Presentation on the theme of the cube in history. Presentation on the theme of the cube

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The presentation on the topic "cube" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Geography. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 25 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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Completed by: Prudanov Anton Teacher: Yakovlev M.Yu.

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The area of the Republic of Cuba is 111,000 sq. km., including the island of Cuba - the largest in the West Indies and gave the name to the whole country.

In the south, Cuba is washed by the waters caribbean. Bordered by Cuba in the northeast Bahamas, to the south of it are Haiti, Jamaica and the Cayman Islands, to the west the Yucatan Strait separates it from Mexico, and the Strait of Florida to the north from the United States of America. The island of Cuba stretches along the equator for 1200 km, its width varies from 30 to 190 km. An important element of the coast are coral reefs, atolls and numerous small islands. Cuban reefs are the third longest in the world.

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Here is the highest point of the island - Turquino Peak (1974 m above sea level). In the region of the Zapata Peninsula there are extensive marshy lowlands. An important element of the coast are coral reefs, atolls and numerous small islands. Cuban reefs are the third longest in the world. Picturesque limestone lowlands predominate on the island of Cuba, and only small areas in the southwest, northwest and in the central part of the island are occupied by mountain ranges.

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Political structure

The highest body of state power in the Republic of Cuba is the National Assembly of People's Power, elected for five years, endowed with legislative rights. The National Assembly elects the Council of State from among its deputies. The highest body of executive power is the Council of Ministers. The Chairman of the State Council and the Council of Ministers is the head of state. Administratively, Cuba is subdivided into 14 provinces, which in turn are divided into 169 municipalities, one of which - Juventud - is of central subordination. In Cuba, the slogan is popular: “The power of the people is really power! ". The supreme leading force of Cuban society and state is the Communist Party of Cuba.

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The triangle is a symbol of freedom, equality and fraternity, and the three blue stripes represent the three parts into which the Spaniards divided Cuba. White symbolizes the purity of the aspirations of the revolutionaries and justice, red - the blood shed in the struggle for independence.

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The national emblem represents the island. It is designed like a leather shield and is divided into three sections. In its horizontal upper part there is a golden key between two mountains, the sun rising over the sea - which symbolizes the position of Cuba in the Gulf - Cuba is the key to the Gulf of Mexico, between the two Americas. The blue and white stripes at the bottom left represent the state's insular position during the colonial period. Right side, Cuban landscape, the royal palm is a symbol of the inflexible character of the Cuban people.

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Minerals

According to the tectonic structure, Cuba is included in the Antilles-Caribbean region of the Cordillera fold belt. At the same time, it combines the folded structures of the Antilles island arcs and subplatform areas. Especially characteristic of Cuba is the wide distribution of young limestones. Currently, Cuba is in a zone of high seismicity (up to 7 points). The now heavily depleted copper deposits are associated with folded structures. There are also manganese ores, and bauxite deposits are possible. But the main mineral wealth of Cuba of world importance is the reserves of nickel ores combined with cobalt. Cuba is well endowed with raw materials for the building materials industry. Some coastal areas have signs of oil. The almost complete absence of fuel and energy resources creates great difficulties for economic development.

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Economy of Cuba. Positive sides.

The main branch of the Cuban economy is the sugar industry. There are about 170 sugar refineries operating in the country. There are enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, and two oil refineries. The light and food industries are developed. Famous Cuban cigars are produced by 6 tobacco factories. An important source of income is international tourism. The share of extractive industry in GDP is 3%. In terms of nickel ore reserves, Cuba ranks fifth in the world. Cobalt ore accounts for 26% of the world's reserves.

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Economy of Cuba. Negative sides.

Due to the US embargo, lack of access to important markets and investments. Acute currency deficit. Fluctuations in world prices for sugar and nickel. Sophisticated trade restrictions and a lack of regulation discourage investment. Bad infrastructure. Shortage of fuel, fertilizers and spare parts.

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The climatic conditions and resources of Cuba are determined, first of all, by the position of the territory immediately south of the tropic, among the waters Atlantic Ocean, as well as the passage near the island of warm currents that form the Gulf Stream. Cuba has huge thermal resources of solar heat. Average monthly temperatures on the plains are always high: in January 22.5, in August 27.8. But fluctuations in extreme temperatures are quite significant. The average maximum temperature on the plains exceeds 30.

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Humidity

Relatively high annual precipitation - 1380mm. The year is not divided into 4 seasons, but into 2 seasons - dry, rainy. The rainy season usually lasts from May to October. The dry season usually starts in November and ends in April. This is the period of greatest economic activity, as it is the season for cutting and processing sugar cane. High humidity is typical for the climatic conditions of all regions of the country. The average relative humidity of the air is 79%. In combination with constant high temperatures, very high air humidity has a generally unfavorable effect. Humidity oppresses a person. The climate of Cuba requires special processing (tropicalization) of all industrial products and structures. On the whole climatic conditions in Cuba it is much more favorable than in most other, especially continental tropical countries.

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Animal world

The fauna of Cuba, due to its insular position, is rather poor. In addition, it has suffered greatly as a result of human activities. There are no predatory animals and poisonous snakes in Cuba, there are many bats, a very rich species composition of birds, insects and terrestrial mollusks, a diverse species composition of fish, sea turtles, many shrimps and lobsters.

