Political map of afghanistan 1980. Afghanistan map in Russian
Official name Czech Republic - Czech Republic. This state is located in Central Europe. The state has no access to the sea. The land border of the Czech Republic is 1990 km. detailed map The Czech Republic gives you the opportunity to get acquainted with small towns, villages and even streets.
The Czech Republic differs from other countries in the abundance of lakes (more than 15 thousand) and mineral springs(more than 2 thousand). The Ore Mountains are located in the northwest of the Czech Republic, and the Bohemian Forest occupies its southwestern part.
Czech Republic on the world map: geography, nature and climate
The Czech Republic on the world map is located right in the geographical center of Europe. More than half of the country is located on Bohemian plateau. The Czech Republic borders on such European countries as Germany, Slovakia, Austria and Poland.
The total area of the Czech Republic is 78.9 thousand km 2.
The most high point old - Mount Snowball(Sudet Mountains). Its height is 1602 meters.
The largest lake in the country Lipno, an artificial reservoir, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 4870 hectares.
Relief
On the map of the Czech Republic in Russian, landscapes are clearly distinguished, which are very diverse: the west and center of the country are located on the Czech massif, represented by hills and hills (Sněžka is also located here), and the eastern part of the Czech Republic, Moravia, is dotted with hills and mountains of medium height (Carpathians ).
On the territory of the Czech Republic (namely, in Western Bohemia) there is a volcano: an extinct Volcano Komorni-Hurka, as well as mud volcanoes, which instead of lava throw out mineral waters.
The karst cave complex Konepruska caves, which are located near the town of Beroun, goes underground for at least 70 meters. The average temperature in the caves is 10 degrees.
Nature of the Czech Republic (flora and fauna)
About 30% of the entire territory of the Czech Republic is occupied by forests (mainly conifers). The largest Bohemian Forest is located in the southwest of the Czech Massif. Thanks to forests, the Czech Republic has become one of the largest European producers of wood materials.
There are also many nature reserves in the Czech Republic. The most famous is located in the west of the country - this is the Šumava park. It occupies 125 km near the borders of Germany and Austria. Not far from the city of Znojmo is the Granitsky Forest Park, which, in addition to trees, has mountains, rocks and water streams.
The largest rivers in the Czech Republic are the Vltava and Laba (Elbe). The Elbe is also the lowest elevation in the country at 115 meters. The east of the Czech Republic is famous for the Morava River, the length of which is 329 km. Several rivers that originate in the Czech Republic flow into the Baltic, Black and North Seas.
There are many ponds in the south of the country. The most popular of them are carp ponds. Not far from the capital of the Czech Republic, Prague, there is a famous artificial reservoir Makhovo Lake.
The most common animals in the Czech Republic are hares, martens, wild boars, otters. Slightly less common are brown bears, wolves, herons.
The climate of the Czech Republic
The Czech climate is temperate. It is created by air masses that move towards the state from the side Atlantic Ocean. The lowest temperatures are observed in January: at this time, the thermometer can drop to -4 degrees. The average temperature in spring is 0 degrees. There is no intense heat in the Czech Republic in summer, maximum temperatures are 30-35 degrees. In October, the approximate temperature is 10-15 degrees, and in November, snow begins to fall. The lowest temperature threshold in the Czech Republic is about -17 degrees.
Map of the Czech Republic with cities. Administrative division of the country
A map of the Czech Republic with cities in Russian will allow you to see the capital - Prague and 13 territories (regions), each of which has its own administrative center and its own management system. Moreover, in each region there are several districts. There are 77 districts in the Czech Republic.
The Czech Republic is divided into three historical areas: Czech Republic, Moravia and Silesia. The centers of each are such cities as Prague, Brno and Ostrava (respectively).
- Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. The city is located in the northwestern part of the country and is divided by the Vltava River into two parts (west and east). For all the time of its existence, the river has created seven islands right in the capital of the Czech Republic. Prague consists of fifteen districts.
- City of Brno located in the South Moravian Region (in the south of the country). About 370 thousand people live in it. In terms of its area, this city is in second place after the capital of the Czech Republic (230 km 2). A little further than the city limits are the large rivers Svratka and Svitava. Brno is located in the Danube region.
- Ostrava- this city is located in the north-east of the Czech Republic, not far from the Polish border (15 km). A little over 300 thousand people live in the city. The area of the third largest Czech city is 214 km 2. In Ostrava there is a crossing of such rivers as Ostravica, Opava and Odra.
