If the weather whispers, many go out into nature for a few days. And in this case, you can not do without setting up camp. This must be approached responsibly, as an improperly placed tent or fire pit can spoil even the most carefully thought-out vacation.

Photo by Maxim VECHERA

We put up a tent

The tent must be set up on level ground. If there is a slight slope, it must be placed in such a way that the legs of the person sleeping in it are below the head. Otherwise, a fun night is guaranteed: you will roll onto a neighbor or wake up with a severe headache.

Check the quality of the soil. It is not so easy to stick pegs of stretch marks into the dense interweaving of tree roots. In loose sand, on the contrary, the pegs do not hold well, a sharp gust of wind can demolish the tent.

The site should be located on a hill so that when it rains, the tent is not flooded with water. That is why one should not camp on the low islands, no matter how picturesque the place looks. In addition, each tent should be dug in with a shallow groove. The site must be well ventilated and dry.

Carefully inspect the chosen place. There should be no anthills or ant trails. Remove twigs and cones so you don't feel like a princess and a pea.

The optimal distance between tents is 2-3 meters, the main thing is that there is enough space for stretching. It is best to set up tents in a row or with the letter L - the camp will be a single whole, and the tents will protect each other from the wind.

You can not place tents closer than 100 m from power lines, and also closer than 50 m from roads.

If the picnic lasts several days, it is worth allocating a separate tent for food storage.

Where to make a fire

The fire pit should be located as far as possible from the tents. Modern awnings made of synthetic materials are light and compact, but are easily burned by sparks. Determine the direction of the wind ahead of time so that the smoke from the fire goes away from your home.

Bonfire is the main cause of fires in forests, so there are a number of restrictions here. In particular, it is impossible to kindle a fire under the crowns of trees, in places with dry grass, on windfalls and old burnt areas, in young coniferous forests, and on peat bogs. The fireplace should be ringed with a mineralized strip at least 0.5 m wide, and even better, enclose it with stones.

The fire must not be left unattended. After folding the bivouac, the coals must be carefully extinguished - pour water or cover with sand.

Over the entire fire zone, if possible, it is necessary to stretch the awning at an angle so that it protects the fire not only from moisture, but also from the wind.

Lepota and purity

The presence of a stream or river nearby can greatly simplify the process of cooking, washing dishes. However, it is impossible to have a “washing” zone in the immediate vicinity of a water source. After all, for the best effect, you will use household chemicals. Any detergents, including ordinary laundry soap, can cause great harm to the stream.

Often, outdoor enthusiasts prepare a garbage pit in advance. Don't do it! The plastic from which disposable tableware, bottles and other utensils of this kind are made decomposes for decades. It is better to hang a garbage bag on a tree and put all the waste in it. When you leave, don't forget to take this bag with you to throw it in the nearest container.

Paper waste can be burned in a fire. It is allowed to bury metal tin cans at the site of the bivouac, but first they must be properly burned in a fire. Burnt metal quickly decomposes.

But glass, although it does not cause much harm to nature, should never be left in the parking lot. Firstly, it is dangerous - someone can seriously cut themselves. Secondly, glass practically does not decompose, remaining in the ground for thousands of years.

Discreet place

Any more or less long parking involves the arrangement of the toilet. The site for it should be chosen at a distance from the bivouac among dense vegetation. The soil on the sanitary site should be loose so that it is possible to dig a hole at least 30 cm deep. In addition, this area should be away from a river or stream, best of all - in a lowland.

Photo by Anatoly DRIBAS

Usually, a film or awning is stretched over the place where the toilet is set up to protect it from rain. You can build improvised walls from branches or from the same film. By the way, experienced tourists a bright flag is hung on a tree branch a few meters from the toilet. If it is omitted, then the place is free.

Before you leave, remember to fill the hole and mark it with stones so that other tourists know that it is not worth digging here.

STAY IN TOUCH

Do not set up camp near isolated trees. During a thunderstorm, there is a high probability of “catching” lightning. Single trees are also the most vulnerable to the wind: at any moment, the trunk can fall to the resting place. Do not camp under large trees with long branches. Even a small bough falling from an impressive height can easily break a tent or injure campers.

Find a place well protected from wind and direct sunlight. The site can be arranged under a hill, in a clearing among a dense forest. At the same time, do not set up camp in the lowlands. Firstly, it is here that a dank fog will accumulate in the morning hours. Secondly, if it rains heavily, all the water will flow into the valley. In addition, in the ravines hidden from the sun's rays - the coldest air.

If possible, look for a place near a stream or on the banks of a river - a source of water, which will probably be needed for washing dishes and other needs. However, it is not worth setting up tents at the very edge of the water.

You need to start setting up a camp a few hours before dusk, so that without haste and fuss, you can manage to cope with all the affairs and fully equip the parking lot.

FORECAST OF NATURE

We used to trust weather forecasters, but the weather is a capricious lady. Therefore, it will not be superfluous to learn to recognize some of the natural “bells” that signal imminent changes.

If the flowers of acacia, honeysuckle, currant, lilac begin to smell strongly - wait for rain in 15-20 minutes.

The “crying” of calla, arrowhead, telorez means that in 2-3 hours inclement weather will set in.

Daisy, mallow, buttercup, calendula, field bindweed, dandelion flowers begin to curl 2-5 hours before rain.

The flowers of the white doze begin to smell fragrant 9-12 hours before the rain.

