The student estate and the red park. Manor Studenets and park "Krasnaya Presnya"
Studenets estate is solid, for income
St. George's Church in the village of Studenets, 2010
The Studenets estate does not impress with its luxurious manor house or its ruins. In the past, it was an efficient landlord economy, organized clearly, in German, with modest, neat brick buildings. The last owners of the estate were the family of Russian Germans Jordans. However, the names of the previous landowners - the princes Dolgorukov, Prozorovsky and Vyazemsky - are more famous.
The village of Studenets is located 17 km from Venev. In 1916, it was one of the large villages in the Venevsky district with a population of 750 people. In the collection "Parishes and Churches of the Tula Diocese" of 1895, it was reported: "From the scribe books of the 16th century, it is clear that the parish already existed at that time, but there is no news of its beginning even in oral traditions. The name Studenets village was probably given from the many springs in this area with icy, i.e. cold water.Studenets is mentioned in the scribe book of the Verkoshevsky camp of the Tula district of 1628-1639, in the same document the church of St. George the Victorious is listed. In the XVIII century. the village was included in the Venevsky district and was the volost center. In 1809, at the expense of Prince Nikolai Sergeevich Dolgorukov, a wooden St. George's Church was erected, two floors on a stone foundation. In 1871-1894. next to it, at the expense of the parishioners, a stone St. George's Church was built, in which there were two limits of St. Nicholas and in the name of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa. The building of the new church was surrounded by a stone fence, and on the spot old church in 1890 a chapel was built. The chapel was destroyed in the 1960s. by decision of the local collective farm. Since 1879, the parish of the village of Glebkovo was assigned to the Studenetz church.
The main building of the church has survived, although it is in a deplorable state. Next to the church behind the remains of the alley is a stone building of the former manor. Two brick outbuildings have been preserved. One of them, very close to the main house, is a former two-story barn. In the direction of the church, another building with a large solid basement has been preserved, this is a former "glacier". locals they recalled that before the revolution the main house was decorated with columns and stucco. During the Soviet period, the building of the estate housed a rural school. Now the former manor house is not used.
The main house and barn of the estate in the village of Studenets, 2010
It's amazing why this estate still lies away from tourist routes, because it was owned by representatives of the most famous families of Russia. In 1792, the Studenets estate was acquired by Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich Prozorovsky from Prince Nikolai Sergeevich Dolgorukov. Prozorovsky (1759-1814) for some time served as the Moscow police chief, in 1799-1801. was the Leader of the Tula provincial nobility. He was married to Princess Anna Ivanovna Volkonskaya. In 1810, Studenets, along with the villages of Sasovo and Sonshino, was acquired by Colonel Nikolai Semenovich Vyazemsky (1768-1833). Interestingly, the Vyazemskys considered buying the famous Arkhangelskoye estate from the Golitsyns. But they considered that Arkhangelsk would require large expenses and settled on Studenets, because. looking for an estate "more impressive, for income."And Arkhangelsk was eventually acquired by Prince Yusupov. The wife of Nikolai Semenovich Vyazemsky was Alexandra Petrovna (1766-1823), nee Rimskaya-Korsakova. In 1825 the manor's house was still wooden, but already two stories high, it had a garden with fruit trees.After 1833, the estate was inherited by the eldest son Andrei Nikolaevich Vyazemsky (1802-1856).
He began his service in 1820 as a cadet in the 1st Training Carabinieri Regiment. In 1831, he participated in the capture of Warsaw, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. Among other awards, in 1838 he received the highest favor for donating materials "for the construction of an exercise house and training apartments for the Vladimir Infantry Regiment." In 1848 he was promoted to major general.Prince Andrei was "tall, beautifully built, well-built, with a very handsome face."
He had a younger brother, Alexander, who joined the Decembrists and participated in the uprising on Senate Square in 1825. For this, his father disinherited him. True, he was not a major conspirator, so Emperor Nicholas I only transferred him, with the preservation of his rank, to a less prestigious regiment and forbade him to come to the capital for several years. Andrei Nikolayevich, after the death of his father, contrary to his will, gave Alexander half of the Ryazan estates.
In 1834, Prince Andrei Nikolaevich married Natalya Alexandrovna Morshanskaya (+1876), according to Gurieva's first marriage. “The husband of this young beauty was a very rich man and at the same time a great player who led a very scattered life, loved his beautiful wife, but must have looked after her badly and, winning at cards, lost his wife: she liked Prince Andrei , and he to her, and the misfortune came out for a blundered husband. Prince Andrei must have been a master of courting and, entwined with Guryev, turned her head.For a divorce, the prince paid up to 40 thousand rubles. banknotes to her first husband. According to the memoirs of Andrei Nikolaevich's aunt, Yankova Elizaveta Petrovna: "Princess Natalya was a very prominent and stately woman, beautiful in appearance; she was about thirty, and Prince Andrei was several years older, and in years, and in appearance with her second husband they were a wonderful couple and although the marriage was legal, but still, no matter how you say it, on both sides such a marriage was a great lawlessness... She was especially courteous with everyone: she always spoke to lackeys and maids, her own and strangers " You ", which, at that time, seemed ridiculous and strange, too foreign. But with all her kindness and good character, she did not know how to make Prince Vyazemsky happy, because there was a winder, a huntress to dress up and decorate rented apartments, which she introduced husband in debt and upset his condition. A sweet and pleasant woman, but not at all a hostess, but a complete empty-thinker.They had a daughter, Lydia, but they did not live together for long.
"The wife of Prince Vyazemsky left her husband and daughter and fled with someone to Petersburg. The girl grew up without a mother and one can say without any supervision. Since she was beautiful, the rider Birnbaum took advantage of her, and then the son of the Tula governor Daragan. Then finally the mother remembered that she had a daughter and sent her to her place in Petersburg and there she found a decent husband for her, Jordan: an officer of the Austrian regiment, who was assigned to the guards, and so this regiment was called the Young Guard. young Jordan came to the village."
The main house of the estate in the village of Studenets, 2010
In 1857, the estate passed to Lidia Andreevna Jordan (b. 1840), the daughter of Prince Andrei Nikolaevich Vyazemsky. The husband of Lidia Andreevna was the German Nikolai Pavlovich Jordan (1832-1902).
