Introduction…………………………………………………..3

1. Subject and ides of the excursion methodology.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methodology ...... 5

1.2. Methodology for preparing excursions………………... 8

2. Classification of methodological techniques.

2.1 Classification of teaching methods………….14

2.2 Methodological techniques of display……………….…...17

2.3 Methodological techniques of the story………………….25

3. Special methodological techniques.

3.1. Receiving a demonstration of a visual aid………35

3.2Assimilation by the guide of methodological techniques………………………………………………………..39

4. Technique of conducting excursions.

4.1 Technique of conducting excursions………………………42

Conclusion……………………………………………………..51

Bibliographic list……………..……………….…52

Introduction.

Methodology in the broad sense of the word is a set of methods for expediently carrying out this or that work, solving a problem, achieving a goal, and in a narrower sense, it is a set of specific methodological methods for conducting lectures, conversations, excursions on a specific topic and for a specific group.

The technique is divided into general and private.

A tour is a methodically thought-out display of places of interest, historical and cultural monuments, a display based on an analysis of the objects that are in front of the eyes of the tourists, as well as the events associated with them.

The guide is not indifferent to what the excursionist sees, how he understands and perceives what he sees and hears.

The guide, with his explanations, brings the tourists to the necessary conclusions, the effectiveness of the excursion depends on this.

From this it follows that the essence of the excursion can be defined as follows: a visual process of learning about the surrounding world, a process built on pre-selected objects that are in natural conditions or located in the halls of museums, exhibitions, workshops of a sculptor, artist, etc.

The excursion technique is a private technique, since it is associated with the process of disseminating knowledge on the basis of one form of work. The excursion methodology is a set of requirements and rules for the excursion, as well as the sum of the methodological methods for preparing and conducting excursions. different types, on various topics and for various groups of people.

The tour guide answers the following questions:

1. Why is the excursion prepared and conducted (goal, objectives)?

2. What issues are covered on the tour (what is its content about)?

3. How to conduct a tour (methodological techniques)?

The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts:

Methods for developing a new topic for this bureau;

Methods of development by the guide of a new topic for him, but already developed in this bureau;

Methods of preparing the guide for the next excursion;

Excursion methods;

Methods after excursion work.

1. Subject and types of excursion methods.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methods.

The method of conducting an excursion is a set of techniques used in conducting an excursion, which are designed to find a way more than usual and, together with the effective merit of the goal of the excursion, to help the excursionists easier and more firmly to finally learn the content of the excursion.

Methodological methods of conducting excursions are divided into general, personal and individual. Imagine one fact that general receptions are, as usual, the basis for conducting, as everyone knows, any excursion, regardless of its topic, the composition of the excursion group. It must be said that personal, in the end, are those methods that are used in excursions, as most of us are used to saying, of a certain type (industrial, museum, natural history, transport, walking), or in excursions conducted for a certain, as people are accustomed to express themselves to the excursion audience (kids, youth, adults). It's not a secret for anyone that personal methods, focusing on the main requirements of the excursion methodology, develop and concretize more effective methods of conducting excursions of this type. Everyone knows that in the end, single techniques are, as we constantly say, unique methods of observing some, as many people say, 1 object or a story about it, for example, showing a building standing on the shore of a reservoir, which on a fine summer day is finally reflected on its surface. And it is not even necessary to say that such techniques are usually the intellectual property of the 1st guide and, finally, are used by everyone who, therefore, conducts such excursions. Indeed, single methods also include those whose implementation is limited, as we put it, certain time year or day.

The excursion technique is considered in several aspects: as the basis of the professional skills of guides; as a mechanism that improves the "feed" of the material; as a process of streamlining the activities of the guide. The technique helps the tourists to see, remember and understand much more than in a lecture that reveals the same topic. This happens because the lecturer's methodology is largely based on various kinds of messages and descriptions, the lecture story is conducted in isolation from the objects of description. The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts: - methods for the guide to develop a new topic for him, but already developed in this bureau; - methods for preparing the guide for the next excursion; - methods of conducting excursions; - methods of post-excursion work.

Aspects of the excursion methodology: the basis of the professional skill of the guide, the mechanism for supplying material, the process of streamlining the activities of the guide during the preparation and conduct of the excursion.

The excursion technique is associated with such concepts as storytelling and showing. To the question about the relationship between showing and telling in a guided tour, the methodology gives an unequivocal answer: from showing to telling. You should start with a show, with visual or other (tactile, olfactory) impressions, and then introduce a story. The technique takes into account the ability of the object to attract attention, uses various means to enhance the attention of tourists.

Another task of the methodology is to suggest the most effective use of methodological methods of conducting excursions. The excursion methodology takes into account the issues of emotional impact on tourists.

The subject of the excursion methodology is the purposeful study, systematization, formulation, clarification and practical application of the means and methods of education and training, as well as methodological techniques, with the help of which employees of excursion institutions carry out their activities. The excursion methodology summarizes the experience of conducting excursions, develops and offers such methodological techniques that have justified themselves in practice and ensure the highest efficiency in the disclosure and perception of the topic.

1.2 Methodology for preparing excursions.

The development of the excursion is carried out by a creative group, consisting of 3-10 people, depending on the complexity of the topic. Each of the participants works on one of the sections or one of the subtopic tours. The head of the creative team unites and edits the prepared material.

Preparation is divided into two stages:

Preliminary - selection and study of factual materials (i.e., the process of initial accumulation of knowledge on this topic), carried out by the creative group, the choice of objects on which the excursion will be built;

Direct - drawing up an excursion route, processing of factual material.

In addition, work is underway on the structure of methodological development: introduction, main part, conclusion; a control text is compiled, the methodological conduct of the excursion is analyzed (determination of the most appropriate methodological methods of showing and telling specifically for one or another part of the excursion), a "guide portfolio" is formed, and an individual text is prepared. A methodological development is a concise plan, a document that determines how to conduct this excursion, in what sequence to organize the display of monuments, what methodology should be used to effectively conduct the excursion. Here the guide should find advice on the sequence in which to show and tell, what materials from the "guide's portfolio" and when it is better to demonstrate. A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion.

Methodological development is a mandatory document, without which an excursion on this topic cannot be conducted.

An individual text is also a mandatory document, which gives the guide the right to conduct an excursion on this topic. Properly compiled methodological development helps the guide to more fully reveal the topic.

2.3. Planning an excursion itinerary

Excursion route is the most convenient route for the tour group, contributing to the disclosure of the topic. It is built depending on the most correct sequence of viewing objects for a given excursion, the availability of sites for the group, and the need to ensure the safety of tourists. One of the tasks of the route is to contribute to the most complete disclosure of the topic.

The main requirements that should be taken into account by the compilers of the route are the organization of the display of objects in a logical sequence and the provision of a visual basis for the disclosure of the topic.

In the practice of excursion institutions, there are three options for building routes: chronological, thematic and thematic-chronological.

Excursions dedicated to the life and work of prominent people can serve as an example of the chronological construction of the route.

According to the thematic principle, excursions are built related to the disclosure of a certain topic in the life of the city (for example, "Arkhangelsk is being built", "Literary suburbs", etc.).

All sightseeing city tours are built according to the thematic and chronological principle. The sequence of presentation of the material in chronological order in such excursions is observed, as a rule, only when each subtopic is disclosed.

Route development- a complex multi-stage procedure that requires a fairly high qualification and is one of the main elements of the technology for creating a new excursion. When developing a bus route, one should be guided by the "Rules of the Road", "Charter of Road Transport", "Rules for the Transportation of Passengers" and other departmental regulations.

Objects, depending on their role in the tour, can be used as main and additional.

The main objects are subjected to a deeper analysis, they reveal the subtopics of the excursion.

The display of additional objects, as a rule, is carried out during the transfers (transitions) of the excursion group and it does not occupy a dominant position.

