from itself", the steering wheel is deflected down, and the plane descends. A steep descent is called a dive, a gentle descent is called a gliding.
On the ailerons, elevator and rudder of most aircraft are small deflectable planes called trimmers (see Fig. 3). The trimmer is used in steady flight modes to keep the rudders in the deflected state for a long time.
Rice. 2. The design of a sports aircraft:
1 - fuselage; 2 - center section; 3 - wing; 4 - aileron; 5 - motor;
6 - propeller; 7 - keel; 8 - stabilizer;
9 - steering wheel; 10 - elevator; 11 - cabin;
12 - chassis; 13 - cockpit in section with instrument panel
The controls themselves (handle, pedals, engine control lever) and instruments are located in the cockpit. From above, the cabin is closed with a reclining transparent cap, which is commonly called lantern.
And finally, an airplane cannot do without a chassis (fr. chassis, from lat. capsa - “box”): on it, the plane scatters during takeoff, rolls after landing, and moves along the airfield. In flight, the landing gear creates aerodynamic drag - it reduces speed. Therefore, almost all modern aircraft build with retractable landing gear. In the air, the wheels and racks are retracted into special compartments- domes located inside the fuselage or center section, sometimes - wings (see Fig. 5). The weight of the chassis structure is about 4 - 7% of the weight of the aircraft.
All the elements of a sports aircraft shown in the figure are present both in airliners (Figure 5) and modern fighters (Figure 3). These are the main elements of the device of any aircraft. True, many modern large machines do not have a propeller, since they use turbojet engines (to be studied in Lab #5).
Rice. 3. Scheme of the MiG-15 aircraft
Rice. 4. Ejection seat
Rice. 5. Turbojet passenger aircraft:
fuselage: 1 - fuselage; 2 - radar radome; 3 - cockpit lamp;
wing: 4 - center section; 5 - detachable part of the wing (POC); 6 - slats; 7 - aileron;
8 - aileron trimmer; 9 - flaps; 10 - shields;
vertical tail: 11 - keel; 12 - steering wheel; 13 - rudder trimmer;
horizontal tail: 14 - stabilizer; 15 - elevator;
16 - trim tab of the elevator;
chassis: 17 - front landing gear; 18 - main landing gear;
power point: 19 - engines; 20 - air intake
So let's sum it up. The main parts of the aircraft design are:
The wing creates lift as the aircraft moves. Ailerons (roll rudders) and elements of wing mechanization (slats, flaps, shields) are installed on the wing.
The fuselage serves to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo and equipment. Structurally, the fuselage connects the wing, plumage, sometimes the landing gear and the power plant.
The landing gear is intended for takeoff and landing, as well as for the movement of the aircraft around the airfield. Aircraft can be equipped with wheeled chassis, floats (on seaplanes), skis and tracks (for off-road aircraft). Landing gear are retractable in flight and non-retractable. Aircraft with retractable landing gear have less drag, but are heavier and more complex in design.
The plumage is designed to ensure stability, controllability and balance of the aircraft in flight.
4.2. Aircraft classifications
1. By appointment.
By appointment, civil and military aircraft are distinguished.
TO civil aircraft relate:
Transport (passenger, cargo-passenger, cargo),
Sports, record (for setting records of speed, rate of climb, altitude, flight range, etc.), training,
Tourist,
administrative,
agricultural,
Special purpose (for example, for rescue work, teleoperated),
Experimental.
Rice. 6. Classification of passenger aircraft
Military aircraft designed to destroy air, ground (sea) targets or to perform other combat missions. They are divided into:
Fighters - for air combat,
Bombers - to destroy objects behind enemy lines and to bombard troops and fortifications,
scouts,
transport,
communications aircraft,
Sanitary.
2. By design.
The classification of aircraft by design is based on external signs:
The number and arrangement of the wings,
The shape and location of plumage,
The location of the engines
chassis type,
Fuselage type.
Schematically, the classification of aircraft by design is shown in Fig. 7.
Rice. 7. Main types of aircraft
depending from the number of wings distinguish:
Amphibians (seaplanes equipped with wheeled landing gear).
By engine type distinguish aircraft:
propeller,
turboprop,
Turbojet.
When choosing the installation location of engines, their number and type, take into account:
Aerodynamic drag generated by engines
The turning moment that occurs when one of the engines fails,
The complexity of the device air intakes,
Ability to service and replace engines,
Noise level in the passenger compartment, etc.
depending from airspeed distinguish aircraft:
Subsonic (aircraft speed corresponds to the Mach number M< 1),
Supersonic (1 ≤ M< 5),
And hypersonic (M ≥ 5),
Mach number
M = V/a,
where V is the speed of the oncoming flow (or the speed of the body in the flow);
but is the speed of sound in this stream.
The power plant of the aircraft consists of:
aircraft engines,
Various systems and devices:
propellers,
fire equipment,
fuel system,
Starting systems, lubrication,
Air suction systems, thrust direction changes, etc.