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tobacco production

An important specialization of Cuba since the 17th century has been the production of first-class tobacco. Cuban cigars are famous all over the world.

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Main religion: Catholicism, various African religions are common. Holidays January 1-2 - Liberation Day (victory of the Cuban revolution in 1959). May 1 - International Workers' Day, Labor Day. July 26 - National Revolt Day (attack on the Moncada barracks in Santiago de Cuba, July 25 and 27 are also days off). October 10 - Anniversary of the beginning of the wars for independence from Spanish rule, Day of Cuban Culture. December 25 - Christmas.

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History of Cuba

The settlement of Cuba began in the fourth millennium BC. Apparently, the first inhabitants of the island moved there from the South and Central America. The Indians knew agriculture, grew corn and other food crops, hunted birds, rodents, hunted turtles and fish. By the time of the Spanish conquest of Cuba at the beginning of the 16th century, the bulk of the Indians lived in the conditions of the decay of the primitive communal system. On October 28, 1492, the first expedition of Columbus, which set off in search of rich overseas lands and marked the beginning of the era of the Great geographical discoveries, reached the northeast coast of Cuba. On the same day, he wrote in his diary that the eyes of man have never seen more beautiful than this island. In 1510 it began Spanish colonization Cuba. By 1514, the Spaniards had founded seven cities from the first capital of Baracoa in the far east to Havana. Later, all of them, except for Baracoa, changed their location. The colonization of the island was accompanied by the almost complete destruction of the Indians. They offered heroic resistance to the Spaniards under the leadership of their leaders - Atuey and Guama.

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Suppressed revolution

In the life of each country there are several names and dates associated with the most glorious pages of history. One such milestone in Cuban history is October 10, 1868, when the patriot Carlos Manuel De Cespedes raised all his compatriots in revolt against Spanish rule. For ten years, from 1868 to 1878, the Cuban rebels fought the Spanish under the slogan "Independence or Death!". On April 10, 1869, the first Constitution of Cuba was adopted. She proclaimed the freedom of Negro slaves. Many thousands of blacks became rebels. But Cuba could not win. Among the reasons for the defeat were the inconsistency of the leaders, the heterogeneity of the composition of the rebels and the disunity of various regions of the country. In addition, the Spaniards had about 20 times more troops than the rebels.

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End of Spanish domination

Cuban patriots did not stop fighting for independence. Jose Marti became the ideologists, organizers and inspirers of this struggle. In 1892 he created the first revolutionary party. In April 1895, detachments of Jose Marti landed in Cuba and launched active military operations. On May 19, Jose died in a battle with the Spaniards. But the struggle continued, covering all new areas of the country. On September 16, 1895, the rebels proclaimed the creation of the Cuban Republic and its separation from Spain. The war of 1895-1898 was an ordeal for the Cuban people.

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As a result of a coup d'état on March 10, 1952, Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, who established a military-police dictatorship in the country. The coup caused discontent among progressive youth, the most radical group of which was headed by a young lawyer and aspiring politician Fidel Castro Ruz. On July 26, 1953, a group of rebels, counting on the support of the broad masses, led by Fidel Castro, stormed the fortified barracks of Moncada in Santiago de Cuba. After a two-hour battle, the rebel detachment was defeated, many revolutionaries were killed, the rest were put on trial. Although all the defendants received long terms imprisonment (Fidel Castro was sentenced to 15 years), under public pressure, Batista soon had to amnesty the rebels.

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The Castro brothers emigrated to Mexico, where they did not abandon plans to overthrow the Batista dictatorship and began to create an organization for the future revolutionary action, known as M-26. In Mexico, by that time there was a meeting between Castro and Ernesto Guevara, who joined the ranks of the M-26. Flag of the 26th of July Movement

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The first steps of the revolution

During the first three months, the position of the revolutionaries remained critical, but they managed to win the trust of the inhabitants of the region and organize significant military pressure on the local military garrisons. In addition to fighting in the countryside, M-26, with the help of sympathetic elements in the student community and the armed forces, organized several performances in the cities, which, however, did not have much significance. The fact that the Batista government during this period of time was in strained relations with the main economic partner and military supplier of Cuba at that time, the United States, helped the rebels significantly.

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In the summer of 1958, the strategic initiative passed to the side of the revolutionaries. By autumn, the provinces of Oriente and Las Villas were almost entirely under the control of the rebels. On January 1, 1959, rebel troops entered Santiago, at the same time, in the west, rebels led by Che Guevara captured the city of Santa Clara. Although the situation did not yet seem catastrophic for the regime, on the same day Batista left the island, after which the administration he left effectively ceased to exist. On January 2, rebel detachments entered Havana; on January 6, Fidel Castro solemnly arrived in the capital.

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The Cuban revolution, already at its initial stage, completely restored national sovereignty, destroyed the bourgeois state apparatus, abolished the omnipotence of the US monopolies and the regime of exploitation of the working people of town and country. In 1959-1960, industry, transport, banks, and trade were nationalized in Cuba, as well as measures were taken to eliminate unemployment, transfer housing to workers and improve their working and living conditions.