"Jordan was a wonderful person, but he did not like to jump out on the show. He loved his children very much, and gave them the best education and upbringing he could. He married his daughters, he put his sons on a good road, in the service. He himself he served honestly and irreproachably, and was very much engaged in his field economy, so that his land came into order under his management and the estate doubled its value. roomy and durable; but besides this, he had large meadows, which Jordan rented out to the peasants for a high price, and besides, for a percentage of this price, they removed a few more acres of something in his favor.N.P. Rzhevskaya also recalls that Lidia Andreevna was the mistress of her father, Pyotr Semenovich Rzhevsky, whose estate was located in the neighboring village of Milshino.
Guard Lieutenant N.P. Jordan held a number of positions in the county Zemstvo: in 1876-1890 - an inapplicable member of the county presence for peasant affairs, 1876-1892 - a vowel of the Venevsky county Zemstvo assembly, 1890 - a member of the Zemstvo in the county presence for military service, 1890-1892 - Zemsky chief 2 -th section of the Venevsky district.
Farmstead barn in the village of Studenets, 2010
Nikolai Pavlovich led the so-called owner's economy, i.e. he was engaged in the cultivation of his land with an area of 300 acres, and about 100 acres he leased to the peasants for 450 rubles. in year. According to the inventory of 1896, we see that Jordan had everything necessary for efficient farming. In addition to the two-story stone manor house with an outbuilding, the estate had eleven more brick outbuildings, including a two-story barn, which has survived to this day. In addition, Jordan owned a tavern in the village, which he rented for 250 rubles. in year. From cattle he had 35 head of cattle, 30 horses, 40 sheep, 5 pigs, and many poultry. The following machines were used on the farm: a threshing machine with a four-horse drive, a horse-drawn winnowing machine, a sorting winnowing machine, and a seeder. In total, the estate was estimated at 62 thousand rubles.In 1891, another source of income was mentioned: "in the village of Studenets, Venevsky district, there is a large Apple orchard 1000 trees, owner Nikolai Pavlovich Jordan, rented for 500 rubles.
In 1896, Nikolai Pavlovich took out a loan from the Noble Land Bank for 5,750 rubles., which, apparently, sent for the acquisition of a neighboring estate in the village of Glebkovo in 1898. Thus, he increased the size of his arable land by another 290 acres. Glebkovo was only half a verst from Studenets, but the economy there was completely ruined. The last owner of Likhachev used the estate as a dacha, and leased the land.
The Jordans received a new loan from the Noble Land Bank secured by land in Glebkovo for 18 thousand rubles, for a period of 66 and a half years. The area surrounding Studenets was densely populated, the peasants were employed in agriculture, otkhozhny fishing has not received development. Therefore, traditionally, the demand for land rental has been high. The Jordanians continued to lease land in Glebkovo, the income was quite sufficient to service the loan. Until 1917, installments on the loan were regularly paid.
In 1903, the estate was inherited by the wife of Alexander's eldest son, Antonina Nikolaevna Jordan. According to the memoirs of the descendants, the primacy was established in the family, i.e. All property was inherited by the eldest son. Alexander Nikolaevich in 1905-1914 worked as Zemsky chief of the 4th section of the Venevsky district. In 1910, he was a member of the Uyezd Zemsky Assembly and a member of the Land Management Commission. Their son Yuri Alexandrovich Jordan (1898-1937) after 1917 joined the Bolshevik Party. He worked in various responsible positions in Omsk and Tomsk. In the mid-1930s he was appointed director of the Ural-Siberian Planning Institute. In 1937, Yuri Alexandrovich was arrested and soon shot. His wife Lidia Evlampievna (b. 1900) was also arrested, and the children were sent to various orphanages. Daughter Allu (b.1927) in Ivanovo, her fate is not known. Tamara (1930-1986) was sent to Sverdlovsk. After the war, Lidia Evlampievna lived in a settlement in Syktyvkar and worked as a laboratory doctor in a prison hospital. Tamara Yurievna Jordan stole her documents from the orphanage and ran to her mother. After graduating from the Pavlov Leningrad Medical Institute, she worked as a prison doctor in Kostroma. Today her daughter Nina (b.1963) lives in Italy, and her granddaughter lives in Great Britain.
Nikolai Pavlovich Jordan also had a younger son and daughter. Son Vladimir Nikolaevich in 1915-1916. served as secretary of the "Provincial Presence for military service" in Tula. Daughter Maria Nikolaevna (b. 1859) in 1875 married the Venevsky 1st guild merchant son Viktor Efimovich Makhotin (1853-1896), in 1878 their son Mikhail was born. He graduated from the Tula Forestry Technical School in forestry and land reclamation. In 1898, he entered the service in the Serebryano-Prudsky estate (Venevsky district) of Count S.D. Sheremetev as a forester. After 1917 he worked as a forester, today his descendants live in Moscow and the Moscow region.
All the descendants of the Jordans have different surnames. In recent years, they have become interested in the history of ancestors. A special impression was made by the fact of their origin through the princes Vyazemsky from the Rurik family.
2017
9. History of the cavalry guards and Her Majesty's Cavalier Guard Regiment from 1724 to July 1, 1851. - St. Petersburg, 1851. - S. LXXI-LXXII, CXXIV
Report of the channel "First Tulsky" about the estate Studenets, July 2018
The old noble estate Studenets is located on the left bank of the Moskva River, in the Presnensky district of the capital, on the territory of the Krasnaya Presnya recreation park. The official address of the estate: Mantulinskaya street, possession 5.
The Studenets estate, founded along the old Zvenigorodskaya road, near the Three Mountains tract, is one of the earliest Moscow estates and is a unique garden and park complex of the Petrovsky time.
Its history dates back to the 14th century. It is believed that the name "Studenets" was born from a cold spring, a stream that flowed through this area and subsequently filled the park's amazingly beautiful artificial canals and ponds with its purest waters. In the XIV century, the village of Vypryazhkovo on Studenets, which was the progenitor of the modern estate, belonged to the Serpukhov prince Vladimir Andreevich Brave, the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo, cousin of Dmitry Donskoy and grandson of Ivan Kalita. After the death of the prince, his widow, Princess Elena Olgedovna, in 1431 transferred the property to Metropolitan Photius. The same, in turn, handed it over to the Novinsky Vvedensky Monastery founded in 1430. Here, on the Studenets stream, the patriarch's ponds were built. The monastery owned the land until the first quarter of the 17th century, after which it gradually began to pass into the specific ownership of the Russian tsars and princes and was used for the needs of the palace economy.