4.3. Aircraft control systems and equipment
Control systems aircraft are divided into:
The main ones are air rudder control systems (elevator, rudder, aileron - roll rudder),
Auxiliary - control systems for engines, trimmers of rudders, chassis, brakes, hatches, doors, etc.
The aircraft is controlled using a control column or control stick, pedals, switches, etc., located in the cockpit. To facilitate piloting and improve flight safety, autopilots and onboard computers can be included in the control system; management is double.
Aircraft control systems use hydraulic, pneumatic, or electric boosters (called boosters) to reduce rudder deflection, as well as servo compensation devices (i.e., auxiliary surfaces of a relatively small area, usually located on the trailing edge of the main air rudder; they deviate to the side opposite to the deflection of the air rudder; for example, trim tabs).
Aircraft control in the case when air rudders are ineffective (flying in a very rarefied atmosphere, on vertical takeoff and landing aircraft), is carried out by gas rudders (which are varied in design: from plates that change the direction of gas flow thrust to a complex nozzle apparatus).
Equipment aircraft includes:
Instrumentation, radio and electrical equipment,
anti-icing devices,
High-altitude, household and special equipment,
For military aircraft - also weapons (guns, missiles, aerial bombs) and
booking.
Instrumentation, depending on the purpose, is divided into:
Flight and navigation (variometers, artificial horizons, compasses, autopilots, etc.),
To control the operation of engines (pressure gauges, flow meters, etc.),
Auxiliary (ammeters, voltmeters, etc.).
The electrical equipment of the aircraft ensures the operation of instruments, controls, radio, engine starting systems, and lighting. Radio equipment includes:
Means of radio communication and radio navigation,
radar equipment,
Automatic takeoff and landing systems.
High-altitude equipment serves to ensure the safety and protection of a person when flying at high altitudes (air conditioning systems, oxygen supply, etc.).
Household equipment provides convenience for passengers and crew, their comfort.
Special equipment includes systems for automatic control of the operation of equipment and aircraft structure, aerial photography, equipment for transporting the sick and wounded, etc.
4.4. Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft and
short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft.
An increase in aircraft flight speeds leads to an increase in takeoff and landing speeds, as a result of which the length of the runways reaches several kilometers. In this regard, SKVP and VTOL are being created.
SKVP have at high cruising speed(600-800 km / h) the length of the take-off and landing distance is not more than 600-650 m. The reduction in the take-off and landing distance is mainly achieved:
* the use of powerful wing mechanization,
* control of the boundary layer (a layer of gas formed at the surface of a streamlined solid body and having a flow velocity much lower than the velocity of the flow incident on the body),
* use of accelerators on takeoff and devices for dampening speed during landing,
* deviation of the thrust vector of marching (i.e. main) engines.
Vertical takeoff and landing of VTOL aircraft are provided by special lifting engines, either by deflecting jet nozzles, or by turning the main engines, usually turbojet.
Typical VTOL schemes are shown in fig. nine.
Rice. 9. VTOL aircraft
test questions
1. Name and briefly describe the main parts of the aircraft design.
2. Tell about the power structure of the wing (Fig. 1).
3. Tell about the elements of the control system located on the wing (Fig. 1 and 5).
4. Tell about the tail unit of the aircraft (Fig. 3 and 5).
5. Tell what kind of aircraft are by type (Fig. 8) and the location of the plumage.
6. Tell how the wing is attached to the fuselage (using what - show in Fig. 3 and 5 and about mobility).
7. What are the aircraft in terms of the number and arrangement of wings?
8. Tell about the fuselage of the aircraft (purpose, what is inside, what is a lantern).
9. Tell what kind of aircraft there are according to the type of engines and what is taken into account when choosing the installation site, the number and type of engines.
10. Tell what kind of aircraft there are according to the way the engines are located.
11. Tell about the landing gear of the aircraft (purpose, weight, where it is located during the flight).
12. Tell what kind of aircraft there are according to the type of chassis.
13. Tell about the purpose and classification of civil aircraft.
14. Tell about the purpose and types of military aircraft.
15. Name the classifications of aircraft by design. About one of the classifications (on the instructions of the teacher) to tell in more detail.
16. Write down and explain the formula for the Mach number. What are the types of aircraft depending on the speed of flight?
17. Describe the aircraft control system (types, how the crew affects it, what is installed to improve flight safety)?
18. What is used to reduce the effort to deflect the aircraft rudders? Tell me when air rudders are ineffective, and what is done in this case?
19. List the equipment available on the aircraft.
20. Tell about instrumentation, high-rise and household equipment.
21. Tell about special and electrical equipment.
22. Tell about VTOL and SKVP. Why is there so much interest in them now?
23. Tell about typical VTOL schemes (Fig. 9).
24. Tell the purpose and principle of operation of the ejection seat, the pilot's ejection scheme.
25. Tell the design of the aircraft according to fig. 3.