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Cuba has achieved enormous, universally recognized successes in the social field. In December 1875, the first congress of the Cuban Communist Party was held in Havana. On February 24, 1976, the constitution of socialist Cuba came into force. In 1978, the 11th World Festival of Youth and Students was held in Cuba. In 1980, the first Cuban cosmonaut flew into space. The US plans to isolate Cuba failed. Cuba maintains diplomatic relations with more than 100 states.

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The area of the Republic of Cuba is 111,000 sq. km., including the island of Cuba - the largest in the West Indies and gave the name to the whole country. In the south, Cuba is washed by the waters of the Caribbean Sea. Cuba is bordered by the Bahamas to the northeast, Haiti, Jamaica and the Cayman Islands to the south, the Yucatan Strait to the west from Mexico, and the Florida Strait to the north from the United States of America. The island of Cuba stretches along the equator for 1200 km, its width varies from 30 to 190 km. An important element of the coast are coral reefs, atolls and numerous small islands. Cuban reefs are the third longest in the world.

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The surface of Cuba is characterized by lowlands located on limestone deposits of the Tertiary period. In the southwestern part of Cuba, the relief is changing: the Sierre Maestra mountain range stretches along the coast, consisting of masses of volcanic origin. Here is the highest point of the island - Turquino Peak (1974 m above sea level). In the region of the Zapata Peninsula there are extensive marshy lowlands. An important element of the coast are coral reefs, atolls and numerous small islands. Cuban reefs are the third longest in the world. Picturesque limestone lowlands predominate on the island of Cuba, and only small areas in the southwest, northwest and in the central part of the island are occupied by mountain ranges.

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Political structure The supreme body of state power in the Republic of Cuba is the National Assembly of People's Power, elected for five years, endowed with legislative rights. The National Assembly elects the Council of State from among its deputies. The highest body of executive power is the Council of Ministers. The Chairman of the State Council and the Council of Ministers is the head of state. Administratively, Cuba is subdivided into 14 provinces, which in turn are divided into 169 municipalities, one of which - Juventud - is of central subordination. In Cuba, the slogan is popular: “The power of the people is really power! ". The supreme leading force of Cuban society and state is the Communist Party of Cuba.

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Flag The triangle is a symbol of freedom, equality and fraternity, and the three blue stripes represent the three parts into which the Spaniards divided Cuba. White symbolizes the purity of the aspirations of the revolutionaries and justice, red - the blood shed in the struggle for independence.

slide 6

Coat of arms The national emblem represents the island. It is designed like a leather shield and is divided into three sections. In its horizontal upper part there is a golden key between two mountains, the sun rising over the sea - which symbolizes the position of Cuba in the Gulf - Cuba is the key to the Gulf of Mexico, between the two Americas. The blue and white stripes at the bottom left represent the state's insular position during the colonial period. Right side, Cuban landscape, the royal palm is a symbol of the inflexible character of the Cuban people.

Slide 7

Minerals According to the tectonic structure, Cuba is included in the Antilles-Caribbean region of the Cordillera fold belt. At the same time, it combines the folded structures of the Antilles island arcs and subplatform areas. Especially characteristic of Cuba is the wide distribution of young limestones. Currently, Cuba is in a zone of high seismicity (up to 7 points). The now heavily depleted copper deposits are associated with folded structures. There are also manganese ores, and bauxite deposits are possible. But the main mineral wealth of Cuba of world importance is the reserves of nickel ores combined with cobalt. Cuba is well endowed with raw materials for the building materials industry. Some coastal areas have signs of oil. The almost complete absence of fuel and energy resources creates great difficulties for economic development.

Slide 8

Economy of Cuba. Positive sides. The main branch of the Cuban economy is the sugar industry. There are about 170 sugar refineries operating in the country. There are enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, and two oil refineries. The light and food industries are developed. Famous Cuban cigars are produced by 6 tobacco factories. An important source of income is international tourism. The share of extractive industry in GDP is 3%. In terms of nickel ore reserves, Cuba ranks fifth in the world. Cobalt ore accounts for 26% of the world's reserves.

Slide 9

Economy of Cuba. Negative sides. Due to the US embargo, lack of access to important markets and investments. Acute currency deficit. Fluctuations in world prices for sugar and nickel. Sophisticated trade restrictions and a lack of regulation discourage investment. Bad infrastructure. Shortage of fuel, fertilizers and spare parts.

slide 10

The climatic conditions and resources of Cuba are determined, first of all, by the position of the territory directly south of the tropic, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, as well as by the passage of warm currents near the island that form the Gulf Stream. Cuba has huge thermal resources of solar heat. Average monthly temperatures on the plains are always high: in January 22.5, in August 27.8. But fluctuations in extreme temperatures are quite significant. The average maximum temperature on the plains exceeds 30 .