At the end of the 17th century, the lands of the village of Vypryazhkovo were granted by Peter I to his closest associate, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, who set up his country yard on them.
The Gagarins are one of the oldest Russian noble families, which is a branch of the princely family of Starodubsky, the founder of which was Prince Ivan, the youngest son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. A descendant of Prince Ivan in the seventh generation, Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Golibesovsky-Starodubsky, received the worldly nickname "Gagara", which later passed to his ancestors in the form of a transformed surname. From Mikhail Ivanovich Gagara, four branches of the Gagarin princes went, one of which belonged to the owner of the Student, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, the most colorful character of the Petrine era.
Portrait of Prince Matvey Gagarin. Artist Salvator Tonchi.
Peter's time - a bright page Russian history, the era of change and discovery, the formation of new ideas about aesthetics in art. Peter I's fascination with Europe is widely known. In 1697-1698, the young tsar made a long journey through Holland, the most advanced country of that time, the world's first bourgeois republic and the main maritime power, where he observed the lifestyle of the Dutch, studied shipbuilding, working at the shipyard as a simple carpenter, inspected factories, workshops, laboratories, visited theaters, museums, met with engineers, scientists and artists. The king also paid attention to park ensembles, he visited all the famous gardens of the Netherlands, and his travel notes full of descriptions of European parks.
In Holland, on the orders of Peter, specialists from various fields of activity, including gardeners, were hired to work in Russia. Upon his return to his homeland, the tsar sent Russians abroad to study crafts and sciences, in particular, gardening and landscape art. Books were bought abroad on the improvement of parks, botany, architecture of small forms, albums with illustrations and plans of the best palace and park ensembles which Peter personally examined and studied during his trip in order to further apply the acquired knowledge in practice. The great reformer strove for the development in Russia of exquisite tastes in horticulture and the introduction of the latest techniques of decorative art. According to historians, Peter had a strong aesthetic sense and was gifted with an extraordinary sense of beauty. Attracting masters from Europe to work in Russia, he invariably opted for the best and most gifted. Peter's favorite garden master was the Dutchman Jan Roosen (Rosen), whom he invited in 1712 to create in St. Petersburg conceived and designed by the tsar summer garden. With the founder of the Moscow hospital, the Dutch doctor Nikolaas (Nikolai Lambertovich) Bidloo, who arranged a garden “at his house” on the Yauza on land allocated by the tsar, Peter personally corresponded, guiding, prompting, advising how to dig canals, ponds, throw bridges and lay alleys to create a real "Dutch garden".
The classic prototype of Dutch gardens throughout the 17th century was Frederik Hendrik's "canal garden", created in 1621. A small garden is unfolded on a flat area, has two main axial alleys intersecting at right angles and dividing it into four parts. Rectangular parterres are accentuated by sheared alleys, water channels are emphatically geometric. The owner's house closes the main compositional axis of the park. It was precisely such gardens - with a strict linear composition, a simple and clear rectangular layout, a system of small decorative reservoirs - that Peter admired in Holland during his trip and subsequently sought to create ensembles in their own image and likeness in his homeland.
Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, the owner of the Studenets estate on the Moskva River, belonged to the inner circle of Peter I. One of the tsar's favorites, he accompanied him on European trips, and upon his return from them actively participated in all his affairs and undertakings. In his younger years, he served as a steward at the Moscow Court, later was a governor in Irkutsk and Nerchinsk, and for some time was an ambassador to China. According to contemporaries, Peter respected Gagarin for many excellent qualities.
After Russia's victory over Sweden and the annexation of new territories, the issue of connecting the country's interior regions with the Baltic and with the new capital under construction became topical. To solve it, Peter planned to turn the river beds with the help of canals into convenient transport arteries. The first such waterway connecting central Russia with St. Petersburg was the Tveretsky Canal in Vyshny Volochek. In 1703, M.P. was appointed head of its construction. Gagarin (that's why the channel was called Gagarinsky for a long time). During the implementation of the project for the construction of the canal, Gagarin proved himself to be a capable engineer who, with the assistance of the Dutch masters involved in the work, was able to skillfully use the hydrotechnical potential of the area. In 1708, immediately after the completion of the construction of the Tveretsky Canal, Peter established a governor's post in Moscow, appointing M.P. Gagarin and instructing him first of all to strengthen the ancient walls of the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod with new bastions.
Probably, it was during this period that M.P. Gagarin, who became the Moscow governor, arranges a "canal garden" in his estate Studenets in the Dutch manner. After all, his royal patron is sincerely passionate about Holland, he dreams of creating a Russian Amsterdam. Focusing on the tastes of Peter and wanting, probably, to pleasantly impress him, Gagarin hurries to equip a Dutch garden in Studenets. It is quite possible that the creation of the park ensemble was timed to a very specific event: at the end of 1709, at the behest of Peter I, a grandiose eight-day celebration was scheduled in Moscow on the occasion of the victory of Russian troops near Poltava, and Prince Gagarin was entrusted with organizing the celebration. Naturally, the new governor wanted to arrange a magnificent reception for Peter in his newly built estate.
During the construction of the estate complex M.P. Gagarin benefited from the experience of working on the construction of the Tveretsky Canal, the technical knowledge and skills of Dutch specialists and the strength of Russian builders engaged in digging work turned out to be in place.
flat character land plot, abundance of water: the Moscow River, the ponds of the former patriarchal estate that existed for a long time, streams and springs - these natural conditions created an amazing resemblance to the landscapes of Holland and provided an opportunity for the successful implementation of the planned garden project. All natural factors were taken into account and used to create a large-scale and picturesque hydropark, consisting of a whole labyrinth of water channels and islands between them, unfortunately, only partially preserved to this day. For the Russian manor culture of the 17th-18th centuries, it was considered traditional to place palace and park complexes on the banks of rivers or near ponds to maximize the use of all the advantages of such location and development. water resources areas for utilitarian and decorative purposes. The Studenets park ensemble was created in the spirit of these traditions - with the active and free role of water in its landscape. But the main difference that distinguishes Studenets from a number of manor ensembles of other eras that preceded or followed Peter's is the amazing strict simplicity, clarity of planning and the vastness of the water surface in the composition. In the project implemented by Gagarin, two elements were effectively combined - water and air. The dryness of the lines of the regular composition of the ensemble is gently diluted with an airy perspective, in which distant plans disappear, and water and greenery create a picturesque, eye-pleasing picture.