Grasshoppers and crickets stopped chirping, and butterflies hid in shelters - there will be a thunderstorm in 1-3 hours.

If jackdaws and crows start screaming, curling in flocks, swooping down like a stone, it will rain in 1-3 hours.

The most common mistake of novice tourists is putting polyethylene under the tent, supposedly in order not to get dirty, not to wet the bottom. What you fear will happen even faster. If the edge of the polyethylene even slightly protrudes from under the tent, water from the awning will inevitably flow onto it during oblique rain. This is a classic situation: a would-be tourist wakes up in a puddle, artificially created by him. Don't be afraid to pitch your tent on wet grass. Let the bottom get wet, but the mat will still remain dry. If you're really afraid of wet grass, lay some polyethylene inside the tent. The main thing is not to put up a tent in the depression of the relief!

In the spring, when the snow has already melted, but the ground has not yet completely thawed, you can first make a fire in the place of the tent. In an hour the earth will warm up, the fire can be extinguished, trampled and covered with fresh spruce paws. And set up a tent on top. Sleep will be much warmer at night. The main thing is not to leave large coals so as not to burn the bottom of the tent!

Campfire equipment:
- Taganok in a case (steel cable with hooks);
- saw (preferably two-handed) in a case;
- axes (large and small) in covers;
- work gloves - 1 pair;
- matches in waterproof packaging;
- an awning (3x5 m in size) in a cover, equipped with braces, collapsible racks and pegs;
- kindling (pieces of plexiglass, dry alcohol tablets, a candle).

Kitchen equipment:
- flat buckets, inserted into one another, with lids, in covers - 3-4 pcs. per group. the capacity of dishes is selected at the rate of 1 liter per 1 person;
- ladles - 2 pieces (for the first course and tea);
- knives: kitchen - 2-3 pieces;
- laundry soap;
- washcloth for washing dishes (not metal);
- kitchen oilcloth;
- flasks for vegetable, ghee;
- bags for packaging products (cloth and polyethylene, it is convenient to use plastic 2x liter bottles for cereals and sugar).

Rotten trunks and stumps are the same kindling material that flares up from the first match and you can quickly cook food on it without spending effort on sawing and chopping. In rainy weather, when drops flow along the birch bark, and dry spruce branches are actually damp through and through, look in the lowland, near the water, for aspen or alder trunks. The dust of aspen and alder smolders even when wet.

But what if there is no ax and saw? It doesn't matter - some rather thick trunks can be felled without tools. Dry birch is most often damp from the inside, it burns well on the outside, but then it starts to smoke and goes out. It is better to use mixed with other firewood. Oak is good, it gives an even heat and excellent coals, but its wood breaks into pieces with difficulty and is heavy. However, having filled up an oak tree, you can make a fire without dragging it anywhere, right on the spot. The most convenient tree species for extracting fuel without a saw and an ax is aspen or alder. Lack of firewood extracted from them, they practically do not produce coal.
We noticed a suitable sushi - try to swing the barrel with your hand. If it gives way, keep rocking it. Get into resonance, and then with each push the barrel will slope more and more. Take care of your head with dead trees, the upper parts of the trunk often fall off. But when a tree collapses, it usually breaks into several pieces.
If the trunk fell apart into too long parts - do not worry. And it is not necessary to make an exemplary node. Lay the two longest trunks so that they tightly touch each other with butts for at least a meter and a half. Put firewood on this part of the sushi. You will then move the ends of the long sushi to the center. A couple more long trunks can be placed across, on top of the fire, and the flame itself will “saw through” them. Long sushi can be broken by pinching them between two nearby trees.

If there is no fuel!
Take a look around, maybe there is? In the tundra, a tiny branch of a dwarf birch is also fuel. If you go for a walk along the tundra with an empty backpack, you can fill it to the top with such firewood. Be sure to put damp willow and birch trunks mixed with dry twigs in the fire, otherwise the dry fuel will burn out instantly. Such a fire must be lit, not fenced off from the wind. He will fan the flames. And in the desert, dung will help you out.
Once, when crossing the pass to the Putorana Plateau, our friends were saved by old turbo tanks, on which dinner was cooked for four people. Old sneakers burn very well. The new ones also probably burn well, but we have not tried it. And on the barren treeless peaks of the hills of Altai, Sayan, the Far East, ruined wooden triangulation towers are often found.

Leading the traditional way of life of peoples extreme north and Siberians have a belief that firewood and branches should be stacked in one direction, according to the course of the fire and the location of the rest of the firewood and branches. the fire devours the tree, and therefore cannot accept food placed across the mouth. there is a fair amount of truth in this belief: the fire diverges better when the material for the fire lies in a strictly defined orientation.

Matvey Lifshits, Candidate of Medical Sciences, states: “In no case should you cook an ax, the handle of which is varnished or painted. If you lower a cleaned wooden handle into water, you will get ash or birch broth (depending on the material of the handle) and a certain amount of carbohydrates: in them the vegetable fiber contained in the tree will turn. this is not harmful to the body, although you are unlikely to like the taste of boiled ash. if you place an ax blade (not covered with Teflon) in a pan while cooking porridge, the water will acquire an unpleasant metallic taste, which, however , also will not harm the body, because some patients are specially prescribed iron-containing preparations. But in this form, the metal is unlikely to be absorbed, but it can give a colorful black color to your stool. "

Whose axes are better?
Fiskars is a very opinionated company that gives a 10-year warranty on the handles of their axes, claiming that they cannot be broken. these handles are hollow inside, and therefore light, made of durable, fiberglass-reinforced polyamide, are not afraid of dampness and cold weather. the blades are teflon coated (do not rust), soft and easy to enter into the tree.