The route is built according to the principle of the most correct sequence of inspection of objects and is planned taking into account the following requirements:

The display of objects should be carried out in a certain logical sequence, avoiding unnecessary repeated passages along the same section of the route (street, square, bridge, highway), i.e. the so-called "loops";
- Availability of object accessibility (site for its inspection);
- moving or transition between objects should not take 10-15 minutes, so that there are no too long pauses in the show and story;
- the presence of well-maintained stops, including sanitary and parking places for vehicles.

It is recommended to have several options for the movement of the group by the time of the excursion. The need to change the route in some cases is caused by traffic jams, repair work on city highways. All this should be taken into account when creating various route options.

The development of the bus route is completed by the coordination and approval of the passport and route scheme, the calculation of mileage and the time of use of vehicles.

Detour (bypass) of the route

Detour (bypass) of the route is one of the important stages in the development of a new excursion theme. When organizing a detour (bypass) of the route, the following tasks are set:

1) get acquainted with the layout of the route, streets, squares along which the route is laid;
2) clarify the place where the object is located, as well as the place of the proposed stop of the tour bus or walking group;
3) master the entrance by bus to objects or parking places;
4) to time the time required to show the objects, their verbal characteristics and the movement of the bus (pedestrian group), as well as to clarify the duration of the tour as a whole;
5) check the expediency of using the intended display objects;
6) choose best points to show objects and options for the location of the tour group;
7) choose a method of familiarization with the object;
8) for the purpose of safe movement of tourists along the route, identify potentially dangerous places and take measures.

Preparation of the control text of the excursion

The text is the material necessary for the full disclosure of all the subtopics included in the excursion. The text is intended to provide a thematic orientation of the guide's story, it formulates a certain point of view on the facts and events to which the tour is dedicated, and provides an objective assessment of the objects shown.

Requirements for the text: brevity, clarity of wording, the required amount of factual material, the availability of information on the topic, full disclosure of the topic, literary language.

The text of the excursion is compiled by the creative group when developing a new topic and performs control functions. This means that each guide must build his story taking into account the requirements of this text (control text).

The control text in most cases contains a chronological presentation of the material. This text does not reflect the structure of the excursion and is not built in the route sequence, with the distribution of the material presented by the stops where the analysis of excursion objects takes place. The control text is carefully selected and verified by sources material, which is the basis for all excursions conducted on this topic. Using the provisions and conclusions contained in the control text, the guide builds his own individual text.

On the basis of the control text, excursions on the same topic can be created, including for children and adults, for various groups of workers.

In order to facilitate the creation of such options, materials related to objects, sub-themes and main issues that were not included in the itinerary of this excursion can be included in the control text.

In addition to materials for the guide's story, the control text includes materials that should form the content of the introductory speech and the conclusion of the tour, as well as logical transitions. It should be easy to use. Quotes, figures and examples are accompanied by links to sources.

Acquisition of the "portfolio of the guide"

"Tour guide portfolio"- the code name for a set of visual aids used during the tour. These aids are usually placed in a folder or a small briefcase.

One of the tasks of the "portfolio guide" is to restore the missing links in the show. In excursions, it often turns out that not all the objects necessary for the disclosure of the topic have been preserved. For example, sightseers cannot see a historic building that has been destroyed by time; a village destroyed during the Great Patriotic War, etc. Sometimes it becomes necessary to give an idea of ​​the original appearance of the place on which the building in question was built (residential district). For this purpose, for example, photographs of a village or a wasteland, panoramas of the construction of an enterprise, a residential area are used. It may also be a problem to show what will be in the examined place in the near future. In this case, the tourists are shown projects of buildings, structures, monuments.

In excursions, it may be necessary to show photographs of people who are related to this object or events related to it (for example, portraits of members of the Wolf family - friends of A. S. Pushkin - when conducting a tour of the "Pushkin Ring of the Upper Volga Region").

The demonstration of copies of original documents, manuscripts, literary works, which the guide tells about, makes the tour more convincing.

And one more important task of visual aids on excursions - give a visual representation of an object(plants, minerals, mechanisms by showing authentic samples or their photographs, models, dummies).

The "guide portfolio" includes photographs, geographic Maps, diagrams, drawings, drawings, product samples, etc. Such "portfolios" are usually created for each topic. They are a constant companion of the guide and help to make any trip to the past and present more exciting and rewarding. The content of the "portfolio" is dictated by the theme of the tour.

The visual aids of the "guide's briefcase" should be easy to use. Their number should not be large, since in this case the aids will distract the tourists from examining the original objects and scatter their attention.

The members of the creative group, preparing a new excursion, select from the visual materials at their disposal the most expressive ones that can help the guide in covering the topic. The methodology for demonstrating visual aids is checked on the route. Then, recommendations on the use of the "portfolio" materials are included in the methodological development.

Each exhibit included in the "portfolio" is accompanied by a leaflet with explanations or reference material. Sometimes explanations are pasted on the back of the exhibit. Such an annotation serves as the source material for the guide when showing the exhibit to the sightseers.

The list of visual materials of a certain topic included in the "guide's portfolio" should be updated throughout the development of a new excursion topic.

Great help in the selection of visual materials for the "portfolio" excursion organizations provide museums, exhibitions, archives.

Determination of methodological methods for conducting an excursion

The success of the tour is directly dependent on the methodological methods of showing and telling used in it. The choice of one or another methodological technique is dictated by the tasks set for the tour, the information richness of a particular object.

The work of the creative team at this stage consists of several parts: selection of the most effective methodological techniques for highlighting subtopics, methodological techniques that are recommended depending on the tour audience (adults, children), the time of the tour (winter, summer, day, evening), features display; determining methods of preserving the attention of tourists and activating the process of perception of excursion material; development of recommendations on the use of expressive means in the speech of the guide; selection of rules for the technique of conducting excursions. It is equally important to determine the technology of using methodological techniques.

Definition of excursion technique

The excursion technique combines all organizational issues of the excursion process. The authors of a bus tour, for example, carefully consider when and where the sightseers go out to inspect the object, how the sightseers move between the objects, how and when the exhibits of the "guide's portfolio" are shown, etc. The corresponding entries are made in the methodological development column "Organizational instructions" . These instructions are also addressed to the bus driver. For example, where to put the bus, where you need to go slower to observe the object from the window. Separate instructions apply to sightseers (observance of safety rules on the street, exiting the bus, accommodation in the cabin). It is important to formulate recommendations about the use of pauses in the excursion; on the observance of the time allotted for the coverage of sub-themes, the organization of answers to the questions of the tourists; about the technique of using the exhibits of the "portfolio"; about the procedure for laying wreaths, etc. No less important are the instructions about the place of the guide when showing objects, directing the independent work of sightseers on the route, and conducting a story while the bus is moving.

Drawing up a methodological development

Methodological development - a document that determines how to conduct this excursion, how best to organize the display of monuments, what methodology and technique of conducting should be applied in order for the excursion to be effective. The methodological development sets out the requirements of the excursion methodology, taking into account the features of the objects being demonstrated and the content of the material presented. It disciplines the guide and must meet the following requirements: suggest the guide the way to reveal the topic; equip him with the most effective methodological methods of showing and telling; contain clear recommendations on the organization of excursions; take into account the interests of a certain group of tourists (if there are excursion options); combine the show and the story into a single whole.

A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion, including with a differentiated approach to the preparation and conduct of the excursion. The variants of the methodological development reflect the age, professional and other interests of the tourists, the peculiarities of the method of its implementation.

Formulation of methodological development is as follows:

The title page contains data: the name of the excursion institution, the name of the topic of the excursion, the type of excursion, the length of the route, the duration in academic hours, the composition of the excursionists, the names and positions of the compilers, the date of approval of the excursion by the head of the excursion institution.
- the next page sets out the purpose and objectives of the tour, a route diagram indicating objects and stops during the tour.