Afghanistan is a country located in the Middle East, bordering Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and India. This page contains the most handy cards to find the right place, planning tourist route and simple study of the place of the country on the world map.
interactive map
Move the map, zoom in and out to get the information you need about the country.
Tourist and administrative maps
Administrative map of Afghanistan showing all 34 provinces of the country.
A map of Afghanistan on which the country's relief and key cities are clearly visible. 
Analytical information
Thanks to the authority of Ptolemy, this view of the predominance of land over water became widespread and remained in science until the 15th century. This error of the ancients had later very great consequences, prompting Columbus to embark on a bold journey to the west on the assumption that Western Europe, East Asia and Afghanistan share a narrow body of water.
On the maps of Ptolemy, the desire to depict the relief of the earth's surface is already noticeable: the main direction of the mountain ranges is given and the most prominent peaks are marked with strokes. To denote the natural character of the earth's surface, Ptolemy introduced the term "topography".
Ptolemy wrote a number of works: the most important of them are the "Great Assembly" and "Geography". The first work, which consisted of 13 books, outlined mathematics, astronomy, geography and the system of the world, with the Earth taken as the fixed center of the universe. The system of the world of Ptolemy, thanks to the patronage of the clergy, lasted until Copernicus.
Ptolemy already divides the Earth into belts by the longitudes of the day, and divides the parallels into parts by the midday shadows of the Sun. He divides the circle into 360 parts (degrees), degrees - into 60 parts (minutes), minutes - into 60 parts (seconds).
In "Geography" physical geography and cartography. Attached to the "Geography" are 27 maps of various parts of the earth's surface, including Afghanistan. For a map of the entire Earth, Ptolemy constructed a simple conic projection with meridians converging to the pole, and completely different from the rectangular grids used before him to depict the entire Earth. For the image of individual parts of the Earth, Ptolemy used mainly a stereographic projection.
Describing the rules for drawing maps, Ptolemy quite correctly approached the issue of drawing up maps, pointing out the need for a preliminary definition geographical coordinates points of the earth's surface from astronomical observations, and then drawing them on the map. For the initial meridian in astronomical definitions, Ptolemy took the meridian canary islands. The collection of Ptolemy's maps in the original has not come down to us. The cards were kept in the Library of Alexandria and perished in the fire along with other valuables of this library. Later, in the X century. AD, Ptolemy's maps were restored from manuscripts and subsequently reprinted several times. The era of Ptolemy ends the period of the highest flowering of cartography in antiquity.
Characterizing the ancient Afghan period of the development of cartography, the following can be noted. During this period, the first foundation was laid for the doctrine of projections and mapping. At the beginning of the period, only horizontal geometric projections were used to build maps, which corresponded to the idea of a flat, round shape of the Earth. By the end of the same period, in accordance with the concept of the Earth as a ball, cylindrical and conical projections began to be developed.
Preliminary definition of astronomical points, followed by putting them on maps, laid the foundation for the doctrine of mapping.
During this period, the first attempts to study the relief of the earth's surface were also made. Already Dicaearchus of Messina measured some heights in Greece. The Greek geographer Strabo (60 BC - 20 AD) in his extensive "Geography", consisting of 17 volumes and representing the main source of information on ancient geography, gives a classification of individual landforms. The Roman scholar Caius Pliny (born 23 AD) in his encyclopedic work shows the heights of some mountain peaks. Ptolemy is already making attempts to depict on the map the position of the main mountain ranges. Significant progress was also made in geography - the description of individual countries and the peoples inhabiting them. Especially much in this regard was done by Herodotus, the famous Greek historian Polybius (205-123 BC), Strabo, and others.
In terms of accuracy, the maps of this period were very imperfect. The limited geographical outlook, the imperfection of the astronomical determination of points and measurements on the earth's surface, the ignorance of the method of orientation relative to the cardinal points did not, of course, make it possible to build more or less accurate maps, as a result of which the maps had enormous inaccuracies and distortions. For example, the Mediterranean Sea at Ptolemy has a length in longitude one and a half times longer than in reality. Despite, however, all the shortcomings, cartography in the ancient Greek period, in general, achieved such colossal successes that gave full grounds for its further magnificent flowering.
However, the next period in the history of mankind not only delayed the further development of cartography, but also returned it to its primitive state for some time. Soon after Ptolemy, there was a general decline in the sciences and arts, which could not but be reflected in cartography.