When collecting water from a swampy pond, you should not just scoop it up. It is much better to dig a hole next to the pond and wait a few minutes until it fills with cleaner, filtered through the soil, water. During the period of high water and snowmelt, water from forest lakes and pits does not require cleaning.

Building a fire without matches.
To do this, you will need what is in any home - this is potassium permanganate and glycerin. Pour about 1 gram of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) ground into a fine powder.
Then carefully drop 2-3 drops of glycerin onto it from a pipette or from a glass tube and quickly remove your hand. It will take only 2-3 seconds, and you will see how the fire breaks out. Do not get carried away with a fire that is too big. In the summer, cut off the grass around the fire, or better yet, dig in the fire.

If during the parking lot it rains heavily, if everything around is soaked that it is nowhere wetter, and several boxes of matches that have not had time to dampen have been spent on kindling the fire, you especially want hot food, a seagull.
In this case, you need to look for the dried wood of the red (shelugi); those sticks that crack when broken - for kindling, those that do not crack - for firewood. If you find a redstone - a fire is provided, hot food, heat, tea and light are provided.
Reference.
Krasnotal, red willow, sheluga (Salix acutifolia), shrub or tree (up to 7 m high) from the willow genus; differs in bare brown-red shoots with a bluish bloom. The leaves are linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, dark green above, bluish-green below. grows on sandy places Northern Kazakhstan and the European part of Russia. in Siberia and Far East a related species grows along the banks of rivers - dewy willow (S. rorida).

Once you have caught the fish, cut out the gills and large blood vessels near the spine. Scrape off the scales. To gut a fish, cut open the belly and remove the innards. If you won't put the fish on a skewer, cut off its head. Some fish, such as catfish, do not have scales; you need to remove the skin from it. Small fish (less than 10 cm) should not be gutted, scales should be scraped off or the skin removed.

The way to make fire in the absence of matches is to quickly drag a piece of steel wire over a wooden block. The wire heats up, and you can ignite gunpowder, film, and other flammable materials from it.

To preserve the caught fish, they gut it, but at the same time they do not wash it in water and do not salt it, but only wipe it dry with grass or a rag. Then, having inserted struts into the abdomen, the fish is flattened and hung out in the wind for 15-20 minutes. Slightly dried carcasses are shifted with nettles or fresh (but always dry) sedge.
Fish can also be dried on hot stones. When the fish is dry, sprinkle it with salt water to salt it; do not attempt to store fish products unless they are properly dried and salted.

If on a hike you decide to treat yourself to a fried kebab or something just as tasty, then good coals are a must for you. So, the coals in the fire are already ready, but the fire does not subside. Take rock salt and sprinkle generously on the coals. The heat will become even and strong, and the fire will go astray.

At seasoned tourists equipment, including dishes, lasts a long time. When used on bowlers, a thick layer of soot is formed. It is quite difficult to clean it mechanically. We propose to do this by annealing.
Annealing is carried out with cast iron, aluminum utensils on a strong flame of a gas burner or a blowtorch. At first, when heated, the plaque chars, smokes, the dishes blacken even more. Then, heated to a faint red glow, the outer walls are cleaned: a thick layer of soot peels off and falls off, and a thin layer turns into ashes and crumbles, leaving a completely clean surface. It remains only to let the pot or pan cool naturally, in the air. You can then lightly polish the bowler hat with tooth powder, and then rinse with a weak solution of soda.
Annealing is best done outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Do not overheat the dishes, otherwise it may melt, this is especially dangerous for handles. Please note that aluminum and its alloys are fragile when hot, so do not grab the handles until the dishes have cooled, otherwise they may fall off. Remove plastic handles completely or, if this is not possible, wrap them with a wet cloth and moisten it regularly during annealing.

It is most convenient to stir food with a wooden spatula. Prepare it in advance: length - 8 cm, width - 4 cm, thickness - 1 cm. The handle is long, 55 cm. Having made a hole at the end of the handle, fasten a steel wire hook in it: the spatula can be hung on any bough. This blade washes and dries well. During the transition, it can be laid together with a tripod for a bowler hat.

Experienced backpackers travel light, so a laundry tub is not on the list of important things. However, things get dirty. We offer an original way of washing if there is no reservoir nearby. Dig a hole, put the opened bag in it. Pour water into the bag - a basin of water is ready. Wash for health!

It is useful to burn tin cans and pieces of aluminum foil before burying at the stake: after the varnish that usually covers these products and materials is completely burned, they will collapse faster.
The surface of metals becomes porous, and corrosion under the action of air oxygen and soil moisture will go with a vengeance. Two or three years - and almost nothing will remain of the can buried in the ground.

It is also better to burn plastic bags and polystyrene bottles, because under the influence of only natural conditions These polymers will completely decompose in about a hundred years.
And waste from polyvinyl chloride, which is quite easy to distinguish from polyethylene (polyvinyl chloride is more plastic and less durable than polyethylene, becomes brittle in the cold), it is better not to burn it (when it burns, extremely toxic chlordioxins are formed), but to bury it in a pit with non-combustible waste.