Although the canals of the eastern part of the park disappeared at the end of the 19th century, elements of the park's water system that have survived to this day can be used to recreate the original structure of the Studenets layout. This is a measured regular "Dutch" garden with straight lines of canals, extensive water surfaces and clear axial alleys of short cut trees. However, in the western part of the park, several very old oaks, over 300 years old, have been preserved. As you know, Peter I loved big old trees and ordered to preserve them when forming new park ensembles. The presence of 300-year-old oaks in Studenets, apparently, indicates the desire of the creator of the garden to follow the wishes of the king in this. Perhaps other tree species were also present here, because in addition to oaks, Peter also loved lindens, elms, larches, hornbeams, beeches, chestnuts, and several thousand seedlings of these species were brought from Holland to Russia. The Dutch garden was traditionally decorated with whimsical gazebos and galleries, trellises for climbing plants, grottoes, and sculpture. Flowers were also actively used: the gardens abounded with flower beds, mainly from “scented” flowers.
The fate of the founder of the estate Studenets, a comrade-in-arms of Peter I, Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, was tragic. Luck often spoiled him, accompanied him on the path of career growth, until one day he turned away from him and left him forever. The sovereign highly appreciated the merits and business qualities of Gagarin in the construction of the hydrotechnical complex on Tvertsa and the Moscow governorship, therefore, after the establishment of the provinces in 1708, it was he who was appointed governor of Siberia.
During his leadership of this region, Gagarin did a lot for him: he completed the stone Kremlin in Tobolsk, decorated the Siberian capital with numerous stone buildings, made rich contributions to the Tobolsk Sophia-Assumption Cathedral and other churches, donated funds to the distressed captured Swedes who were in Siberia, strengthened relations between Russia and China. Initially, Prince Gagarin followed the instructions of the sovereign, but later he began to autocratically rule a rich and vast land, not denying himself personally the luxury and pleasures, the fame of which reached the capital. At dinner, the prince served about 50 different dishes on silver and gold dishes; the horseshoes of Gagarin's horses were silver, the wheels of the carriage were also bound with silver; in Moscow, on Tverskaya Street, the prince built for himself chambers, stunning in their magnificence, in which the walls were mirrored, and the ceilings were glass aquariums with live fish; among his wealth was the most precious of all the rubies known at that time, brought to him from China (later he was presented to Prince Menshikov, and from him passed to Catherine I). It seems that the prince thought less and less about the benefits of the state and more and more about his own. There is also an opinion that Gagarin did not just abuse the financial spending of state funds, but even intended to separate Siberia from Russia and create a separate state under his control.
The ill-wishers did not fail to report to the tsar about Gagarin's actions, and Peter abruptly changed his attitude towards that. The governor, who was officially fined, was put on trial for financial fraud, but many called the rebellion he was plotting the real reason for the disgrace. The Big Investigation Commission, after conducting an investigation and considering the case, accused Gagarin of embezzlement. Trying to save himself, he wrote a letter to Peter, admitting his guilt and asking for mercy. But the tsar did not forgive the excess of power given to him in Siberia and, apparently wanting to put an end to bureaucratic embezzlement once and for all, he ordered the prince to be publicly executed. In 1721, the former Siberian governor was hanged in St. Petersburg as a warning to his contemporaries and descendants. And his body, as a sign of intimidation of corrupt officials, remained for many months hanged on the gallows for all to see. Simultaneously with the execution of the prince, all his property was confiscated, the seized estates were granted to Pashkov, Bruce, Devier, Mamonov, Moscow and suburban courtyards were transferred to Olsufiev. The closest relatives of the executed prince were also punished. His son, Alexei Gagarin, was demoted to the sailors.
During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, Studenets was returned to the grandson of M.P. Gagarin - to Matvey Alekseevich, who again equipped the estate. During the reign of Elizabeth I, "Gagarin's dacha" was a popular place for festivities, where various amusements were held: performances by magicians, tightrope walkers, numerous musicians and singers, fireworks, illumination, etc.
Despite the ups and downs in the fate of the owners of the Studenets estate, throughout the 18th century, the original appearance of the “water” regular park created there did not change significantly. Archival materials have preserved several plans for the estate of the second half of XVIII century. At that time, it was listed in the documents country house Gagarin, and in unofficial sources it appeared as "Gagarin Ponds". The plans of 1763, 1767, 1778 show that a stream flows along the western border of the park, feeding the western half of the canal. A small regular garden is marked in the western corner of the estate. The eastern part of the canals is connected to a pond dug below the spring water well. Written sources also mention “the master's wooden house, in which dug ponds with islands” and “Hay mowing is good. Forestry ".
A fragment of the village of Studenets, the property of Mr. Matvey Alekseevich Gagarin. 1763. A copy of the RGADA drawing.
In the second half of the 18th century, the noble festivities organized at the Gagarin Ponds were widely known in Moscow and enjoyed success with the honorable public. “Moskovskie Vedomosti” dated June 27, 1754 reports: “This week on Tuesday ... in the graveyard on the Three Mountains, there were so many people who are rarely remembered in previous years ... Finally, to the famous Prince Gagarin’s house located there for many carriages in closeness to drive up, and it was hardly possible to disperse along the ponds due to crampedness. Moreover, in the local imperial capital there is no noble and rich, beautiful and magnificent, then everything could be seen here. The same publication a year later informed readers that on June 24 "... a great meeting of the people was on the Three Mountains, where on this holiday there is usually an amusement park, and especially on the glorious ponds of Prince Gagarin located in the vicinity of this place."