slide 11

Humidity Relatively high annual precipitation - 1380mm. The year is not divided into 4 seasons, but into 2 seasons - dry, rainy. The rainy season usually lasts from May to October. The dry season usually starts in November and ends in April. This is the period of greatest economic activity, as it is the season for cutting and processing sugar cane. High humidity is typical for the climatic conditions of all regions of the country. The average relative humidity of the air is 79%. In combination with constant high temperatures, very high air humidity has a generally unfavorable effect. Humidity oppresses a person. The climate of Cuba requires special processing (tropicalization) of all industrial products and structures. In general, the climatic conditions in Cuba are much more favorable than in most other, especially continental tropical countries.

slide 12

Fauna The fauna of Cuba due to its insular position is rather poor. In addition, it has suffered greatly as a result of human activities. There are no predatory animals and poisonous snakes in Cuba, there are many bats, a very rich species composition of birds, insects and terrestrial mollusks, a diverse species composition of fish, sea turtles, many shrimps and lobsters.

slide 13

Tobacco production An important specialization of Cuba since the 17th century has been the production of first-class tobacco. Cuban cigars are famous all over the world.

slide 14

Main religion: Catholicism, various African religions are common. Holidays January 1-2 - Liberation Day (the victory of the Cuban revolution in 1959). May 1 - International Workers' Day, Labor Day. July 26 - National Revolt Day (attack on the Moncada barracks in Santiago de Cuba, July 25 and 27 are also days off). October 10 - Anniversary of the beginning of the wars for independence from Spanish rule, Day of Cuban Culture. December 25 - Christmas.

slide 15

History of Cuba The settlement of Cuba began in the fourth millennium BC. Apparently, the first inhabitants of the island moved there from South and Central America. The Indians knew agriculture, grew corn and other food crops, hunted birds, rodents, hunted turtles and fish. By the time of the Spanish conquest of Cuba at the beginning of the 16th century, the bulk of the Indians lived in the conditions of the decay of the primitive communal system. On October 28, 1492, the first expedition of Columbus, which set off in search of rich overseas lands and marked the beginning of the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, reached the Northeast coast of Cuba. On the same day, he wrote in his diary that the eyes of man have never seen more beautiful than this island. In 1510, the Spanish colonization of Cuba began. By 1514, the Spaniards had founded seven cities from the first capital of Baracoa in the far east to Havana. Later, all of them, except for Baracoa, changed their location. The colonization of the island was accompanied by the almost complete destruction of the Indians. They offered heroic resistance to the Spaniards under the leadership of their leaders - Atuey and Guama.

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Suppressed revolution In the life of every country there are several names and dates associated with the most glorious pages of history. One such milestone in Cuban history is October 10, 1868, when the patriot Carlos Manuel De Cespedes raised all his compatriots in revolt against Spanish rule. For ten years, from 1868 to 1878, the Cuban rebels fought the Spanish under the slogan "Independence or Death!". On April 10, 1869, the first Constitution of Cuba was adopted. She proclaimed the freedom of Negro slaves. Many thousands of blacks became rebels. But Cuba could not win. Among the reasons for the defeat were the inconsistency of the leaders, the heterogeneity of the composition of the rebels and the disunity of various regions of the country. In addition, the Spaniards had about 20 times more troops than the rebels.

slide 17

End of Spanish domination Cuban patriots did not stop fighting for independence. Jose Marti became the ideologists, organizers and inspirers of this struggle. In 1892 he created the first revolutionary party. In April 1895, detachments of Jose Marti landed in Cuba and launched active military operations. On May 19, Jose died in a battle with the Spaniards. But the struggle continued, covering all new areas of the country. On September 16, 1895, the rebels proclaimed the creation of the Cuban Republic and its separation from Spain. The war of 1895-1898 was an ordeal for the Cuban people.

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As a result of a coup d'état on March 10, 1952, Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, who established a military-police dictatorship in the country. The coup caused discontent among progressive youth, the most radical group of which was headed by a young lawyer and aspiring politician Fidel Castro Ruz. On July 26, 1953, a group of rebels, counting on the support of the broad masses, led by Fidel Castro, stormed the fortified barracks of Moncada in Santiago de Cuba. After a two-hour battle, the rebel detachment was defeated, many revolutionaries were killed, the rest were put on trial. Although all the defendants received long prison terms (Fidel Castro was sentenced to 15 years), under pressure from the public, Batista soon had to amnesty the rebels.

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M - 26 The Castro brothers emigrated to Mexico, where they did not abandon plans to overthrow the dictatorship of Batista and began to create an organization for the future revolutionary action, known as M-26. In Mexico, by that time there was a meeting between Castro and Ernesto Guevara, who joined the ranks of the M-26. Flag of the 26th of July Movement

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The first steps of the revolution During the first three months, the position of the revolutionaries remained critical, but they managed to win the trust of the inhabitants of the region and organize significant military pressure on the local military garrisons. In addition to fighting in the countryside, M-26, with the help of sympathetic elements in the student community and the armed forces, organized several performances in the cities, which, however, did not have much significance. The fact that the Batista government during this period of time was in strained relations with the main economic partner and military supplier of Cuba at that time, the United States, helped the rebels significantly.

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Cuba and Cuban people passed a long and difficult path of development from the primitive communal system of the pre-Columbian era to becoming the first socialist state in the Western Hemisphere. The Cuban nation was formed from heterogeneous ethnic elements in the process of economic development, long battles against the Spanish conquerors, and from the end of the 19th century against the domination of American imperialism and reactionary regimes.