They say that the Eskimos do not wash the dishes at all, but let the dogs lick them. If you have a four-legged friend, you can try this method, but then we still recommend washing the camping bowls with water!

Starch and naphthalene were additionally added to the coating of straws of storm matches. Such matches are not afraid of wind even with a force of 10-12 points, which is especially important for sailors and fishermen. It is useful to have storm matches both for tourists on a serious hike and for climbers.

Tourists should be able to find a safe and comfortable place to rest, quickly set up a tent, and if not, build a temporary shelter, light a fire in any weather.

For any bivouac, they choose a place protected from the wind, a flat, dry place, not far from which there is firewood and water.

For a lunch halt, you need to be located in the shade, for an overnight stay - on a flat area with soft soil.

In the mountains, the camp cannot be located where there can be rockfalls, avalanches, landslides, mud flows (mudflows), where it can be flooded by a mountain river. Before choosing a place for a bivouac, they look for nearby recently fallen (lighter) stones, go away from high rocks, from where rockfall is possible. You should not camp on the moraine; if there is no other way out, it is necessary to choose a flat, not steep area and check whether the stones from the top of the moraine will roll to where the tents are supposed to be set up. Sometimes for a tent you have to level the site.

It is impossible to set up a bivouac in a dry bed of a mountain river or on a shallow near the water itself, since at night rain for several hours, and sometimes tens of minutes, can sharply raise the water level or cause a mud flow.

In the taiga, one should not set up a camp in dense bushes or in coniferous thickets because of the danger of forest fires and mosquitoes. It is necessary to ensure that there are no dry, rotten trees nearby that can be knocked down by the wind. It is better to choose a lodging place for the night in a rare coniferous forest, where the soil is covered with fallen dry needles, and tree branches cannot catch fire from a fire.

Rice. 66. Ways of fastening a tent

In the steppe, parking is made behind a hillock, in a beam, to hide from the wind. In the northern tundra regions, a drier patch can be found on river terraces, rocky or sandy soil elevations.

By the river (during a water trip), the camp should be set up not far from the water, preferably on the shore, illuminated by the sun in the morning.

The site for the night bivouac begins to look after 15-20 minutes before the stop. All participants carry out the work on its organization: one or two kindle a fire, bring water and start cooking, others collect firewood for the evening and morning, set up tents, place things in them. Part of the backpacks, products that did not fit in the tent are put in one place and in case of rain at night they are carefully covered with raincoats or waterproof material. Things should not be scattered throughout the camp in order to avoid their loss in stones, grass or sand. Axes are always stored in the same place.

For a tent, choose a flat area without bumps, pits and stumps, remove all knots and stones. The site must be horizontal: even a slight slope will interfere with normal rest. If the tent is set up next to trees, you can tie guy lines behind some of them (Fig. 66).

Dry leaves, small dry twigs, grass, ferns, reeds or moss are placed under the floor of the tent, and when sleeping on snow and ice, ropes, empty backpacks, and windbreakers are placed on the floor inside the tent. As already mentioned, stick rugs are good.

Having unfolded the tent, they stretch the floor between the pegs driven into the ground. Then they put racks - either exactly at the height of the tent (then they are set inside), or above the tent (then they are placed 30-40 cm from it) - and pull the main guys.

Before pulling the roof braces, fasten the entrance. Pegs for corner braces are driven in so that the ropes are, as it were, a continuation of the diagonals of the rectangles of the roof slopes. After all the pegs are clogged, they adjust the length of the braces, and sometimes change the location of the pegs, ensuring that there is not a single fold on the roof panels and at the same time, the tension force of the ropes does not tear the fabric.

The pegs are hammered with the butt of an ax at an angle of 45 ° to the ground. To set up a tent, you need 10 pegs (preferably metal) 20-25 cm long and 2 racks. Both should be prepared in advance and carried along with the tent (racks are folding). Instead of racks, you can use alpenstocks or 2 ice axes connected by auxiliary ropes.

In the mountains, guy ropes are tied to large stones before setting up the tent, and the stones are moved to the right place to regulate the tension of the ropes. In the forest, braces are fixed to the trees, the floor is stretched between the pegs last. The main guys should be tied to the trees at such a height that the side walls of the tent do not raise the floor, but do not sag.

In rainy weather, to protect against water flowing from the roof of the tent, around it you can dig a ditch 8-10 cm deep and wide with a groove that drains water along the slope of the terrain.

The back wall of the tent is placed in the direction of the wind. After sunset, the entrance to the tent should be closed so that things do not become damp when dew falls. When it rains, do not touch the roof, otherwise it will get wet. Warm clothes are laid on the floor (quilted jackets, blankets, etc.), backpacks with soft clothes are placed under the head. The pockets on the side and rear walls of the tent hold electric flashlights, goggles, toiletries, compasses, etc. Axes in a case can be placed under the floor of the tent at the “entrance”, and boots can be placed inside it at the “exit”.

If there is no tent (on a one-day trip), you can spend the night under a piece of tarpaulin or polyethylene, using branches to build a single or double tent. You can make an inclined barrier out of blankets and light a long fire in front of it at a distance of 2-2.5 m from the tourists lying under the barrier.