Methodological development consists of three sections: introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are not posted in columns. For example, here are the recommendations for the guide on how to build an introduction to the methodological development of an excursion on the topic "Tyumen - the gate to Siberia": "First of all, you need to get to know the group, name the guide and driver, then remind the excursionists the rules of behavior on the bus, warning them that they will be able to ask questions and share their impressions when the time for this is presented.In the information part, it is necessary to name the topic, route, duration of the excursion, but it is desirable to do this in such a way as to arouse interest in the topic; part of the introduction should be bright, emotional.It can begin with poems by A.S. Pushkin or a quote - a statement by the Decembrists about the innumerable riches of Siberia, the great future of this harsh region. " The landing place of the group is determined in working order together with the customer, the starting point of the excursion is determined by the methodological development.

Table 2.1

Sample methodological development of the excursion

Route	Stop	Display objects	Time	Name of subtopics and list of main issues	Organizational guidelines	Guidelines
New Basmannaya st. - M. Razgulay - Baumanskaya st.	Passing through	New Basmannaya st.; cathedral of st. Paul; house number 16 on Novaya Basmannaya st., house number 2 on Spartakovskaya st.		Sub-theme I: Pushkin Moscow 1. Former German Quarter - one of the aristocratic districts of Moscow in the 18th-19th centuries. 2. New Basmannaya st. - corner of Pushkinskaya Moscow	The story is told in slow motion	1. Use the reporting technique, characterizing the former German Quarter. Observe the synchronism of the story and the display of objects located on different streets 2. Describing the appearance of the German Quarter the end of the 18th century, when the Pushkins settled here, to use the layout and development of Novaya Basmannaya Street for display. Use in the story, the names of the lanes along which the route passes, to characterize the past. Mention the surviving on the banks of the river. Yauza houses of nobles (Lefortovo Palace, Sloboda Palace, etc.)
Baumanskaya st., 8/10	Stop in the courtyard of the school. A. S. Pushkin No. 353	The building of the school. A. S. Pushkin, Memorial plaque with a bas-relief of Pushkin the child on the facade of the building		3. Place of birth of the poet 4. "My family tree" 5. Childhood of the poet	Take the group out of the bus, bring to the school building, stop at memorial plaque. Then bring to the monument A. S. Pushkin, arranging the group so that the school yard, the monument, buildings to the left and right of it were visible	3. Verbal reconstruction of this corner of the German Quarter of the end of the 18th century. Show: the relief of the school yard (the dry bed of the Kukuy stream), the preserved outbuildings (house 8), reminiscent of Skvortsov’s possession, in which A. S. Pushkin was born. Opening questions 4, 5, quote excerpts from the works "My genealogy" and "Guests came to the country." Use the "portfolio of the guide" (views of old Moscow, Lefortovo, portraits of relatives A. S. Pushkin). Logical theme transition option: "V. L. Pushkin - influenced the formation of the literary tastes of the future poet"

The effectiveness of methodological development depends on the correct filling of all seven columns. Development size - 6-12 pages of typewritten text. The volume of the document depends on the number of excursion objects, the number of subtopics, the duration of the excursion in time and the length of the route.

In the column " Excursion route" is called the starting point of the excursion and the end of the I subtopic.

In the column " Stops"These points of the route are called where the exit from the bus is provided; it is supposed to examine the object from the windows of the bus without the exit of the excursionists, or it is planned to stop on a walking tour. You should not make such inaccurate entries, such as: "The Volga River Embankment" or "Central Square". More correctly write down: "Embankment of the Volga River near the monument to N. A. Nekrasov."

In the column " Display objects" list those memorable places, main and additional objects that show the group at the stop, while moving or moving the group to the next stop.

In a country excursion, the objects of display can be a city, a village, an urban-type settlement as a whole, and when traveling along a route, visible parts from a distance (a tall building, a tower, a bell tower, etc.). In a city tour, the objects of display can be a street or a square.

Count" Tour duration". The time that is called in this column is the sum of the time spent on showing this object, the guide's story (the part when there is no showing) and on the movement of sightseers along the route to the next stop. Here it is necessary to take into account the time spent on movement near the inspected objects and between objects.

Count" Name of subtopics and list of main issues"contains brief notes. First of all, the subtopic is called, which is revealed on a given segment of the route, at a given period of time, at the objects listed in column 3. Here the main questions are formulated when the subtopic is disclosed. For example, in a city sightseeing tour to one of the subtopics is called "Poltava in the Northern War between Russia and Sweden". The main issues that are covered in this subtopic are "Swedes in Ukraine" and "The Battle of Poltava". The subtopic "New Stary Gorod" reveals the main issues: ", "Development of culture and art", "Construction of a sports complex". The number of main questions included in the subtopic should not exceed five.

In the column " Organizational guidelines"Put recommendations on the movement of the group, ensuring the safety of sightseers on the route and fulfilling sanitary and hygienic requirements, the rules of conduct for excursion participants in memorial places and at historical and cultural monuments. It also sets out the requirements for sightseers for nature protection and fire safety rules. In this column include all the questions that are included in the concept of "Excursion Technique". Let's give an example of the entry: "The group is located in such a way that all the excursionists can see the entrance to the building." "At this stop, the excursionists are given time to take pictures." In country excursions, this column include instructions on sanitary stops, recommendations for nature protection, rules for the movement of tourists at stops, especially near highways, in order to ensure their safety.

When conducting production excursions, visiting working workshops, safety recommendations are given, excerpts from the instructions of the enterprise administration, mandatory rules for the behavior of sightseers at the enterprise, places where pauses are made in the story and show are called.

Count" Guidelines"defines the direction of the entire document, formulates the basic requirements for the guide on the methodology of conducting the tour, and gives instructions on the use of methodological techniques. For example, in the tour" Memorial complex "Khatyn" on the object "Defense Line of the 100th Rifle Division" two methodological instructions are given: " When revealing the subtopic, the method of verbal comparison is used, information is given about the military potential of fascist Germany at the time of its attack on the USSR "and" The story of the battles is conducted using the methodical method of visual reconstruction of the place where the hostilities took place.

It should indicate where and how methodological techniques are applied. This column also outlines a logical transition to the next subtopic, gives recommendations for displaying the "guide portfolio" materials, includes tips on using the movement of sightseers relative to objects as a methodological technique (for example, "After observing the object and the guide's story, tourists can independently continue their acquaintance with object", "The guide should explain the terms ...", "When showing the battlefield, it is necessary to orient the tourists ...", etc.).

Drawing up an individual text

Excursion practice proceeds from the fact that the basis of the guide's story is individual text, which determines the sequence and completeness of the presentation of thoughts, helps the guide to logically build his story. Each guide makes up such a text independently. The control text is the basis for the individual text.

All individual texts, with a good control text, will have identical content, but different turns of speech, different words, different sequence in the story, there may even be different facts confirming the same position. Naturally, all the guides, being at the same object, will say the same thing.

You should not hide the control text from those who are developing a new excursion for themselves, since a creative group of the most prepared guides worked on the control text, and the guide preparing a new topic for himself will not be able to achieve what was done before him by collective efforts. After the preliminary work of the guide on a new topic is completed (collection, study and primary processing of the material), he is allowed to familiarize himself with the control text. This will help him select material for the story, determine the optimal number of examples used in covering subtopics, draw the right conclusions on the subtopics of the excursion and in general. Referring to the control text, made in time, guarantees a higher level of preparation for the beginner's excursion.

The main difference between an individual text and a control text is that it reflects the structure of the excursion and is built in full accordance with the methodological development of the excursion. The material is placed in the sequence in which the objects are shown, and has a clear division into parts. Each of them is dedicated to one of the sub-themes. Compiled in accordance with these requirements, an individual text is a story ready for "use". The individual text contains a complete summary of what should be told on the tour. When presenting the essence historical events there should be no abbreviations, evaluation of their meaning.

It is also not allowed to mention facts without their dating, references to sources. At the same time, the text of this type reflects the features of the speech of the "performer". The guide's story consists, as it were, of separate parts tied to visual objects. These parts are combined with conclusions for each subtopic and logical transitions between subtopics (and objects). In the individual text, each subtopic is a separate story suitable for use during the tour.