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1 slide:

The largest of the islands of the states of the Caribbean region, the Republic of Cuba occupies the island of the same name off the coast of the continent. Cuban poets compare their island to a green lizard lying on the blue of the ocean.

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The Triangle Flag is a symbol of freedom, equality and fraternity, and the three blue stripes represent the three parts into which the Spaniards divided Cuba. White symbolizes the purity of the aspirations of the revolutionaries and justice, red - the blood shed in the struggle for independence.

Coat of Arms - The national coat of arms represents the island. It is designed like a leather shield and is divided into three sections. In its horizontal upper part there is a golden key between two mountains, the sun rising over the sea - which symbolizes the position of Cuba in the Gulf - Cuba is the key to the Gulf of Mexico, between the two Americas. The blue and white stripes at the bottom left represent the state's insular position during the colonial period. Right side, Cuban landscape, the royal palm is a symbol of the inflexible character of the Cuban people.

3 slide:

In the south, Cuba is washed by the waters of the Caribbean Sea. Cuba is bordered by the Bahamas to the northeast, Haiti, Jamaica and the Cayman Islands to the south, the Yucatan Strait to the west from Mexico, and the Florida Strait to the north from the United States of America. The island of Cuba stretches along the equator for 1200 km, its width varies from 30 to 190 km. An important element of the coast are coral reefs, atolls and numerous small islands. Cuban reefs are the third longest in the world.

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Climate

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Tectonic structure and minerals

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Animal world

7 slide: all on the slide

8 slide: negative side of the slide

9 slide: everything is also clear, there is a slide

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Holidays

New Year-b Most of the Cuban population professes Catholicism, but Catholic Christmas in December is not celebrated here as brightly as, for example, in Europe. This is due to strict prohibitions associated with the communist past of the republic. It was forbidden to celebrate Christmas as a religious holiday here until 1998.

But the New Year is celebrated here cheerfully - after the New Year's dinner with the family, Cubans and guests of the Island of Freedom go out to the squares or beaches and have fun until the morning - fortunately, the hot climate contributes to this much more than ours. AT new year's eve you can go to a disco, a concert, walk the streets big cities(where new year holidays celebrated most brightly) or celebrate a holiday on the beach, admiring the stars.

havana carnival- held on weekends from July 15 to August 15.

The main actions of the Havana Carnival take place on the capital's Malecon embankment. There, dressed in enchanting costumes, participants have fun, drink and dance from morning to night. Huge platforms move along the main street of the city, on which various carnival teams from all over Cuba compete in brightness and rhythm. Carnival participants prepare costumes, dances and shows for almost the whole year in order to become the best at this carnival procession.

The highlight of the Havana Carnival is the procession of giant figures that represent Cuban politicians. Music is heard everywhere, salutes and fireworks are exploding. So if you want to participate in this unique holiday of soul and heart, then go to Cuba from July to August.

Carnival in Santiago de Cuba

At the end of July, another carnival takes place - not in Havana, but in Santiago de Cuba. During the days of the carnival, festive processions pass through the streets of the city, fireworks sound and music plays, and hot Cuban boys and girls dance so contagiously that all tourists are instantly drawn into this celebration of life. And hot exotic cocktails give them inspiration to dance until the morning.

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Slides captions:

FLAG The triangle is a symbol of freedom, equality and fraternity, and the three blue stripes represent the three parts into which the Spaniards divided Cuba. ARMS The national coat of arms represents the island. It is designed like a leather shield and is divided into three sections.

CLIMATE Cuba has huge thermal resources of solar heat. Average monthly temperatures on the plains are always high: in January 22.5, in August 27.8. But fluctuations in extreme temperatures are quite significant. The average maximum temperature on the plains exceeds 30.

According to the tectonic structure, Cuba is included in the Antilles-Caribbean region of the Cordillera fold belt. Cuba is well endowed with raw materials for the building materials industry. But the main mineral wealth of Cuba of world importance is the reserves of nickel ores combined with cobalt. Some coastal areas have signs of oil. The almost complete absence of fuel and energy resources creates great difficulties for economic development. Tectonic structure and minerals

ANIMAL WORLD The fauna of Cuba due to its insular position is rather poor. There are no predatory animals and poisonous snakes in Cuba, there are many bats, a very rich species composition of birds, insects and terrestrial mollusks, a diverse species composition of fish, sea turtles, many shrimps and lobsters.

The famous Cuban cigars are produced by 6 tobacco factories An important source of income is international tourism In terms of nickel ore reserves, Cuba ranks 5th in the world Medicine at the highest level with low cost of services Cobalt ore accounts for 26% of world reserves The main branch of the economy is the sugar industry (about 170 sugar mills) STRENGTHS

Main religion: Catholicism, various African religions are common. Most of the people living in the country are Cubans. In addition to them, on the island you can easily meet "neighbors" from Haiti, Chinese, Jews, Americans, Japanese and Europeans.