Comments:

Message from: Belieber
All is well, but. Zero literacy. And stupid mistakes!-. —

budetinterestno.info

So, we are in nature, with a fighting mood and a new tent and ready to set it up) Where to start? Before setting up the tent, find a level, dry and well-ventilated area. Clean it of foreign objects - cones, twigs, stones, which can not only disturb your sleep, causing inconvenience, but also damage the bottom of the tent. There should be no bumps, mounds, protruding tree roots on the ground.

Be careful with anthills - such a neighborhood is unlikely to bring joy. It should be borne in mind that dense trees will prevent the tent from drying and airing, however, set up in the open rays of the sun, the tent will heat up during the day.

The golden mean is important here. When choosing a place for a tent, you need to remember that in case of rain it is undesirable to be in a puddle of water rushing from the slope. UV rays damage the PU coating, so place the tent in the shade if possible. If during the day the tent has to stand under the scorching rays of the sun, cover it with an awning.

For safety measures on a hike, the tent should not be too close to the fire, because even a small spark can damage it, the same applies to hot objects that, in contact with the material, will easily burn a hole. At the same time, do not forget that a suitable place must be found, and not created, you should not destroy the vegetation and level the relief within a radius of several meters, it is better to just look for a more convenient place;)

The scheme will help to set up the tent, if you strictly follow the instructions, following the sequence of work, there will be no problems. It is best to familiarize yourself with the design of the tent at home, so you will not get confused in its assembly, and at the same time check whether all the necessary components of the tent (arcs, pegs, awning) are in place.

It is necessary to stretch the surface of the tent without distortions, evenly with all extensions, avoiding folds and kinks, which can lead to abrasion of the fabric. When installing, make sure that there is no contact between the tent and the inner tent, otherwise the condensate from the inside of the tent will be inside the tent itself. The stakes are driven into the ground at an angle of about 45°. length, otherwise they may warp or pop out under tension.

When entering the tent, leave dirty shoes and wet outerwear either outside or in the dressing room. Do not smoke inside and do not use open flames. Even if everything works out, traces of burning will remain on the inner surface. When assembling the tent, do not forget to shake it out, remove all foreign objects.

When assembling the arcs, pay attention to the joints of the tubes - there should be no gaps between the elements. It is better to start disassembling the arcs from the middle and fold in pairs. This will not only prolong the life of the rubber band by stretching it evenly, but it will also make it easier to disassemble - it will be faster and requires less space.

It is advisable to fold the tent each time in different ways so that there are no permanent folds of the fabric, otherwise, over the years, the permanent folds of the fabric will wear out.

Tent maintenance at home

Before you take a new tent with you on a hike, it is advisable to assemble it at home in order to familiarize yourself with the method of assembling it in comfortable and familiar conditions. At the same time, you will check whether all the necessary components of the tent (such as arcs, pegs, awning) are in place.
THE MOST IMPORTANT RULE: The tent must be stored DRY! If you store your tent in a wet or damp state, be prepared for mold to form on it.

Each time after a hike, you need to reassemble the tent at home and make sure that it is well dried. If there is moisture, leave the disassembled tent in a well-ventilated area until it is completely dry. Once again, we note that you should not leave the tent in direct sunlight.
If you have such an opportunity, it is better to store the tent without a packing bag. Do not store your tent in damp basements or in hot attics.

Do not forget that not only the inner tent must be dry, but also the awning. If you are overtaken by rain during the assembly of the tent, and you have no choice but to fold a wet awning, try to set aside time during the day to dry it. Ideally, after sunset.
Tent maintenance in the field

Humidity is the biggest enemy of a tent. The tent must be stored DRY. Therefore, if the weather allows, dry the tent well before assembling and packing. If this is not possible, be sure to dry it at home immediately upon return.
It is undesirable to tightly roll up undried tents. PU coating in a humid environment in places of folds and folds may move away, the water resistance of the tent in these places will be lost.

Protect the tent from prolonged exposure to direct sunlight.
Remove contaminants in time, they lead to rotting of the material. Zippers should not be clogged with dirt.
NEVER wash your awning in the washing machine! Otherwise, there is a risk of snags on the fabric, damage to the water-repellent coating, and hot water and heat can distort the material.
As detergents, it is better to use household or baby soap. If the dirt is very ingrained, a SOFT sponge will help. Water should be warm (no more than +40 °C). Strongly do not rub) It is best to wash in a straightened form. Dry thoroughly afterwards.
Over time, the protective water-repellent coating weakens. For restoration, there are many modern special impregnations, such as Nikwax. This will help to briefly solve the problem and allows the awning to last for some more time.
Repair all minor damage as soon as possible, this will facilitate the further use of the tent and will not allow damage to increase.
Following these simple recommendations, you will keep your tent in working condition for a long time!
Happy hiking!

Seams and waterproofing

Tents with unfinished seams that are permeable to moisture should be finished by hand with a seam sealer (liquid or adhesive) and a fine brush/applicator. When processing, follow the instructions that come with the sealant. It is advisable to process the seams in an open area outside the home. The shiny finish of the seam indicates that a water-repellent polyurethane coating was applied to it during production.
Do not forget that with long-term use of the tent, the coating of the seam weakens, in connection with this, the seams are re-treated with sealant.
A water-repellent coating can also be applied to the walls of the inner tent and its awning, as the protective layer of the tent weakens over time. In this case, use the same water-repellent products as for the upper membrane clothing. Single wall tents (mostly used by climbers) are made from waterproof, breathable material. For these tents, water repellents are used when they want to update its properties.