When composing an individual text, its author should not forget about the logic of sounding speech, that the word and the image (object) act, as a rule, on the feeling of the sightseers synchronously. The desire for liveliness in the presentation of material on excursions should not lead to attempts to entertain sightseers. When deciding on the combination of elements of cognitive and entertaining on an excursion, the matter should be decided according to the formula: the maximum of the cognitive and the minimum of the entertaining. The question of legends has a special place in the preparation of the excursion. Only legends can be used in excursions.

In terms of content, both texts (control and individual) coincide. And this means that if there is a correctly composed control text for all guides who have mastered this topic, excursions are "standard". They are the same in their content, they coincide in their assessments of historical events and facts in the conclusions that are made on individual subtopics and on the topic as a whole.

Analyzing the same visual object, the guides show and tell the same thing. This is the meaning of the control text as a standard.

However, with equal content, the guides may use different turns of speech, may state the recommended facts, figures and examples in a different sequence. The individuality of the tour also lies in the fact that the guides leading the tour on one topic may have a different degree of emotionality. They can, being at the same object, use different display techniques and storytelling forms. One and the same position can be revealed on different examples. The text should be written in the first person and express your individuality.

Narrative and individual text

The success of the story depends on how close the individual text is to the generally accepted speech, how it takes into account the speech features of that particular guide to whom this text belongs. "The degree of impact on our consciousness of various texts depends on many reasons and conditions (logic, evidence, novelty of the topic and information, the author's psychological attitude to the impact or its absence, etc.)". However, speech plays an equally important role, its properties, structure, features.

The individual texts of almost all guides on the same topic are characterized by similarities in the content and presentation of the material, in the assessment of historical events, facts and examples. However, the stories of all guides are individual. What is the expression of the individuality of the guide? All guides, conducting excursions on the same topic, tell the same thing, but speak differently. Their story is the same in content, but in form, use of vocabulary, emotional level is different.

The methodology requires the guide to keep in mind the significant difference between the speech of the lecturer and the guide when compiling an individual text.

During the tour, the guide "hurries" objects that need to be shown to the group. The two or three hours allotted for the tour, the stay of the excursionists on their feet and in the open air, force the guide to speak briefly, clearly characterize the monuments that were in front of the group, briefly talk about the events associated with them.

The duration of the story should not exceed the time that the monument is able to attract the attention of tourists. Most often it is five to seven minutes. If this time is not observed, then no liveliness of the story, no methodological techniques are able to restore the attention of the tourists. It is no coincidence that the term "object language" is used in methodological literature. One of the tasks of the guide is to make the object "speak".

Technique for using individual text

The guide, just like a lecturer, can use his own individual text during the tour. For ease of use, it is recommended to transfer the content of the story to special cards, where brief data about the object, the main thoughts of the story, individual quotes, historical dates are recorded. For each subtopic, several cards are filled out (usually according to the number of main questions).

Using the cards, the guide does not read their content during the tour, but only by looking at them, recalls the content of the story. If there is a significant break between objects in the tour, the guide can look at the cards again and refresh the material of the story. Most often, cards are used as a summary of the story in preparation for the excursion. The exceptions are those cards that contain quotations and large excerpts from works of art, the content of which forms the basis of literary montage. On excursions, they are read out in full.

The card should be easy to use. A small size is recommended, about a quarter sheet of thick writing paper suitable for long-term use. The cards have serial numbers and are folded before the tour, taking into account the sequence of the subtopics to be disclosed.

The use of cards on excursions is the right of every guide, but with the acquisition of experience they no longer need this. The fact that the cards are at hand and can be used at the right time gives the guide confidence in his knowledge.

The presence of an individual text does not mean that it must be memorized and delivered word for word to the tourists.

Logic jumps

The creators of the excursion are faced with the task of linking the content of all subtopics into a single whole. It is solved with logical transitions, which should be considered as an important, although not independent, part of the excursion. Well-composed logical transitions give harmony to the excursion, provide consistency in the presentation of the material, and are a guarantee that the next subtopic will be perceived with interest.

Often in excursions, when moving from one subtopic to another, they use formal (constructive) transitions. Formal is such a transition that is not related to the content of the excursion and is not a "crossing bridge" from one part of the excursion to another. (For example, "And now we will pass through the square", "Now we will follow further", "Let's look at another remarkable place"). However, one should not deny the legitimacy of using such transitions in general and consider them one of the mistakes in excursion work.

In cases where movement between objects takes a matter of seconds, such transitions are inevitable: (For example, "Now look here" or "Please pay attention to the monument located nearby"). Such transitions are inevitable when viewing expositions in museums and exhibitions, where halls, thematic sections and individual stands dedicated to various sub-themes are located close to each other. A constructive transition, not being a "transitional bridge" between subtopics, aims the sightseers to get acquainted with the next object.

More efficient logical transition linked to the theme of the tour. Such a transition may begin before the group moves to the next stop, or may end already at a stop near the object. The logical transition is dictated not so much by the features excursion object, how much the content of the excursion itself, the subtopic after which this transition is made.

The duration of a logical transition is usually equal in time to the group moving (transition) from object to object, but it can be both longer and shorter.

Acceptance (delivery) of excursions

With a positive assessment of the control text and the methodological development of the excursion, as well as in the presence of a completed "guide portfolio" and a map of the route, the date of acceptance (delivery) of a new excursion is assigned. Delivery of the tour is entrusted to the head of the creative group. In case of his absence due to illness or other valid reasons, the tour is handed over by one of the members of the creative team. The leaders of the excursion institution, methodological workers, members of the creative group and the methodological section where the excursion was prepared, as well as heads of other sections, take part in the acceptance (delivery) of the excursion.

Reception (delivery) of the excursion is of a business nature, carried out in the form of a creative discussion, exchange of opinions, and identification of shortcomings. Participants of the excursion should be familiarized with its control text and methodological development, the route scheme, the content of the "guide's portfolio", the list of references, etc.

Excursion approval

With a positive conclusion on the control text and methodological development, as well as on the basis of calculating the cost and determining the rate of return for a new excursion, the head of the excursion institution issues an order to approve the new excursion topic and the list of guides admitted to its conduct.

Guides who took an active part in the development of the topic and were heard on the route or during the interview are allowed to work. The conclusion on the interview is made by the methodologist of the excursion and methodological department.

All other guides, who later independently prepared this topic, conduct a trial tour in the usual manner. Guides (regardless of work experience) are allowed to conduct excursions on a topic that is new to them only if they have individual text after listening and issuing the appropriate order.

findings

Mandatory documentation on the topic. Preparing a new excursion topic is a complex process. This work is considered completed when all the necessary documents are prepared. Documentation on excursion topics is stored in the methodological office.

Table 2.2.

Documentation required for each theme

No. p / p	Document's name	Document content
1	Related literature list	Lists all books, brochures, articles that were used in the preparation of this excursion
2	Cards (passports) of objects included in the route	Information characterizing the excursion object. Type of monument, its name, event with which it is associated, location, short description, authors and time of creation of the object, sources
3	Excursion control text	Material selected and verified according to sources, revealing the topic. The content of the text reveals subtopics and main issues, serves as the basis for the introduction, conclusion, logical transitions
4	Individual texts of guides	The material presented by a specific guide in accordance with the methodological development, the structure of the excursion, its route. Gives a description of objects and events
5	Scheme (map) of the route	A separate sheet shows the path of the group. The beginning and end of the route, objects of display, places for their observation, stops for the group to go to the objects are marked
6	"Guide's Portfolio"	A folder with photographs, diagrams, maps, drawings, drawings, reproductions, copies of documents, product samples of enterprises, and other visual aids
7	Methodological development on the topic	Tour recommendation. The methodological techniques of showing and telling are called, the sequence of demonstrating objects, visual aids, the technique of conducting an excursion, taking into account a differentiated approach to sightseers, is determined.
8	Excursion materials	materials

The mos.ru portal decided to find out where routes come from and what makes people go on city tours. How to see among skyscrapers and cars ancient city? Where is the utopia house located? Who comes up with city tours and who goes on them? How to lay a route correctly and make a person listen carefully? The leading guide of the City tour desk Museum of Moscow Larisa Skrypnik.