In 1804, Studenets changed its owner - Count Fyodor Andreevich Tolstoy, a senator, privy councilor, landowner, bibliophile, member of the Society of Russian Literature Lovers, collector of manuscripts and old books, became its new owner. In 1818, the dacha in Studenets passed as a dowry to his daughter Agrafena Fedorovna when she married Arseny Andreevich Zakrevsky, the Minister of the Interior, and later the Governor-General of Moscow. The new owners of the Zakrevskys live in the dacha for a long time, relax, drink the three-mountain water, go boating, fish and enjoy the views of the beautiful garden.
Portrait of Count A.A. Zakrevsky. Unknown artist. 1810s
Portrait of Countess A.F. Zakrevskaya. Unknown artist. 1810s
A.A. Zakrevsky participated in the Patriotic War of 1812, and when arranging the estate devastated during the hostilities, he decided to give it a special memorial character, to turn the park into a kind of monument to the recent war. By his order, a new wooden house with outbuildings is being built (it has not survived to this day). The park is decorated with monuments, pavilions, grottoes dedicated to the war and its heroes: M.B. Barclay de Tolly, N.M. Kamensky, P.M. Volkonsky, A.P. Yermolov and others. The main symbol of patriotism in the renovated manor complex is the Studenets key, because it was here that Russian soldiers took communion before the battle with the enemy in the fall of 1812. An octagonal Octagon pavilion is being built over the Holy Spring.
Many famous people visited the Zakrevsky family in the renovated estate. It is known that one day Studenets was visited by General A.P. Yermolov, to whom the owners solemnly showed the monument erected in his honor. Perhaps D.V. also visited. Davydov - a famous poet and partisan of the war of 1812 - in any case, he often visited another estate of the Zakrevskys - Ivanovsky near Podolsk.
The wife of A.A. Zakrevsky Agrafena Fedorovna Zakrevskaya, who since girlish times was affectionately called “Grushenka Tolstaya”, was known in the world as a beautiful, brilliantly educated and well-mannered, independent woman with a lively and sharp mind. She was the object of admiration for many. E.A. dedicated poems to her. Baratynsky, admired P.A. Vyazemsky, before her marriage, A.S. was fascinated by her. Pushkin. The latter in his letters to A.I. Vyazemsky called her "copper Venus". She often inspired him, was the muse of his work. A.F. Zakrevskaya appears in one of the chapters of "Eugene Onegin" as "brilliant Nina Voronskaya", "Cleopatra of the Neva". And after his marriage, the poet did not cease to admire the beauty, intelligence and manners of Zakrevskaya, recreating her image in poetry and prose. In the unfinished stories “Egyptian Nights”, “Guests Came to the Cottage”, “We Spent the Evening at the Cottage”, Pushkin again and again refers to the plot of Cleopatra, in whose heroine the same prototype was clearly visible - the “soul of society” and the mistress of the Studenetskaya estate . Whether the great poet visited Studenets is not exactly known. But he had a close acquaintance with A.A. Zakrevsky, repeatedly turned to him, was familiar and kept in touch with many members of the family, so he could well visit the student's dacha in the late 1820s, when he lived in Moscow for a long time.
The first half of the 19th century is the period of a new bright heyday of the Studenets estate. Many art historians attribute the merit of creating a new main house and other buildings in the park to the famous architect Domenico Gilardi (although some call the authors V.P. Stasov and A.G. Grigoriev). The drawings of the buildings are close in their execution technique to the style of Gilardi, and some strongly resemble his other buildings, however, accurate evidence of the work of D.I. Gilardi on the project of the updated Student in this moment no. Two monuments of that era have survived to our time - the Octagon Pavilion and the Monument-Column in the park, which was restored in the 1960s, and previously had a completion in the form of a winged figure with a sword. During the reconstruction of the Zakrevsky estate in the park, a landscape layout appeared between the columns with picturesque paths and paths among asymmetrically placed monuments and pavilions; channels were cleared and filled with clean running water; The islands are connected by wooden footbridges. The Dutch motifs of the time of Peter the Great, which were previously traced in the construction and design of the park complex, were replaced by Italian ones. Contemporaries enthusiastically called the Zakrevsky's dacha "absolute Venice with Gardens." In general, A.A. Zakrevsky did not seek to change the foundations laid down in the composition of the park during construction at the beginning of the 18th century, the park retained the features of the original image, but under Zakrevsky its design was updated, and the idea of \u200b\u200bthis renovation acquired a memorial character, introducing additional semantic meaning to individual architectural elements of the ensemble and making the park is a kind of monument to the heroes of the war of 1812.
General plan of the estate Studenets. 1830s - 1840s. A copy of the RGADA drawing. Schubert's plan of Moscow.
Main manor building with outbuildings. RGIA. 1830s
Main manor house with outbuildings.
Pavilion Octagon. RGIA. 1830s
Pavilion in the garden. RGIA.
Arbor in the garden. Monument on the grave of the horse A.A. Zakrevsky, so-called. "Tomb of Zakrevsky's horse".
The Studenets estate in the 19th century enjoyed no less interest from the public than when it was owned by the Gagarins. On holidays, the Zakrevskys' dacha was open to the public, various events were held on its territory, and performances were given. So, for example, on August 19, 1828, a launch took place in Studenets hot air balloon, but in which “the aeronaut, Mrs. Ilyinskaya, fearlessly rose quite high under a huge ball on a fragile boat, lit several rockets at her zenith and landed very happily in a meadow near the dacha. There were a lot of curious people."
Student. General view of the estate. Painting by an unknown artist. 1820s
Student. View in the park. Painting by an unknown artist. 1820s
Around 1834, after the resignation of A.A. Zakrevsky from the post of Minister of Internal Affairs, Pavel Nikolaevich Demidov, the richest nobleman, owner of the Ural iron-smelting plants, a well-known philanthropist and philanthropist, acquired Studenets for 400 thousand rubles. New owner, however, did not use the estate for personal purposes, but as another of his acts of charity, for which he was very famous, he presented it at the beginning of 1834 to the state to found a public institution, adding to the gift another 15 thousand rubles for the repair of the main house . The wife of Emperor Nicholas I, Alexandra Feodorovna, ranked Studenets among the charitable institutions of the Office of Empress Maria Feodorovna, and in 1835 allowed the Society of Gardeners to open a gardening school in the estate "in order to train experienced gardeners."
Portrait of Pavel Nikolaevich Demidov. Artist P.P. Vedenetsky.