Most often, the inner tent and awning are produced with already processed, glued seams. This is necessary in order to hide the small holes from the needle that form during the stitching of two pieces of material.

One exception: tents (usually very light models) with silicone-treated nylon awnings.

How to bivouac

RULES OF BEHAVIOR IN NATURE

RULES FOR A BIVAC (HOLIDAY CAMP)

Since the greatest harm to nature causes long-term bivouac, consider the rules for organizing just such a bivouac. At the same time, it should be noted that it is unlikely that it will be possible to completely eliminate damage during the construction of a bivouac; it can only be about minimization. It should also be noted that sometimes environmental regulations conflict with safety regulations.

It is best to arrange bivouacs where there have already been several stopped people. If this place is littered, before arranging campground need to be made cleaning territory.

1). A place for the construction of a bivouac (tents, a fire pit, a garbage pit, a toilet, etc.) should be selected based on security schoolchildren, while trying to follow the rules of behavior in the wild as much as possible.

2). If a water protection zone is defined near the reservoir, a bivouac must be set up beyond.

3). It is impossible to arrange a bivouac in glades covered with moss. The layer of moss will be torn off in the first hours.

four). The bivouac is set up in such a way that damage as little as possible vegetation.

five). If the bivouac is long-term or crowded, it is necessary to plan and mark out, and then fence off stones on the paths along which its participants will walk - otherwise, all the vegetation on the territory will be trampled down! It is better to take stones from placers, and not to pick out those lying separately from the ground, since under them for many years their own small world which is so easy to destroy.

6). Tents should be installed in areas free from trees and shrubs; cutting them down to set up a tent is unacceptable.

7). Racks for tents you need to bring with you, in extreme cases, use deadwood. Cutting live trees for racks is unacceptable.

8). Pegs to fix the guy lines of the tents, you should also have them ready-made. However, it should be remembered that a peg driven into the soil, after being removed, leaves a hole that can give rise to erosion processes. For this reason, it is better to fasten braces for stones. You can also use tree trunks for this purpose, but not their branches or bushes, because. a quickdraw can simply tear off or damage the branch.

nine). Totally unacceptable ditch tent, i.e. build a drainage channel around it. If the tent is set up incorrectly, the groove will not save you from rain; A properly pitched tent does not need a groove. No matter how later the groove is leveled, the process of soil erosion will still begin from it.

10). Cannot be used as a bedding in a tent spruce branches cedar elfin, larch branches and moss.

eleven). One of the priorities in organizing a long-term camp is toilet construction; when organizing a short-term bivouac (for one or two days) - the choice of a place for the administration of natural needs.

12). pits for food waste and a toilet, it is necessary to dig no closer than 50 meters from the shore of the reservoir. Sod, cut from the site of the construction of the pits, must be placed in a shady place and periodically moistened with water.

13). Leaving the bivouac, everything must be carefully put away- The place must be perfectly clean. Stones taken for arranging a fire, paths, for setting up tents must be returned to where they were taken from. Garbage and toilet pits must be carefully covered with compacted soil and sod should be laid on top.

Other pages of the section "Educational programs":

www.ecosystema.ru

How to bivouac

Our goal is to provide the inhabitants of the region with affordable, high-quality and environmentally friendly meat and dairy products, and, therefore, ultimately contribute to ensuring the food independence and security of Russia.

The traditional tourist rally of the Sayansky Broiler Agroholding was held on June 18 and 19 on the channel of the Oka River. This year, Russian cinema was chosen as the theme of the tour.

In total, 14 teams took part in the event: teams from production units of the main production - a poultry farm in Sayansk, a team from OAO Trud from Irkutsk, OP Megetskoye from Meget, OP KhPP from Kuitun, Trade House Sayansky Broiler, OAO Kuytunskaya Niva ".

Competed in several types: the main type - the passage of the tourist strip, water crossing, presentation of bivouacs, cooking, amateur art competition, volleyball, shooting, darts, hula hoop spinning.

The winners in the team competition were the Incubatory team,

Kettlebell lifting: once again, Yuriy Otmorsky has the best result (55 bench presses). Hula hoop spinning is the best result — Anastasia Senko. Pshechenko Krestina (130 points) turned out to be the most accurate in throwing darts. Yury Okorokov won in bullet shooting among men, Olesya Romanova won among women. The team of Trud JSC received a prize and a certificate for the best greeting.

Creative teams approached the design of bivouacs. Both the bivouac and the dish were decorated according to the theme of the film chosen by the team. It was difficult for the jury to evaluate the competition, because the whole glade turned into a single film studio.

The presentation of bivouacs and meals was attended by State Duma Deputy S.Yu.Ten, Chairman of the Board of Directors V.V.Bukhanov, Mayor of the Sayansk Municipal District O.V.Borovsky.

The rain prevented the amateur art competition from being held as scheduled. It was held on Sunday 19 June. 1st place - management, 2nd place - feed shop, 3rd place - Kuytunskaya Niva PJSC.

The winners and prize-winners were awarded diplomas and prizes. All teams that took part in the tourist rally were awarded certificates and valuable gifts.

www.s-broiler.ru

Test of strength

Last Saturday, the traditional fifth city tourist meeting of working and student youth started in the picturesque glade of the Zhuravlik recreation center.