- It seems that everything has already been said about Moscow, all the city labyrinths and nooks and crannies have been passed, and suddenly new route, new excursion— how is this possible?

— The Museum of Moscow, where I work, is celebrating its 120th anniversary this year. And all these years, the museum staff has been studying the city, its history, following all the changes that are taking place in the metropolis. Our collection contains thousands of documents, books, photographs that are still being researched. This alone already gives many reasons for a new look even at the most trivial excursions.

There is, of course, a mandatory block of excursions. As a rule, this sightseeing tour in Moscow, along Red Square, along the historical center, which are designed specifically for the first acquaintance with the city - for those who want to learn about the city in which they live. There are quite a few of them - as experience shows, Muscovites often do not know the city well. It seems to a person: I'm here, I'll manage everything - and he passes by interesting places without paying attention to them. But, when interest is shown, a person, as a rule, becomes our regular client. That is, the one who came once, begins to walk all the time. It is very joyful to see how, year after year, the popularity of pedestrian and bus tours increases: more and more citizens want to learn about the capital as much as possible.

But there is another block of routes - those that we come up with on our own. These are always unusual walks on which we show the city from a new side. They can be thematic, timed to coincide with certain dates, events. So, we constantly have new routes through unexplored Moscow. We really want to show our beloved city from different angles; I want the participants of the walks to fall in love with Moscow just like we do. And such excursions are, as a rule, very much in demand.

— Can you tell us more about these routes?

- Was interesting story during the celebration of the anniversary of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. We were asked to come up with a walking tour of Gogol's places. Moreover, they asked to show not only the monuments to the writer, which are located at a distance of 400 meters from each other, not only the temple of Simeon the Stylite, whose parishioner was Gogol, but something else unusual. This is in a sense a challenge, I really love such things. It was necessary to make a walking tour and tell a lot about Gogol. As a result, with great interest for myself, I discovered more than 20 places associated with Nikolai Vasilyevich on the Arbat. Not in Moscow as a whole, but only on the Arbat. Exclusive excursions are born, for example, from such an offer - to help someone with a topic.

Or, for example, an excursion dedicated to 1612 in Moscow. She was not particularly in demand, no one ever asked to drive to these places. But when the request nevertheless appeared, it turned out that it was really very interesting excursion. Of course, excursions are also born because you yourself really like something. I love architecture and of course I came up with the Art Nouveau walking tour. Routes may appear after you have read an interesting book. Now there are a lot of memoirs, all kinds of works by pre-revolutionary Muscovites, which we did not know before. You are reading and suddenly you see the area completely different, not the way you imagined it, and you have an idea to make a tour of this place and show Moscow from some, maybe unexpected side.

— And how does it happen? How is the tour prepared?

- First, the search for material begins: reading special literature, diaries, going to libraries and, of course, studying the very area that you are going to talk about. Sometimes, when you walk the streets, you go into alleys, into courtyards, you discover absolutely incredible treasures that people have not seen. For example, Nikitsky Boulevard is such a facade street. But once, when I was preparing a tour there, I saw a metal gate with a door, behind which it was written that there was a repair of shoes or some kind of hardware. In general, a completely unpresentable door. But when I entered this gateway, I realized that this is a whole city with labyrinths. Who would have thought that this could be? People are always very interested in it. It is as if you are plunging into the past, and you can imagine how you would feel if you lived in this house and your windows overlooked this courtyard ....

- You said that you developed a tour of Art Nouveau, but this is not exactly the Moscow style, what are you showing?

— Since this is a walking tour, it takes place between Ostozhenka, Prechistenka and in the lanes. This is the profitable house of Isakov Kekushevsky, and the own house of the architect Kekushev. This is the profitable house of the peasant Loskov. We had such wonderful peasants who could invite the best architects and build houses in the northern modern style. There are really not enough of them in Moscow, mainly this style is common in St. Petersburg.

- It seems to me that the most difficult thing in your work is to make people listen, not all guides and not always succeed.

- You just need to know and understand: people cannot endlessly listen to a set of some facts, even if they are quite interesting, they still need some kind of detente. But it is important not just to giggle about something, but that it be tied to the topic. And by the way, on excursions sometimes the participants themselves help to find such relaxing moments. Once, on a tour of the Arbat and Arbat alleys, I had a wonderful girl of seven years old. On the Arbat, every building has a history, and I want to tell about everything. I started talking about the house with the knights across from Tetra Vakhtangov and said that, unfortunately, not all the knights survived, and this girl says to me: “But I can tell where this knight has gone.” I ask: where? She says: “The fact is that he fell in love with this princess - and there is a fountain “Princess Turandot” near the Vakhtangov Theater - he fell in love, went downstairs, bought her jewelry, but she did not accept the gift. So the knight got upset and left.” This is a charm! Now I always tell this, such a vivid perception of Moscow with its history by a child.

How long does it take to prepare a tour?

- It depends on the topic. There are those on which a huge amount of literature has been written, and here you just need to select what you are interested in. There are topics that require serious preparation, perhaps even inquiries, meetings with some people who have information on a particular area. Interesting things are told by the residents themselves. It's always a lot of work.

The selection of material is one of the most exciting moments, and here it is important to control yourself. You search, read, and it is so captivating that by three o'clock in the morning you can find yourself somewhere on the other side of Moscow. Because when you are preparing material, one fact clings to another: but the surname slipped through, and not to clarify whether ... It is very difficult, but it is even more difficult to choose something when you have collected great amount material and you understand that it is impossible to tell everything - it is always a pity to remove some of the information.

Then comes another very important moment: you have to connect all the objects... It is clear that if the tour is thematic, for example, our Moscow Embassy, ​​then everything is more or less clear. And if this is a tour along the street and there are absolutely heterogeneous buildings, absolutely different stories, but you have to somehow connect them together, you should get a story.

I had a wonderful tour, I led it along Volkhonka, and one of the excursionists, as an intelligent person, warned me in advance that she needed to pick up the child from kindergarten, so she will leave quietly in English in 50 minutes. And I'm leading a tour and I understand that 50 minutes have passed, an hour has passed, and the woman is still with us. And I say to her: “Excuse me, please, but it seems to you that the child needs to be taken away from the kindergarten.” She says: “You understand, I can’t leave. You finish the story and are so catchy with the next one that we will now see further that I can’t leave in any way. ” That was the right excursion, since it happened.

There are also purely technical points, special ones that also need to be taken into account: how to stand up correctly so that everyone can hear you, so that you can respond to facial expressions, eyes, so that you can see the sightseers and at the same time not prevent them from seeing objects; how to stand up to show the object as much as possible; how to stand up so that you can talk about several objects without leaving your seat. When preparing a tour, it takes extra time. For example, I walk down the street and start, to the surprise of passers-by, running from one place to another, crossing the street, coming back in order to understand where it is better for me to put the group. And here you need to show imagination.

There are many other nuances. For example, you need to take into account the location of pedestrian crossings: where are they located, is it convenient for you to cross from this side to the opposite one, so that later you do not return to this crossing through another crossing, somehow go further along the route, because people are not interested in the same place to go back and forth. All in all, this is a really big job.

- Let's try to name the pros and cons of your profession.

- I was asked this question on excursions ... But it turns out that the minuses turn into pluses. Of course, this is a job that requires great physical exertion, because you need to move a lot both in the process of preparation and during the excursion. And they last sometimes two or three hours, and sometimes six or seven.

The weather that we do not choose, and our Moscow weather does not please, let's say, most of the year. The next thing is that you always work, because you must be aware of the topic of modern Moscow, know everything new that appears, new books about Moscow, new information, new objects. There is so much material that you will never be able to master it completely, but you always strive for it. As a result, you constantly train your memory, your mind, you are always on the move and constantly in the fresh air.

And yet people are different, and you make a lot of effort in order to keep attention. When this happens, I feel a tremendous moral upsurge, because I give my energy to people, and in return they give theirs. I always feel emotionally charged after the tour. Everything is interconnected here, and if you like it, then you enjoy it more.