The school of horticulture set up extensive flower nurseries and greenhouses in the estate, in which plants were grown for sale. Studenetsky standard roses more than a sazhen high were very famous, collections of dahlias repeatedly received first prizes at exhibitions. Seedlings of various species of trees and shrubs were grown on the islands of the park. Grapes and peaches ripened successfully in the greenhouses, and there were 60 varieties of pears and 15 plums in the garden. Pupils of the school were taught the theoretical and practical foundations of gardening, were engaged in the acclimatization of plants.
During the period when the school of gardening was located in Studenets, visitors also constantly gathered in the estate. In the summer, every Sunday, festivities, musical evenings, performances, dinners were organized here, boating and boat rides along the canals of the garden, fireworks and other spectacular spectacles were organized.
Studenets was still famous for its springs and springs. Studenetskaya water, in which there were no organic impurities, was highly valued in Moscow: it was used to prepare artificial mineral waters, were taken to the imperial court when he was in the capital, and to the houses of the nobility and wealthy merchants, "used" in the production at the nearby Trekhgorny brewery.
In the new period, the estate continued to be reconstructed, some restructuring took place in it, which was not of a global nature. Art critic E.I. Kirichenko gives information about the participation in construction work in Studenets in the second half of the 19th century by the architect M.D. Bykovsky. The archives of CIAM contain interesting plans for the northern part of the park dating back to 1908, which show a very peculiar landscape structure and layout of a small garden in the Art Nouveau style, and the assortment list of the garden is rich in various ornamental plants.
Manor Studenets on the topographical plan of Moscow in 1838.
Studenets estate on the Khotevsky plan of Moscow in 1852.
Manor Studenets on the plan of the capital city of Moscow in 1878.
The School of Horticulture of the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria Feodorovna existed in Studenets until the 1917 revolution. After the estate was nationalized, and in troubled times, the park complex had a hard time. The cultural heritage of tsarism suffered seriously as part of the ideological struggle of the new Soviet system with the traditional order. The canal park, which turned out to be in the center of the district of revolutionary workers, was no exception. Disorders, misuse and mismanagement did not have the best effect on its appearance and condition. In 1931, the park was transferred to the Trekhgornaya Manufactory, and in 1932 it was decided to create the Krasnaya Presnya Park of Culture and Leisure on its basis. It would seem that this could save the park from destruction. But the desire of the new government to change everything in its own way exceeded the limits of reason. Transformations began: part of the ponds were covered up, the banks of the canals were dressed in concrete, which adversely affected the state of the waters, many old picturesque bridges were destroyed, and new ones were built, not distinguished by sophistication and harmony of style, most of the monuments in memory of the heroes of the war of 1812 disappeared forever. Of the memorial objects of the park, only the Tuscan column on the island has survived to this day, however, the winged figure that once adorned it has been lost. The old manor house was actually destroyed in the first half of the 20th century, by the 60s only the foundation and one outbuilding remained from it. The beautiful Empire gates that formed the entrance to the park were dismantled. In 1955, on the site of the demolished buildings of the horticultural school, the Krasnaya Presnya cinema building was built.
Manor Studenets on the plan of Moscow in 1952.
In 1975, the preserved pavilion-water tower Oktagon was moved 22 meters to the side due to the construction of high-rise buildings of the World Trade Center and lost its original meaning of arranging the spring key of the Holy Spring, and the key itself was removed into an underground collector overlooking the Moscow River. On the territory of the former estate, some outbuildings and sports facilities were also erected, breaking into the park and violating its original structure and layout.
Movement of the Octagon pavilion. Copy of E.M. Handel. 1975
Nowadays, the former country cottage continues its life in the urban environment, being almost in the very center of the noisy metropolis. In 1960, the central part of the park (about 18 hectares) was declared a monument of history and culture of federal significance and taken under state protection. True, in 2011 the status of a protected object was lowered to regional significance. Since the 1990s, attempts have been made to partially restore the estate complex.
Gate pylon restoration project. Mosproekt-2, Workshop-13. 1993
Based on archival photographs of the 1930s in 1998 by restorers N.F. Zhurina and A.S. The entrance gates of the park were recreated by the Queen. The memorial traditions of the estate were supported by Afghan soldiers who planted an alley of horse chestnut in the park. The choice of tree species was not accidental: it is known that horse chestnut grew in Studenets before, it was planted on one of the islands between the canals by A.A. Zakrevsky on the third anniversary of the birth of his daughter Lydia (in 1829). Since 2010, work began on the restoration of the main house of the estate with outbuildings. In the near future, they should be completed, and Muscovites, I want to believe, will finally have the opportunity to see the recreated historical appearance of the magnificent estate in the past.
Restoration project of the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets estate. Front view. 2006-2008 years.
Restoration project of the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets estate. Isometric view. 2006-2008 years.
Restoration project of the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets estate. Additional types. 2006-2008 years.
Summing up and looking back at the historical past of the Studenets estate, it is worth noting that Peter I's passion for the example of progressive Holland and his active work to promote the ideas he noted abroad in landscape art laid such strong foundations and traditions in this area that in the future Russia gave world culture truly magnificent examples of park landscapes that can compete with their European prototypes. And the “canal garden” of M.P. Gagarin in the Studenets estate is one of the earliest such specimens and is completely unique for Moscow and Russia.
Pavilion Octagon. Photo by Evgeny Chesnokov / yamoskva.com
Tuscan column. Photo by Evgeny Chesnokov / yamoskva.com
Surrounded by modern skyscrapers on the banks of the Moskva River, there is the Krasnaya Presnya recreation and recreation park (formerly the Studenets estate). In the 19th century, the estate was considered a masterpiece of garden and park architecture. Our contemporaries walk along the canals along the alleys where Alexander Pushkin, Denis Davydov, Evgeny Baratynsky made the promenade ...
The official scheme of the modern park: 
Entrance. 1927-1928: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/67260
Entrance. 1950-1960: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/1477
Front gate recreated in 1998
History reference:
In the 14th century, the “village of Vypryazhkovo on Studenets” lay here, which belonged to the grandson of Ivan Kalita, the Serpukhov prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave, the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo. His yard was nearby - on the "Three Mountains".