It was dedicated to the Year of Russian Cosmonautics and the 50th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight into space. And this day was announced in Sverdlovsk region Day of sobriety, and our sportsmen-tourists willingly supported the initiative.

Needless to say, it was an unusually cold day. Just yesterday it was summer, the sun was frying with might and main, and then it hid behind the clouds and indifferently watched everything from the expanses of a gloomy sky.

But tourists, accustomed to the surprises of the Ural weather, were not at all embarrassed. A lot of teams arrived at the competition site from the evening of the previous day, put up tents, took down the turf, lit fires, practiced again for passing the difficult stages of the distance, arranged their bivouacs, and spent the night in nature.

And at dawn the rest arrived. The forest clearing resounded again with the sounds of a working chainsaw, an ax (ready-made chocks are brought with you). From the fires a savory spirit went, morning tea seasoned with smoke and herbs boiled in pots. Every campfire has jokes, laughter, music. Everyone forgot about the bad weather! But in vain: she, mother, added extreme sports in the coming day.

And now - the formation, the solemn raising of the flag of Russia and ... first, a minute of silence in memory of the athletes of the Yaroslavl hockey team Lokomotiv who tragically died in a plane crash and the crew of the crashed plane. Then - words of welcome from the head of the city district Viktor Grishin, the chief referee of the competition Boris Bersenev, the head of the department for physical culture, sports and youth policy of the administration of the city district Natalia Andrievskaya, a member of the political council of the United Russia party, assistant to the deputy of the City Duma Viktor Gusev. Well, the presentation of teams - in the first competition of the rally - "Contest of greetings." Short, bright chants, interesting costumes. By all appearances, the teams were preparing seriously.

The mutual greeting is over. Viktor Vasilyevich wished the tourists a wise and sober lifestyle, health, perseverance in achieving the goal. Natalia Andrievskaya and Boris Bersenev - a worthy fight in the upcoming sports and creative competitions. And then ... Further, the cooks remain by the fires, the teams go to the start in the most difficult and responsible stage of the sports tourism competition - the "Obstacle Course". The length of the distance is about 4 kilometers (now it is longer than last year, and takes place in a different place), there are eleven stages, the height difference is 100 meters. Separate start, interval - 5 minutes, distance class - first, high. A team of six people (including at least two girls) overcomes the distance on their own, focusing on the map of the area, moreover, for the time. Control time on the course - 2.5 hours. A team that does not meet this time is considered withdrawn from the competition. I’ll make a reservation right away, the tourists of the plant’s team - the winners of last year’s rally - noted that the new distance is moderately difficult and very interesting: thanks to Dmitry Abramov, chairman of the TO “Territory active rest", and employees of the MU "Emergency and Rescue Service". It was they who prepared and laid the track, set up the checkpoint.

Seventeen tourist teams, according to the draw, will start (the first at 10.30 am), having received a route map with control points marked on it. It is important to observe the order in which tasks are performed.

The stages are different. “Start with packing” (every little thing is serious!); “Movement on the slope with an alpenstock” - a special safety stick for moving along the slope; "Glade of tasks" - on the knowledge of international distress codes; "Providing the first medical care and transportation of the victim; "Azimuth course with overcoming dense undergrowth" (up to 200 meters); "Crossing on a suspended log" suspended through a conditionally dangerous zone; "Orientation"; "Water stage", which is a race on catamarans at a distance of 300 meters in different heats according to the Olympic system, starts in pairs and qualifying singles.

Stage "Gat". It was here that I remembered the morning weather extreme. Imagine: out of breath athletes run to the shore of the pond - a small but deep swampy recess through which three wet poles are laid, crossed by short logs (conditional support points). There are six of these logs on a 15-meter section. Everything is within reach of the poles. Having stepped on this champing, wet, all in knots, support, after a few steps you need to take a pole and lay it forward, to the next log, and then stand on it and, balancing, quickly run a segment. Then pick up the pole again, lay it to the next log ... and so on to each member of the team, taking the last pole in turn, until everyone is on a dry shore, without having bathed in cold water and without even getting their feet wet.

The teams silently, concentratedly, without female tantrums, carried out the task very clearly. The girls were especially surprised. I stood on the shore and thought: “Well, just lose your balance a little, slip in wet sneakers, catch on a long pole - and you are in icy water. In bold! So the extreme turned out to be a real test of strength, and even with such a rich competition program, which only the trained can do.

By one o'clock in the afternoon all the sports stages were completed and the members of the judiciary went to visit. It was necessary to visit all the bivouacs, sum up the results of the competition for the best bivouac and the best tourist lunch. It was here that the theme of the rally was fully highlighted: space. What kind of cosmic dishes were not tried by the members of the jury! Soups cooked on a fire and poured into pumpkin containers, similar to an alien ship. All kinds of salads, laid out in the form of a flying saucer, an unidentified space object, and even vegetable cakes in the form of a comet or rocket. The aesthetics of the execution of the dishes argued with the merits of taste, which confused the judging tasting board. But lunch time warmed up the appetite - and tried everything!

Each bivouac met with a cordial, cheerful greeting of the team. Poems and songs with a guitar, participation of children - little fans: their drawings, crafts on a space theme. And on the design of the bivouacs, everyone did a great job. The jury members did not see any abandoned garbage, broken trees and shrubs anywhere. Each team presented their chip, according to the name. Well, as for the topic of the rally, here everyone's fantasy was in full swing. About space is so different and so interesting! In space helmets and suits, sitting in flying saucers made of tents, the rally participants talked about space as their native element. No one even expected that tourists were capable of this - people walking with a backpack on the EARTH.