Excursion, as we have already found out, is both a way of relaxation and a method of learning new information. In connection with such a two-sidedness, special methodological techniques are being developed for conducting an excursion. The main emphasis in the tour is on the show, on introducing the sightseers to objects that are new to them, on brief comments on the show.

When conducting an excursion, the following general methodological techniques are used: the reception of the main display, the reception of a preliminary inspection, the reception of a mental reconstruction of the excursion object, the reception of a mental reconstruction of the historical background, the reception of comparison, the reception of abstraction, the reception of discussion, the reception of reporting, the reception of complicity, the reception of personification, the reception of a problem situation , retreat technique, attention activation technique, use of visual aids from the “guide’s portfolio”, display and characterization of the object in the direction of the bus, panoramic display, brief description of the display object, brief information about the unique historical or natural object, detailed description features of the object, explanations and comments during the tour, the inclusion of vivid quotes in the story, taking pauses, answering the questions of the tourists.

When designing an excursion, the guide should take into account that:

o the maximum number of objects that adult tourists can perceive is 30, children - no more than 15; o the maximum time for a continuous excursion story is 15 minutes for adults and 10 minutes for children;

o maximum display time of one excursion object - 4 minutes;

o for every hour of the guide's story, a 10-minute pause is possible.

Methodical methods of conducting, their use and features depend on: the form of conducting, the content and subject of the excursion, the composition of the group, the venue, the method of movement.

1. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the form of the excursion. The form of the excursion (informative excursion, excursion-conversation, excursion-game, excursion-walk, excursion-performance, etc.) significantly affects the possibility and necessity to use certain methodological techniques.

On the most common cognitive excursion (previously called educational), almost all methods are used, their use and alternation depend on other decisive factors.

In an excursion-conversation (most often this form is used to conduct individual excursion) the methods of the main display, comparisons, abstraction, brief comments, and the reception of answers to the questions of the tourists will be optimal.

In an excursion-game, most often conducted for younger students, vivid comparisons, activation of the imagination, a panoramic display, the inclusion of additional display objects (films, computer videos, archaeological finds) will help to keep the attention of children.

During an excursion-walk, in order to keep the attention of children, the guide tries to influence not only visual and auditory sensations, but also tactile ones. For example, sightseers are given the task of collecting a small herbarium, finding a fossil on their own, etc.

2. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the composition of the group. As you know, the most inquisitive groups are middle-aged schoolchildren and adults. Student participants have low attention.

In children's groups, it is advisable to use the techniques of the main display, brief comments, techniques of comparison and mental reconstruction; at the same time, it is undesirable to pause often and for a long time, because of which the concentration of attention is weakened.

In adult groups, in addition to the main show and a more detailed story, the methods of abstraction, historical reconstruction, complicity, reporting, and personification are used. In individual adult groups, it is optimal to use the method of conversation and the reception of comments during the show.

An experienced guide always “feels” his group and, depending on their mood, intellectual preparation and other factors, applies certain methodological techniques.

3. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the place of the excursion. An excursion in the city does not require any special methodological techniques, while a country excursion is carried out according to its own laws. In this case, it is best to use the methods of comparison, reporting, problem situation, panoramic display.

In museum excursions with the use of expositions, the best will be a combination of display and story techniques, a technique for mentally creating a historical background, a personification technique, and an explanation technique.

When conducting thematic tour in an open-air museum, the methods of the main display, comments on objects, brief explanations, methods of abstraction, reporting, and presentation will be optimal. brief information about the uniqueness of this or that exhibit.

4. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the mode of movement. It is clear that a bus tour without getting off the bus will be very different from a regular walking tour or museum tour.

Regarding the bus tour with stops at certain places, clear rules have been developed that regulate boarding the bus, showing and telling along the way, exiting the bus. The best techniques when driving on the bus: the technique of showing with comments, the technique of comparisons, the technique of abstraction, the technique of using visual aids from the "guide's briefcase", the reception of comments and the techniques of activating attention.

When walking, the guide should not speak during the transition from one object to another. Walking tours use methods of preliminary inspection, detailed display and comments, comparison, abstraction, participation, personification.

5. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the content of the excursion and its subject matter. In sightseeing city tours, it is possible to use all existing methodological techniques. Some features are inherent in the techniques used in thematic excursions. So, in a historical excursion, you can use almost all the techniques, but the best are the techniques of mental reconstruction of the historical background, the technique of the main display and the technique of comparison. During a botanical excursion, for example natural park, it is expedient to use the method of the main display, the method of comments, the method of comparison. When conducting an ecological excursion, the reception of a problem situation, the reception of the main show, the reception of complicity, the reception of a report will bring success. The religious tour will be more effective using the techniques of the main show and brief comments on it; it is possible to use the method of complicity and mental reconstruction of the historical background. It should be borne in mind that it is not very ethical to tell a story directly in the temple, but it is better to limit yourself to small explanations and provide most of the information to the sightseers on the bus in advance or after visiting the temple.

A production excursion is, first of all, a reporting technique, a participation technique, a main show technique, a problem situation technique, a discussion technique. In a literary excursion, it is worth using the technique of the main display and comments, the technique of personification, the technique of quotations, the technique of digression. When conducting a theatrical tour, one cannot do without the use of a mental reconstruction of the historical background, the use of abstraction, the use of reporting, and the use of participation.

Features of displaying objects along the bus without stops and exits from the bus. Such a display is typical for an excursion group departing from the place of residence (for example, from a hotel outside the city limits) to the old part of the city in order to visit the local museum. The excursion route does not involve stops, and the guide's story is conducted directly during the movement. Showing objects in the direction of travel should be prepared in advance. The guide can first give brief description object, and then show it (the story either precedes the show, or smoothly "wraps around" it). The guide's comments should be structured in such a way as to orient the tourists in advance on appearance object of interest and its location.

• 1. “Peter I stopped in our city during one of the Azov campaigns. Now on the right in the direction of the bus you can see the temple, which was visited by the Russian Tsar during his short stay in our city.
• 2. “The Volga is the pride of our country, and we are especially proud that the origins of this great river are in our area. Ahead, in the direction of the bus, you can see the mainstream of the Volga, and the bridge on which we pass is one of the 5 bridges in our city. It was built according to the project of a well-known St. Petersburg architect.
• 3. “In a few minutes we will drive up to the landing site of the world's first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin. At the moment we are driving along the alley of poplars planted for the 10th anniversary of the first flight into space.”

panoramic display. The opportunity to show the city, the beauty of the surrounding nature or any architectural complex from a high point is the decoration of the tour. Panoramic display can serve as a bright start to the tour, be its climax or finishing touch. In any case, a panoramic view allows you to create a more complete impression of everything you see and hear. It is advisable to give the tourists the opportunity to ask questions after the panoramic show (no more than 5 minutes).

The most beautiful panoramas open from the observation platform in the mountains to the picturesque foothills, city panoramas also have a strong emotional impact. In excursions around Moscow, excursion groups often bring to the Sparrow Hills, from which a beautiful panorama of the capital opens; great view of most of Moscow and observation deck Ostankino tower. In those cities where there are no elevated natural places, bell towers, preserved fortresses, high-rise buildings, etc. can be used for panoramic display. So, in St. Petersburg, guests of the city are often shown a panorama of the city from the height of the observation deck of St. Isaac's Cathedral.

• 1. Panoramic display before the start of the tour (the panoramic platform is located on one of the low mountains surrounding the city): “In front of you is a Volga city surrounded on three sides by mountains. You can see the old part of the city on the Volga coast, where ancient buildings and temples have been preserved. Most big temple with a tall bell tower Cathedral of our city, it was built 100 years ago by a local architect. From here you can see several small city parks, green alleys along many streets. The building of the city was carried out in such a way that all the central streets intersect with each other exclusively at right angles. The central part of the city resembles a chessboard, which is viewed from a height. To the right of the cathedral you can see the old bridge across the Volga. Its length is 3.5 km, and it is one of the most big bridges in Europe. In the plains between the mountains, new sleeping areas are located, but our goal is the old part of the city and the Volga embankment. We get on the bus and continue our journey.
• 2. Panoramic display as a climax: “We got acquainted with the history of the city, its main architectural and historical sights. And now you have the opportunity to see the city from a bird's eye view. See the temple on the left? This is the cathedral you were looking at. To the right of it is a bridge across the Volga, on which we made a sightseeing trip. If all our guests have admired the panorama of the city, we can go further. We are going to visit ethnographic museum open air".
• 3. Panoramic display as the final stage of the tour: “In front of you is a city, the journey through which we have already completed. Now from a height you can once again see all the memorable places about which you learned a lot. If you have any questions, I'll be happy to answer them."