"Every centimeter of the huge (16.5 hectares) protected park breathes history. At the beginning of the 18th century, on the banks of the Studenets stream, the country palace of the princes Gagarins was located. The water from Studenets had such healing power that the owners of the estate built a well from which all the suffering could quench their thirst .
Later, already in the 19th century, the new owner of the Studenets estate, Arseniy Zakrevsky, Adjutant General of Alexander I and hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, reconstructed the territory. The author of innovative ideas was eminent architect Domenico Gilardi. The estate made such an impression on contemporaries that it was deservedly called "absolute Venice in the gardens."
Then a lot has changed. Unfortunately, during the Soviet period, the park lost its original charm. Many sculptures and several beautiful gardens have disappeared without a trace. But today, constant, careful and painstaking work is underway to restore the lost. This is how the debt of history is returned to Muscovites," the official website of the park http://p-kp.ru/ reports.
In fairness, it must be clarified that Student's troubles began not in the Soviet period, but long before the revolution. Both the estate and the Garden of the Studenets School of Horticulture were pretty dilapidated at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. According to the commission's report, "the buildings were found in an extremely unsatisfactory condition. The property is not fenced, access is open to wandering people. One of the buildings is uninhabited due to dilapidation." Over the years, the estate suffered from fires and floods. As of 1908, the main house of the estate was destroyed, but outbuildings were preserved, part of the canals was filled up, greenhouses and greenhouses occupied the island. In 1915, the gardening school was going to be relocated as far as the suburbs of the city of Sochi, and the territory of the estate was to be adapted for industrial needs.
These plans were thwarted by the First World War and revolutionary upheavals. After the revolution, the manor park became a resting place for workers and their families. The revival of the park began in earnest in the 1930s, when the railway line leading to the Tryokhgornaya manufactory was liquidated. In 1932, on the site of the Studenets estate and the Garden of the Studenets School of Horticulture, the Krasnaya Presnya Culture and Leisure Park was created with a concert stage, attractions, a children's town, and a boat pier. Festive festivities ended with fireworks on the water. There is no need to idealize Stalin's Moscow either - there were vegetable gardens, dumps and wastelands in the neighborhood.
1951: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/84424
Portrait of I.V. Stalin from carpet flowers (Krasnaya Presnya Park of Culture and Leisure, Moscow). Made according to the sketch and under the guidance of the decorator A. Belyaev. Magazine "Spark" No. 47 November 1951
According to the General Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow in 1935, the territory was included in the huge Krasnopresnensky park from the Kamer-Kollezhsky shaft to the Belorusskaya line railway(at the same time, the Vagankovsky cemetery would have been destroyed). As an option, it was planned to create a Hydrotechpark in Studenets with canals, locks and other structures. These ideas were buried by a new war - the Great Patriotic War. Railway tracks were again laid to Trekhgorka.
Although projects to improve the park and recreate the historic manor arose in the 1960s and 1970s, work on the reconstruction of the main building began only in 2006 and should be completed in the second quarter of 2014. It seems that the builders are not in a hurry (not an Olympic facility), and the deadlines may move.
The name of the estate on the banks of the Moscow River comes from the Studenets stream. Before the construction of the Mytishchi water pipeline to Moscow, the wells on the Three Mountains had the best drinking water in the city, for which rich people sent water carriers even several kilometers away.
Pavilion "Octagon", 1904: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/11041
The Oktagon well pavilion, built in the 1820s by the famous architect Domenico Gilardi in the Empire style, has been preserved on Mantulinskaya Street. The pavilion is decorated in the ancient Roman spirit of the times of the first Roman emperor Augustus and topped with a small dome. The building got its name from the Latin word meaning octagon.
There were bronze lion masks on the walls, and natural spring water flowed from the mouths of predators. Around 1974, the masks were dismantled, and in 1975, in connection with the redevelopment of the territory, the pavilion was moved with winches and can now be seen in the park near the World Trade Center.
In 1955, on the site of the demolished buildings of the gardening school, a new cinema "Krasnaya Presnya" was opened (architect A. Raport). According to the Decree of the Government of Moscow, in 2001 the building of the cinema, which had become unprofitable, was leased "for educational and entertainment activities" to the International Fund for the Development of Cinema and Television for Children and Youth (Rolan Bykov Fund). Now there are no signs on it, the original stucco decorations, lanterns near the entrance have been preserved on the facade, although the building itself was repainted from light yellow to dark brown over time.
Reconstructed administrative buildings and cafes
Opposite the entrance to the park there is a monument to Lenin
Manor Studenets under reconstruction
The banner contains the necessary information about the construction, and on the fence there is a useful text about the history of the Studenets estate (which was used when compiling the text of this story).
Fountain, 1987-1990: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/95107
The Tuscan column has been preserved on the island, the pedestal of which is decorated with swords in scabbards and wreaths. But the sculptures of commanders - the heroes of the war of 1812 - created according to the designs of V. Stasov, have been lost. These monuments were erected in 1820-1830 on the initiative of the then owner of the estate, Count A.A. Zakrevsky. Each of the islands of the park was dedicated to the memory of one of the heroes under whose command Zakrevsky served: Kamensky, Barclay, Volkonsky.
Until recently, the park housed a gallery of Russian ice sculpture with a permanent year-round exhibition. To prevent visitors from freezing in summer, warm fur coats were given out at the entrance.
Among the numerous cultural events held in the Krasnaya Presnya park, the Street of History festival was remembered: Russian warriors from different eras, domino players with a glass of beer, a dissident samizdat activist and other characters from the ancient and recent past appeared before the townspeople.
There is a dance floor in front of the concert stage, ballet and dance circles work in the park. And you can get acquainted with ethnic foreign dances at the festival "Latinofest".
On Mantulinskaya Street, all residents of Presnya and other districts of Moscow know picturesque park"Krasnaya Presnya", a place of rest for many generations of Muscovites. However, this place is historical monument, here was located a unique park ensemble, built according to the project of the master of Moscow late classicism Domenico Gilardi, - the Studenets estate. It can be put on a par with the most famous Moscow estates of the 18th-19th centuries.
The historical name Studenets probably refers to the stream of the same name, which allowed the owners of the estate to create a system of ponds and canals supported by the icy waters of the stream. In turn, the villagers of Presnya, who live near the estate, have used the waters of Studenets for domestic purposes for many centuries.