Teacher: Yakovlev M.Yu.

slide 2

The area of the Republic of Cuba is 111,000 sq. km., including the island of Cuba - the largest in the West Indies and gave the name to the whole country.
In the south, Cuba is washed by the waters of the Caribbean Sea. Cuba is bordered by the Bahamas to the northeast, Haiti, Jamaica and the Cayman Islands to the south, the Yucatan Strait to the west from Mexico, and the Florida Strait to the north from the United States of America. The island of Cuba stretches along the equator for 1200 km, its width varies from 30 to 190 km. An important element of the coast are coral reefs, atolls and numerous small islands. Cuban reefs are the third longest in the world.

slide 3

The surface of Cuba is characterized by lowlands located on limestone deposits of the Tertiary period. In the southwestern part of Cuba, the relief is changing: the Sierre Maestra mountain range stretches along the coast, consisting of masses of volcanic origin.
Here is the highest point of the island - Turquino Peak (1974 m above sea level). In the region of the Zapata Peninsula there are extensive marshy lowlands. An important element of the coast are coral reefs, atolls and numerous small islands. Cuban reefs are the third longest in the world. Picturesque limestone lowlands predominate on the island of Cuba, and only small areas in the southwest, northwest and in the central part of the island are occupied by mountain ranges.

slide 4

Political structure

The highest body of state power in the Republic of Cuba is the National Assembly of People's Power, elected for five years, endowed with legislative rights. The National Assembly elects the Council of State from among its deputies. The highest body of executive power is the Council of Ministers. The Chairman of the State Council and the Council of Ministers is the head of state. Administratively, Cuba is subdivided into 14 provinces, which in turn are divided into 169 municipalities, one of which - Juventud - is of central subordination.
In Cuba, the slogan is popular: “The power of the people is really power! ".
The supreme leading force of Cuban society and state is the Communist Party of Cuba.

slide 5

Flag

The triangle is a symbol of freedom, equality and fraternity, and the three blue stripes represent the three parts into which the Spaniards divided Cuba. White symbolizes the purity of the aspirations of the revolutionaries and justice, red - the blood shed in the struggle for independence.

slide 6

Coat of arms

The national emblem represents the island. It is designed like a leather shield and is divided into three sections. In its horizontal upper part there is a golden key between two mountains, the sun rising over the sea - which symbolizes the position of Cuba in the Gulf - Cuba is the key to the Gulf of Mexico, between the two Americas. The blue and white stripes at the bottom left represent the state's insular position during the colonial period. Right side, Cuban landscape, the royal palm is a symbol of the inflexible character of the Cuban people.

Slide 7

Minerals

According to the tectonic structure, Cuba is included in the Antilles-Caribbean region of the Cordillera fold belt. At the same time, it combines the folded structures of the Antilles island arcs and subplatform areas. Especially characteristic of Cuba is the wide distribution of young limestones. Currently, Cuba is in a zone of high seismicity (up to 7 points). The now heavily depleted copper deposits are associated with folded structures. There are also manganese ores, and bauxite deposits are possible. But the main mineral wealth of Cuba of world importance is the reserves of nickel ores combined with cobalt. Cuba is well endowed with raw materials for the building materials industry. Some coastal areas have signs of oil. The almost complete absence of fuel and energy resources creates great difficulties for economic development.

Slide 8

Economy of Cuba. Positive sides

The main branch of the Cuban economy is the sugar industry. There are about 170 sugar refineries operating in the country.
There are enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, and two oil refineries. The light and food industries are developed. Famous Cuban cigars are produced by 6 tobacco factories.
An important source of income is international tourism. The share of extractive industry in GDP is 3%. In terms of nickel ore reserves, Cuba ranks fifth in the world. Cobalt ore accounts for 26% of the world's reserves.

Slide 9

Economy of Cuba. Negative sides

Due to the US embargo, lack of access to important markets and investments.
Acute currency deficit.
Fluctuations in world prices for sugar and nickel.
Sophisticated trade restrictions and a lack of regulation discourage investment.
Bad infrastructure.
Shortage of fuel, fertilizers and spare parts.

Slide 10

The climatic conditions and resources of Cuba are determined, first of all, by the position of the territory directly south of the tropic, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, as well as by the passage of warm currents near the island that form the Gulf Stream. Cuba has huge thermal resources of solar heat. Average monthly temperatures on the plains are always high: in January 22.5, in August 27.8. But fluctuations in extreme temperatures are quite significant. The average maximum temperature on the plains exceeds 30.

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Humidity

Relatively high annual precipitation - 1380 mm. The year is not divided into 4 seasons, but into 2 seasons - dry, rainy. The rainy season usually lasts from May to October. The dry season usually starts in November and ends in April. This is the period of greatest economic activity, as it is the season for cutting and processing sugar cane. High humidity is typical for the climatic conditions of all regions of the country. The average relative humidity of the air is 79%. In combination with constant high temperatures, very high air humidity has a generally unfavorable effect. Humidity oppresses a person. The climate of Cuba requires special processing (tropicalization) of all industrial products and structures. In general, the climatic conditions in Cuba are much more favorable than in most other, especially continental tropical countries.