In the period 264-133. BC, the Roman Empire reached world power. As a result of successful Punic Wars The Roman Empire by the end of this period united all of Italy and the provinces: Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Spain, Africa, Macedonia, Afghanistan and Asia, almost all cultural countries ancient world. Lost its political independence and Greece; in 146 BC, the Romans destroyed Corinth and turned Greece into one of their provinces called Achaia.
Striving for dominance over neighboring and non-neighboring peoples, striving for centuries to conquer all of Western Europe, the Romans, however, involuntarily prepared the decline and fall of the empire. The Romans looked at the conquered provinces only as a source of income and for exploitation. Hence, as a consequence, constant wars to suppress rebellions against the despotic power of Rome. Continuous wars and exploitation of the provinces, which placed a heavy burden on the working population, led to the formation, on the one hand, of a large group of slaves and serfs, and on the other hand, a group of military aristocracy and large landowners who cultivated their lands with the help of slaves. Under the yoke of cruel exploitation, burdened with hard work, subjected to humiliating punishments, the slaves finally could not stand it. As a result, a slave revolution begins, a fierce struggle begins between the proletariat and its exploiters, which contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire.
The military campaigns of the Romans, of course, expanded the geographic horizons of the scientists of this era and contributed at first to the success of cartography. Ptolemy (87-150 AD), mentioned above, who had a vast geographical outlook, is already a cartographer of the Roman era. But Ptolemy ends the development of cartography in the ancient period.
Striving for dominance over Western and Eastern countries, pursuing exclusively military goals, the Romans paid their main attention to the development of military art, and not to the development of certain scientific problems. At the same time, the despotism of absolute power, the oppression of the free personality of man, also could not contribute to the development of the sciences in general, and cartography in particular.
Having inherited their cartographic knowledge from the Greeks, the Romans, for their part, did nothing to further develop cartography; not only did they not introduce anything new into cartography, but, on the contrary, by ignoring the theoretical foundations, they failed to preserve what they inherited from the Greeks and contributed to the decline of cartography.
A clear indicator of the decline of cartography in the Roman era are the so-called tables,
representing essentially not maps, but routes. These routes, some of which are shown in the figure, were the result of a survey of Afghanistan, begun under Desar and smoked under Augustus. They were compiled on 12 sheets of parchment, their total length was 63/4 m. The narrow, elongated shape of the tables is explained by the fact that they were intended to serve as a guide and be convenient when using them. They were built without any scientific principles; depending on the number of objects and roads inflicted, the terrain was stretched in the latitudinal direction and, on the contrary, was compressed in the meridional direction. With such an image, neither the scale nor the mutual relationship between individual objects of the area was maintained. The tables give the names of roads and their length, cities are indicated by houses, mountains - in the form of mounds, rivers - by thick winding lines, roads - by thin, straight lines, forests - by groups of trees.
Satellite map of Afghanistan. Explore the satellite map of Afghanistan online in real time. Detailed map of Afghanistan based on satellite imagery high resolution. AT as close as possible satellite map Afghanistan allows you to explore in detail the streets, individual houses and sights of Afghanistan. A map of Afghanistan from a satellite easily switches to a regular map mode (scheme).
Afghanistan is a country located in the southeastern part of Asia. This is an ancient state, the first mention of which was recorded as early as the 6th century BC. The capital of Afghanistan is Kabul. The state official languages are Dari and Pashto.
The relief of Afghanistan is not only diverse, it is also very beautiful. For example, the Gundukush mountain system, which consists of two mountain ranges, is recognized as one of the most beautiful mountain systems on the planet. The highest point of this mountain system- Mount Naushak, 7485 meters high.
The continental subtropical type of climate in Afghanistan is characterized by cold winters and hot summer months. in winter average temperature air - +8 ... -21 C depending on the area. In summer, the air temperature also varies significantly - from 0 to +32 C. In the highest mountainous regions, snow falls abundantly and lies for 6-8 months.
Afghanistan It is the birthplace of many religious beliefs and traditions. Among them are Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. Therefore, in Afghanistan, a large number of cultural and historical monuments that have survived to this day. One of the main and most majestic sights of the country today is the red city of Shahri-Zohak, which was destroyed by Genghis Khan himself. Some of the monuments in Afghanistan are on the UNESCO list. For example, the monuments in the Bamiyan Valley, the Jama and Minaret monuments. The height of the Jam minaret is about 60 meters, and it was built around the 12th century.
Despite the fact that Afghanistan is beautiful and interesting country to visit, it is also very dangerous place for tourists. Tourists risk being captured by the Taliban or become victims of terrorists. But despite this, in the coming years it is planned to open several tourist centers in major cities Afghanistan.