According to another version, the name refers to the 17th century, when the owners of this estate near Moscow then dug a deep well with clean, icy water, which only wealthy people of old Moscow and its outskirts could afford.
The founder of the Studenets estate is considered to be Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave, a cousin of the Russian heroic prince Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, one of the main participants in the famous Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. Then the village of Vypryazhkovo was located here, the source of income for the first owners. Then the estate became the property of the princes Gagarins, and at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries a chic palace was built here, where the famous statesman of the Petrine era Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, the Nerchinsk governor, the head of the Siberian order and the Armory, the commandant of Moscow, the first head of the Siberian province, lived.
For numerous abuses of office, embezzlement and extortion, he was convicted and hanged in 1721, all his property was confiscated in favor of the state. However, a decade later, Empress Anna Ioannovna returned the estate to his heirs. It was at this time that a modern Dutch garden was laid out here and a system of ponds and canals was created, which for a long time were called Gagarin's ponds. Even then, Studenets was known for festivities and a gathering place for the high-society public from all over Moscow.
In 1804, Count Fyodor Andreevich Tolstoy, a prominent bibliophile and a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, became the new owner of the estate. After the Patriotic War of 1812, the estate passed to Tolstoy's son-in-law, the Minister of Internal Affairs, the future Moscow Governor-General, Adjutant General Count Arseny Andreevich Zakrevsky. This statesman participated in military campaigns against Napoleonic France in 1805-1807, in particular, the famous battle of Austerlitz, the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809, which ended with the annexation of Finland to Russia, the Turkish war of 1810-1811, the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1814. During his time, the estate flourished as part of the process of rebuilding Moscow after the devastating invasion of Napoleon. In the 1820s a small wooden palace and several park pavilions, of which only one -Octagon has been preserved.
In his estate, Zakrevsky decided to capture the memory of military campaigns and comrades with whom he went through all the military years. On one of the islands in the ponds, a commemorative column dedicated to 1812 was erected. The white-stone column of the Tuscan order (“Tuscan Column”) stood on a massive cubic pedestal. Once it was crowned with a statue of Glory, on the side faces there were carved images of swords entwined with ribbons, and not on the pedestal of the column - carved wreaths.
On other artificial quadrangular islands, Zakrevsky ordered the erection of monuments to the heroes of the Patriotic War and other battles in which he himself was a participant and under which he served. So there were monuments to the commander of the corps of the 3rd Western Army S.M. Kamensky, commander of the 1st Western Army M.B. Barclay de Tolly, Chief of the General Staff P.M. Volkonsky, General A.P. Yermolov. According to historical evidence, Yermolov visited the estate and saw a monument in his honor. Russian writer and journalist M.I. Pylyaev wrote in his book “Old Moscow” (1891): “Each of these islands was dedicated to the memory of one of the heroes ... On each, in the middle of the trees, there was either a temple or a monument to the named commanders.”
At the same time, bridges were thrown over ponds and canals with a clear structure of the banks.
The architect Gilardi also planned an irrigation system and a fish farm, which brought income to the owner. However, most likely after his resignation in 1831, Zakrevsky sold the estate to one of the richest people of that time, Pavel Nikolaevich Demidov, known for his charitable activities, in particular, the opening of the first children's hospital. In 1834, he donated the Studenets estate to the state. The wife of Emperor Nicholas I, Alexandra Fedorovna, ranked her among the charitable institutions and allowed her to open a gardening school for the training of experienced gardeners - pupils of the Orphanage. In the summer, pupils of the Catherine Institute for Noble Maidens rested in the estate. So the estate existed peacefully until the tragic events of the 1917 revolution and the fall of the autocracy.
During the Soviet years cultural heritage tsarism was seriously affected in the framework of the ideological struggle with the entire traditional order. Studenets, located in the legendary district of revolutionary workers, was no exception.
In 1931, it was transferred to the Trekhgornaya Manufactory, and then it became the Krasnopresnensky Park of Culture and Recreation. Some of the canals were filled up, and the monuments to military heroes disappeared by the middle of the 20th century. According to some reports, they were blown up in October 1941, according to others, they were destroyed as a result of German bombing. The memorial column was also damaged, later restored. The main house of the estate also died in the first half of the 20th century, although in the 60s the foundation and one outbuilding were still preserved. The Empire manor gates, restored according to old sketches in the 1990s, were also dismantled.
In 1973, the Octagon pavilion was moved to a new location during the expansion of Mantulinskaya Street. At the same time, the holy key that beat under the pavilion disappeared, at which, according to historical legend, the soldiers of the Moscow militia took communion in 1812.
However, the Moscow authorities have begun the restoration of the front house, and it is worth believing that modern Muscovites and residents of Presnya will be able to at least to some extent restore the historical memory distorted during the social experiments of one tragic period in our history.
Restoration project of the noble estate Studenets, located in the park "Krasnaya Presnya" on the street. Mantulinskaya, ow. 5, passed the state examination.
The estate belongs to the monuments of gardening art of the XVIII-XIX centuries. According to Moscomexpertiza, the white-stone Octagon Pavilion and the Monument-Column on the island will be restored to their historical appearance.
In addition, the lost "Stone Pavilion" and " stone monument". A fence with gates and gates will be installed along the embankment. At the same time, the existing open entrance area from the side of Mantulinskaya Street will be preserved.
Abandoned canals will be restored in the park itself and new ones will be built pedestrian bridges, will equip three recreation areas, install architectural lighting and build a fountain.
The project also provides for an irrigation water supply system, replacement of pavement on alleys and paths with environmentally friendly materials.
It is planned to recreate the historical landscape of the estate - the structure of planting trees and shrubs. Flower beds and pre-existing compositions of plants near the water will also be arranged.
After the restoration, the estate will be adapted for comfortable movement of people with limited mobility and the disabled.
Recall that the noble estate Studenets is located on the left bank of the Moskva River, on the territory of the Krasnaya Presnya culture and recreation park (Presnensky district).
Founded along the old Zvenigorod road, near the tract "Three Mountains", it belongs to one of the earliest Moscow estates. This is a unique garden and park complex of Petrovsky time.
It is believed that the name Studenets was born from a cold stream that flowed through this area and filled with its purest waters the amazingly beautiful artificial canals and ponds of the park.
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