In any of the three described cases, the panoramic display will remain in the memory of the excursionists for a long time and will leave the best memories of the excursion.

Museum tour. When conducting a museum tour, most of the main methodological techniques are used, but taking into account the limited space.

The guide meets the group who came to the museum at a place specially allocated for this, in each museum. The guide immediately introduces himself, loudly announces the topic of the tour and leads the group along to the beginning of the story. If there is already another excursion in the hall where the group entered, the guide should either speak more quietly or go to the next hall, if the theme of the excursion allows.

In the introductory part of any museum tour, the group should be briefed (no more than 2-3 minutes) about the history of the museum, recall the rules of conduct in halls with a lot of glass cases and fragile items. After that, the guide proceeds to the main part of the tour, standing half-turned to the showcase or the first exhibit. You should not focus the attention of a large group on small exhibits, since most sightseers will not see anything, but there will be a risk of breaking the window. Transitions from one showcase to another or from one room to another should be accompanied by logical transitions in the story. In the final part of the tour, the results are summed up, information is provided on the other halls of the museum, where tourists can visit. After that, the guide answers the questions of the participants of the tour and says goodbye to them.

An important condition for a well-conducted excursion in the museum is strict adherence to time.

Additional teaching methods. Each experienced guide always has in stock several author's methodological techniques that help turn the excursion into a quality learning process and a pleasant time.

• 1. Inclusion of a short meeting in the tour with a specialist, nair and mer during an archaeological excursion - with an archaeologist, during a paleontological excursion - with a paleontologist, during an art history excursion - with an artist or musician, etc. Communication with specialists activates and deepens the interest caused by the topic of the excursion, helps to better understand the issues under consideration and, of course, has a strong emotional impact on the excursionists.
• 2. Watching movies or computer clips on the topic of the tour. Innovative moments bring a special flavor to the tour, enhance the visual impact on the participants of the tour. Such additions suit during a long trip on a bus equipped with the necessary equipment.
• 3. Introduction of the search and research part on the topic of the tour. Active actions help tourists to improve the process of cognition of new information, to feel like real researchers. During archaeological, paleontological, geological, botanical, ecological excursions, tourists can be given the opportunity to find any artifacts, objects of study on the surface of the earth:

o lifting material at archaeological sites (fragments of dishes, fragments of iron objects washed out of the soil by rainwater);

about fossils at the sites of paleontological outcrops (mollusk shells, ancient sponges);

o minerals at the sites of geological monuments (ornamental stones, gems);

o herbarium items (leaves, flowers).

Material collected on the surface of the earth can be allowed to be taken with you, if this does not harm the monument.

4. Inclusion of mini-quizzes in the tour process. Conducting a mini-quiz is positively perceived even in adult groups. For example, a guide may suggest that group members recall the length of the Volga, paintings by a famous artist, in addition to those seen in the museum, name writers whose books are dedicated to events on the Don, etc. You can suggest to the tourists to determine what architectural style the building belongs to, what is the approximate height of the memorial stele, the length of the bridge, etc.

Questions can be offered along with answer options, for example:

“What do you think, according to what principle was the name of the Russian city most often given:

o by the name of its founder;

o by the name of the ancient tribes that lived in this place earlier;

o by the name of the river on which the city is founded?

Of course, the guide must not only reasonably prove the correctness of the answer, but also give examples. In this case, the correct answer is the third, and such cities as Moscow, Samara, Tsaritsyn, Tomsk, Tver, etc. can serve as examples.

• 5. Inclusion of elements of the conversation in the excursion. The guide, who got acquainted with the group, during the tour can include elements of a conversation in it, activating the attention of the group and giving comfort to the psychological environment. For example, knowing that the group arrived at northern city from the Krasnodar Territory, you can ask if the guests are freezing while walking along the snow-covered embankment, or find out from the guests what especially surprised them among the objects they examined, whether there are similar ones in their city, etc. The counter interest of the guide to the guests will cause greater satisfaction with the tour, leave a good impression of the city and its inhabitants.
• 6. Inclusion of theatrical elements in the tour- participation in a folk festival, carnival, in the festival of historical reconstruction. Elements of theatricalization have long been included in tourism and, as it were, turn participants in educational excursions into direct participants in events. Theatricalization has a beneficial effect both on the perception of the information provided during the excursion, and on the formation general impression about the trip. For example, during some archaeological excursions, guests get to see a theatrical show organized by the historical fencing club. The excursion scenario includes the “kidnapping” of one or several participants of the excursion, their release from captivity with the help of Russian soldiers, watching the stunt fight, taking pictures with the participants of the show in colorful costumes, archery, tasting pilaf prepared according to medieval recipes, etc. d. Similar theatrical performances are successfully held in Saratov region; in Yaroslavl, guests are invited to put on simple robes and try their hand at the role of barge haulers on the Volga; in the Museum of Local History of Yekaterinburg, guests will certainly be greeted by a beauty in the costume of the Hostess copper mountain. Such elements of theatricalization (even in an abbreviated version) cannot leave tourists indifferent and are a wonderful addition to a thematic tour of ancient history the edges.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

49 000 ₽

Starting investments

121 500 ₽

81 000 ₽

Net profit

2 months

Payback period

City walking tours are a leisure activity that allows you to delve deeper into the history of the streets. In the business plan, we will consider excursions with performance elements that can bring from 80 thousand rubles.

1. PROJECT SUMMARY

This business plan deals with a project to implement walking tours in a city with a population of more than 1 million people. The project is holding events in the format of “excursion + street performance”. The financial resources required to start the project will amount to 49 thousand rubles. and will be used for the purchase of excursion equipment, the creation of presentation materials, the purchase of actors' costumes and stage attributes.

The projected amount of revenue per month for one excursion per week and the participation of 15 tourists in it will be 121.5 thousand rubles, net profit is 81.5 thousand rubles. The financial plan is designed for a three-year period of activity. After that, it is planned to expand the types of excursions and update the program of events. The project will require a preparatory phase for a period of 3 months, necessary for writing a script, conducting test tours and rehearsals, as well as creating advertising products and pre-filling social networks.

Table 1. Key indicators of the project

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY AND COMPANY

City walking tours are a growing type of tour that allows participants to delve deeper into the history of the streets, explore objects and imagine being part of past events. Unlike bus tours, they allow for more maneuverable routes and give participants a logical and consistent visual experience. The length of such routes usually does not exceed 6 kilometers, while the duration is no more than 3 hours.

From the point of view of organization, walking tours require much less financial and time costs, since there is no need to conclude an agreement with a transport company, coordinate the driving time with the driver, and adjust the tour route to the rules of the road. At the same time creating walking route requires a more elaborate script. Display objects should be fairly close to each other. Tourists need physical readiness, and the guide needs the ability to keep pace and prompt those who lag behind the group in time. A feature of the excursion business in largest cities, such as Moscow and St. Petersburg is a high level of competition. In other million-plus cities and regional centers with a population of less than a million inhabitants, the competition is not so significant, but it is quite difficult to immediately stand out against the background of existing proposals.

This project proposes the organization of events, the format of which will combine an excursion with a thematic performance on the theme of the history of the city. The choice of this format was due to high competition among the organizers of excursions. On the one hand, such an event will require a lot of time and money to organize, on the other hand, if well positioned, it will attract public attention and can become one of the landmark cultural events in the city. The project will be implemented on its own on the basis of the organizer's knowledge of the history of the city and interest in local history, the presence of some skills in this area, a certificate of completion of courses for guides, as well as personal connections with creative personalities of the city who will be involved in the performance in as partners.

3. DESCRIPTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES

At the initial stage, two scenarios of excursions will be developed, each of which will include a small 30-minute street performance on the theme of the excursion. The duration of one of the events will be 3 hours, the other - 2 hours 30 minutes. The cost of participation will be divided for children and adults (see Table 2). The cost was determined taking into account the analysis of competitors' offers. Thus, the cost of a regular walking tour in the regions varies from 400 to 650 rubles, the cost of bus tours or excursions with any additional services, including a quest, a coffee break, etc., ranged from 1,100 to 1,500 rubles. Thus, 800-950 rubles is, on the other hand, a more expensive option compared to ordinary excursions, but at the same time more profitable against the background of similar offers.

Table 2. Description of goods and services

We also note that at the start of the project it is planned to carry out two or three free tours to draw attention to the project, when the tourists themselves determine the level of remuneration for the guide. In addition, audio and photo materials offered by the guide during the tour, incentive prizes for activity during the tour (badges, souvenirs, key rings, etc.) will be available to the tourists free of charge.

4. SALES AND MARKETING

The target audience of the project will be, on the one hand, an age audience that is actively interested in the history of the city (mainly women aged 35-40 years), on the other hand, creative youth from 18 to 30 years old, as well as tourists and guests of the city. The process of organizing sales and advertising will require the implementation of several stages.

Preparatory stage. At this stage, two months before the start of sales, pages are created in social networks Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki and Instagram, which are planned to be used as main stream generators during the main period of work. Communities are filled with thematic content on the history of the city, a preliminary selection of the target audience is made, advertising messages are published about a set of trial free tours. A one-page website is being created with basic information about the cost, time of excursions, route and contacts for pre-booking. Advertising templates are created and advertisements are printed.

First stage. Two or three free tours are held, during which photographs are taken, feedback from participants is collected, and gaps in the organization that have arisen along the way are eliminated. If possible, the attention of the Internet media and television is attracted. Further, advertising posts are published in popular groups of the city in social networks. There is an active distribution of advertisements in places visited by tourists.

Main stage. Current advertising activity using all available channels to reach the target audience. At the same time, contacts are being established with the heads of museums, cultural and entertainment institutions, anti-cafes, which can advertise on their own sites, and announcements are being distributed. As additional channels for the influx of customers can also be used:

own blog of the guide on the history of the city;

partnership with travel companies with the transfer of clients for a percentage;

partnership with information tourist centers(transfer of clients for a percentage, placement of advertisements or business cards).

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Table 3 presents the approximate costs for advertising purposes in the main period of work. It is planned to organize filling the content of groups in social networks and updating information on the site on our own. Applications for participation in the tour will be accepted by phone, payment will be collected by the organizer before the start of the event. In the future, it is planned to use special services (timepad and others).

5. PRODUCTION PLAN

At the initial stage, excursions-performances are planned to be organized once a week - on Saturdays or Sundays, in the daytime. To create performances, it will be necessary to hire actors from among the volunteers of the acting circle at one of the city's universities. The cast will include five regular cast members and three people who either play bit parts or are called in as replacements. To start the activity, you will need to purchase the necessary stage and excursion equipment. Expenses for these purposes will amount to about 39.2 thousand rubles.

Table 4. List of required equipment and inventory

When conducting one excursion per week, taking into account the participation of 10 adult tourists in it, with an average check of 900 rubles, the monthly revenue will be 81 thousand rubles. This plan is planned to be followed during the first year of operation. The plan for the second year of work will be 15 participants per tour, i.e. 121.5 thousand rubles per month In the future, with an increase in the number of participants and the organization of two excursions per week, the planned revenue can be increased by one and a half to two times.

6. ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN

The project will require a preparatory period of 3 months, during which the tour route is created, the script for performances is created, rehearsals are organized, actors are selected, etc. Unlike many countries of the world in Russia, a license for the provision of excursion services is not required. In order for activities to be carried out within the legal framework, only registration of an individual entrepreneur is necessary. OKVED activity codes:

• 79.90.2 Activities for the provision of excursion tourism services
• 79.90.22 Activities of independent guides and guides for the provision of excursion tourism services.

The term for processing documents for registration of IP will be 3 days. State duty - 800 rubles. The most appropriate taxation system for this type of business is simplified, where the object of taxation is 6% income.

Documents for business on walking tours:

Here is a list of documents required for conducting activities within the legal field:

contract for services, where all offers of excursions, their obligations and those points for which the company is not responsible will be indicated;

job description for employees. It describes in detail the job responsibilities for each position and the action plan in the event of an emergency situation;

contracts with employees. Not necessarily according to the Labor Code, but the contractual basis must be fixed;

for employees (preferably) - a document that confirms the status of a teacher of history / culture / philology, etc. or the right to engage in tourism business.

Additionally, it is necessary to draw up a memo for customers, rules for safe behavior on the route and a list of possible sources of danger that you may encounter. Also, in some cases, tour guides require accreditation. For example, to conduct excursions, foreigners need a special state-issued permit.

The project team

The project team will include two organizers and simultaneously performers of the project in the person of the guide and the head of the theater troupe, as well as the actors themselves.

Guide. This is a person with a historical or philological education, who knows English, is fond of local history and the history of the city, has a certificate of passing guide courses from a specialized training center that trains personnel for the tourism industry. Personal qualities: sociability, competent speech, good voice, creativity and resourcefulness, talent as a teacher and psychologist, patience.

Theater troupe leader. He has experience as a director in a student theater, the talent of an organizer, advertiser, designer.

Actors. A group of actors of eight people (five regular actors, three on a stand-in), participants in major theater competitions, city performances, a troupe at the student theater. Actors will be paid 500 rubles per performance. Based on the experience of such projects, it is recommended to select a reserve troupe for all roles (in case of illness of the actors, absence from rehearsals/performance for family or other reasons, etc.).

7. FINANCIAL PLAN

The financial plan takes into account all the income and expenses of the project. Starting investments in the project will amount to 49 thousand rubles. The expenses of the main period of work will include the remuneration of the actors - 22,500 rubles, the cost of advertising and promotion of the project. A detailed financial plan of the project, taking into account tax deductions, is given in Appendix 1.

Table 5. Investment costs of the project

	NAME	AMOUNT, rub.
Equipment and inventory
	Excursion equipment
	Performance equipment
Intangible assets
	Registration of IP
	Flyer printing
	Funds for paying actors (for the first 2 excursions)

Table 6. Expenses of the main period

8. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Thanks to minimal investment, the project is able to pay off already in the second month from the start of sales of excursions. The annual turnover of the project in the first year will be 972 thousand rubles, net profit - 521.8 thousand rubles. Profitability - 53%. Annual turnover in the second year - 1458 thousand rubles, net profit - 978.2 thousand rubles, profitability - 67%.

9. RISKS AND WARRANTY

The project will require minimal investment in opening, there are no costs for rent and binding to any real estate and material values ​​(the product is intellectual and acting work), and therefore all financial risks are minimal. Most of the possible difficulties can be associated with internal problems - errors in the organization, incorrect progress, incorrect presentation of information by the excursionists, etc. These risks are prevented, firstly, through careful preparatory work, which should include writing a high-quality script for the excursion and performance, and their test “running”. Secondly, a competent analysis of the market is important: monitoring of all existing offers in the field, analysis of the pricing and advertising policies of competitors, their methods of smoothing the seasonality factor, and so on. The key factor for the main period will be work on improving the quality of services, expanding the list of services, providing feedback from customers and advertising.

There are also external risk factors - competition, an unfavorable situation in the country's economy, affecting the solvency of the population and forcing them to give up leisure, and so on. To minimize these factors, it is necessary to promote high-quality promotion from the first days of the project’s existence, and in the future, gaining status and recognition of the event as a significant cultural event of the city, which is attended by representatives of medium and large companies and which is actively advised to tourists and guests of the city.

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