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Animal world

The fauna of Cuba, due to its insular position, is rather poor. In addition, it has suffered greatly as a result of human activities. There are no predatory animals and poisonous snakes in Cuba, there are many bats, a very rich species composition of birds, insects and terrestrial mollusks, a diverse species composition of fish, sea turtles, many shrimps and lobsters.

slide 13

tobacco production

An important specialization of Cuba since the 17th century has been the production of first-class tobacco. Cuban cigars are famous all over the world.

Slide 14

Main religion: Catholicism, various African religions are common.
Holidays
January 1-2 - Liberation Day (victory of the Cuban revolution in 1959).
May 1 - International Workers' Day, Labor Day.
July 26 - National Revolt Day (attack on the Moncada barracks in Santiago de Cuba, July 25 and 27 are also days off).
October 10 - Anniversary of the beginning of the wars for independence from Spanish rule, Day of Cuban Culture.
December 25 - Christmas.

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History of Cuba

The settlement of Cuba began in the fourth millennium BC. Apparently, the first inhabitants of the island moved there from South and Central America. The Indians knew agriculture, grew corn and other food crops, hunted birds, rodents, hunted turtles and fish.
By the time of the Spanish conquest of Cuba at the beginning of the 16th century, the bulk of the Indians lived in the conditions of the decay of the primitive communal system. On October 28, 1492, the first expedition of Columbus, which set off in search of rich overseas lands and marked the beginning of the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, reached the Northeast coast of Cuba. On the same day, he wrote in his diary that the eyes of man have never seen more beautiful than this island. In 1510, the Spanish colonization of Cuba began. By 1514, the Spaniards had founded seven cities from the first capital of Baracoa in the far east to Havana. Later, all of them, except for Baracoa, changed their location. The colonization of the island was accompanied by the almost complete destruction of the Indians. They offered heroic resistance to the Spaniards under the leadership of their leaders - Atuey and Guama.

slide 16

Suppressed revolution

In the life of each country there are several names and dates associated with the most glorious pages of history. One such milestone in Cuban history is October 10, 1868, when the patriot Carlos Manuel De Cespedes raised all his compatriots in revolt against Spanish rule. For ten years, from 1868 to 1878, the Cuban rebels fought the Spanish under the slogan "Independence or Death!". On April 10, 1869, the first Constitution of Cuba was adopted. She proclaimed the freedom of Negro slaves. Many thousands of blacks became rebels. But Cuba could not win. Among the reasons for the defeat were the inconsistency of the leaders, the heterogeneity of the composition of the rebels and the disunity of various regions of the country. In addition, the Spaniards had about 20 times more troops than the rebels.

Slide 17

End of Spanish domination

Cuban patriots did not stop fighting for independence. Jose Marti became the ideologists, organizers and inspirers of this struggle. In 1892 he created the first revolutionary party. In April 1895, detachments of Jose Marti landed in Cuba and launched active military operations. On May 19, Jose died in a battle with the Spaniards. But the struggle continued, covering all new areas of the country. On September 16, 1895, the rebels proclaimed the creation of the Cuban Republic and its separation from Spain. The war of 1895-1898 was an ordeal for the Cuban people.

Slide 18

As a result of a coup d'état on March 10, 1952, Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba, who established a military-police dictatorship in the country. The coup caused discontent among progressive youth, the most radical group of which was headed by a young lawyer and aspiring politician Fidel Castro Ruz. On July 26, 1953, a group of rebels, counting on the support of the broad masses, led by Fidel Castro, stormed the fortified barracks of Moncada in Santiago de Cuba. After a two-hour battle, the rebel detachment was defeated, many revolutionaries were killed, the rest were put on trial. Although all the defendants received long prison terms (Fidel Castro was sentenced to 15 years), under pressure from the public, Batista soon had to amnesty the rebels.

Slide 19

M-26

The Castro brothers emigrated to Mexico, where they did not abandon plans to overthrow the Batista dictatorship and began to create an organization for the future revolutionary action, known as M-26. In Mexico, by that time there was a meeting between Castro and Ernesto Guevara, who joined the ranks of the M-26.
Flag of the 26th of July Movement

Slide 20

The first steps of the revolution

During the first three months, the position of the revolutionaries remained critical, but they managed to win the trust of the inhabitants of the region and organize significant military pressure on the local military garrisons. In addition to fighting in the countryside, M-26, with the help of sympathetic elements in the student community and the armed forces, organized several performances in the cities, which, however, did not have much significance. The fact that the Batista government during this period of time was in strained relations with the main economic partner and military supplier of Cuba at that time, the United States, helped the rebels significantly.

slide 21

In the summer of 1958, the strategic initiative passed to the side of the revolutionaries. By autumn, the provinces of Oriente and Las Villas were almost entirely under the control of the rebels. On January 1, 1959, rebel troops entered Santiago, at the same time, in the west, rebels led by Che Guevara captured the city of Santa Clara. Although the situation did not yet seem catastrophic for the regime, on the same day Batista left the island, after which the administration he left effectively ceased to exist. On January 2, rebel detachments entered Havana; on January 6, Fidel Castro solemnly arrived in the capital.

slide 22

The Cuban revolution, already at its initial stage, completely restored national sovereignty, destroyed the bourgeois state apparatus, abolished the omnipotence of the US monopolies and the regime of exploitation of the working people of town and country. In 1959-1960, industry, transport, banks, and trade were nationalized in Cuba, as well as measures were taken to eliminate unemployment, transfer housing to workers and improve their working and living conditions.

slide 23

Cuba has achieved enormous, universally recognized successes in the social field. In December 1875, the first congress of the Cuban Communist Party was held in Havana. On February 24, 1976, the constitution of socialist Cuba came into force. In 1978, the 11th World Festival of Youth and Students was held in Cuba. In 1980, the first Cuban cosmonaut flew into space. The US plans to isolate Cuba failed. Cuba maintains diplomatic relations with more than 100 states.

slide 24

Cuba and the Cuban people have gone through a long and difficult path of development from the primitive communal system of the pre-Columbian era to becoming the first socialist state in the Western Hemisphere. The Cuban nation was formed from heterogeneous ethnic elements in the process of economic development, long battles against the Spanish conquerors, and from the end of the 19th century against the domination of American imperialism and reactionary regimes.

Cuba Area sq. km. Area sq. km. Population 10.7 million people Population 10.7 million people Capital and largest city Havana, Capital and largest city Havana, Language Spanish Language Spanish Religion Roman Catholic Religion Roman Catholic Monetary Peso Monetary Peso GDP approx.

Physical Characteristics Three mountain systems occupy 25% of the territory of Cuba. Highest point countries - Turquino Peak (2005 m) - located in the Sierra Maestra. Three mountain systems occupy 25% of the territory of Cuba. The highest point of the country - Turquino Peak (2005 m) - is located in the city of Sierra Maestra. The average annual t° in Havana is 25°С. The average annual t° in Havana is 25°С.

Coat of arms of Cuba The coat of arms of Cuba depicts the surrounding blue sea, key, palm tree and hills. The key symbolizes the position of the island on the world's most important sea routes. Palm trees are favorite trees of Cubans and they grow everywhere, singly or in small picturesque groups. And the hills and low mountains located along the edges of the island enliven the view of the plains. The coat of arms of Cuba depicts the blue sea surrounding it, a key, a palm tree and hills. The key symbolizes the position of the island on the world's most important sea routes. Palm trees are favorite trees of Cubans and they grow everywhere, singly or in small picturesque groups. And the hills and low mountains located along the edges of the island enliven the view of the plains.

Population For the population of Cuba, the predominance of men is traditional. It was especially large in colonial times and during the period of mass immigration. Men predominated among the settlers from Spain and among the African slaves. In 1774, men made up 3/5 of the total population. As a result, the proportion of women in the population has increased dramatically. For the population of Cuba, the predominance of men is traditional. It was especially large in colonial times and during the period of mass immigration. Men predominated among the settlers from Spain and among the African slaves. In 1774, men made up 3/5 of the total population. As a result, the proportion of women in the population has increased dramatically.

Age structure The current age structure of the population, especially the high proportion of people in the young age groups (under 15), creates no small difficulties for the social and economic development of Cuba. This group accounts for approximately 37% of the total population, and 6% for people over 65 years of age. The current age structure of the population, especially the high proportion of people in the young age groups (under 15), creates no small difficulties for the social and economic development of Cuba. This group accounts for approximately 37% of the total population, and 6% for people over 65 years of age.

Placement of the population Cuba is distinguished by a relatively uniform distribution of the population throughout the territory. The average population density is about 90 people per 1 sq. km. km. The wetlands in the South-West of the island are characterized by the lowest population density. About half of the population is located along the Central Highway, which stretches across the entire island, to which almost all big cities. Cuba is distinguished by a relatively even distribution of the population throughout the territory. The average population density is about 90 people per 1 sq. km. km. The wetlands in the South-West of the island are characterized by the lowest population density. About half of the population is located along the Central Highway, which stretches across the entire island, to which almost all large cities gravitate.

Mining industry and production Among minerals, iron ore occupies the first place; also produce copper, chromium, nickel, cobalt, gold and silver. After the revolution of 1959 there is a rise in industrial production; Communist countries played a significant role in Cuba. The main industrial enterprises are engaged in the processing of sugar cane, the production of textiles, leather goods, and cigars. Among minerals, iron ore occupies the first place; also produce copper, chromium, nickel, cobalt, gold and silver. After the revolution of 1959 there is a rise in industrial production; Communist countries played a significant role in Cuba. The main industrial enterprises are engaged in the processing of sugar cane, the production of textiles, leather goods, and cigars.

Agriculture In 1959, the land became the property of the state. 50% of export earnings come from the sale of sugar. Cuba is the world's third largest sugar producer. Other cash crops include tobacco, coffee, citrus fruits and kenaf used to make bags. Rice and potatoes are grown for the domestic market; livestock farming in the lowlands. In 1959, the land became the property of the state. 50% of export earnings come from the sale of sugar. Cuba is the world's third largest sugar producer. Other cash crops include tobacco, coffee, citrus fruits and kenaf used to make bags. Rice and potatoes are grown for the domestic market; livestock farming in the lowlands.