And here is the awards ceremony. Above the large clearing sound the names of the winning teams. The jubilant winners of the rally to loud applause and encouraging cries of fans (and rivals!) Come forward. Participants are also marked. All - gifts, applause.

Diploma for the first place in the open city tourist meeting of working and student youth, dedicated to the year of Russian cosmonautics and the 50th anniversary of Yu. The second place is awarded to the team "A clear stump!" youth public organization of the plant "Elektrokhimpribor". The third place went to the Pilot team (Federal State Unitary Enterprise Elektrokhimpribor Combine).

In the second group of teams B, the diploma of the winner is awarded to the team "Ultra-Mega" ("Ural-furniture"). The second place went to the Galaxy Artisans team (Profile No. 78). The diploma for the third place is given to the team "Mobile" (Department of Education).

In the nomination "Obstacle course" the first in group "A" were the tourists of the plant "Elektrokhimpribor" - the team "Pilot"; in group "B" - the team "Europe" (the general education center "Europe");

In the nomination "Water stage" in group "A" the first place was won by the team "Prometheus" (FPS No. 6); in group "B" - the team "Gagariki" (social rehabilitation center "Chaika");

In the nomination "Tourist lunch" in group "A" the team "Torglandia" (consumer market) won; in group "B" - the team "Slaughter League" (OMVD); and there were no winners in the nomination "Best Bivouac" - everyone excelled!

In the nominations announced by the territorial organization of the United Russia party, the winners are: in the nomination "In a healthy body - a healthy mind!" - team "Bodybuilders" (SKDTS "Sovremennik"); in the nomination "Patience and work - they will grind everything!" - team "Jedi" (TIYaU MEPhI); in the nomination "Our strength is in unity" - the team "Medsanbat" (TsMSCh-91).

The meeting was clear and organized. A great merit in this is the youth department of the administration in the person of Natalya Andrievskaya, Tatyana Kudelkina, Tatyana Napalkova Inna Popova. And of course, the tourists themselves, who love this gathering, are waiting for it and preparing for it every year.

... The flag was lowered, the fires were extinguished, but the spark of a good and faithful tradition remained in the soul - to be friends, love nature and be with her "on you".

Temporary and base camps are arranged in each trip for recreation and various events. The main requirement for parking is safety. To do this, one must take into account natural factors: the presence of water, wild animals, snakes, insects, rockfalls, waterfalls, etc. Do not break under dry trees or branches - this is dangerous in case of bad weather. You can not set up a camp under separate trees - in the event of a thunderstorm, such a camp will be dangerous. In addition to natural factors, it is necessary to take into account the criminogenic situation - the presence of settlements, busy roads, etc.

When developing the route, the leader of the group must outline where the camp will be, in what place, taking into account the availability of drinking water, a sufficient amount of good firewood and brushwood for cooking on a fire, whether the place itself is safe for the camp. He must foresee and think over all these questions in advance. As mentioned above, any leader of the campaign should study the route well and imagine in what area or in what area the group's path passes.

Proper pitching of tents is one of the main conditions for safe camping. Tents are set up at a safe distance from each other so that they do not interfere with the tension of the ropes (stretch marks), so that there is enough space to pass between them. Tents are set up on an elevated place, blown by the wind (from mosquitoes and midges). The need to install them on a flat and elevated part is due to the fact that during rain the water does not get under the tents and wet all things. If it is not possible to install it so that rainwater does not wet the bottom of the tents, then small grooves are dug around the tent to drain the water, and the drain is diverted to the side.

The exit of the tents is located in the direction of the wind, so that it does not blow inward, and in the free direction from the forest or other obstacles. For safety, all tent exits must be free for evacuation from them during natural phenomena. The place under the tents is cleaned of debris, cones, knots and other bulky items that will interfere with the rest.

In swampy areas or in flooded areas of land where camping is planned, special scaffolds are set up from poles and branches, on which the tent and all the necessary things are then set up to prevent them from getting wet during heavy and prolonged rain.

Each group with tents should have waterproof awnings or capes for tents. If the tents are constructed or sewn from waterproof fabric, then additional capes or awnings are not needed.

The tent camp is set up compactly and rationally, for the convenience of the participants themselves in the recreation camp. It makes no sense to set up tents at a great distance from each other or in a zone of poor visibility - all participants must be supervised by the leader.

In mountain hikes for overnight stays on snow or glaciers, a plastic film is used, which is placed under the bottom of the tent to prevent getting wet during a night's rest. The film creates additional insulation from cold snow or ice.

It is better to spend the night in a tent with your feet inward, and with your head towards the entrance.

All entrances to the tent should be easy to fasten and unfasten in order to avoid accident during a quick evacuation.

All tents used by tourists should be convenient for camping and rest after a hard and busy day, optimal in size, and easily collapsible. The shape and color of the tent play a big role, having a strong psychological impact on the hikers. If the tents are gloomy in appearance, have a complex structure, are difficult to set up, leak during heavy rain have a nice rest not achieve. After such a rest, all the participants of the campaign remain in a depressed mood, psychological stress is created. The color of the tents should be varied and beautiful, should please the eye even in bad weather. Tents should stand out brightly against the background of green nature, white snow in winter hikes, On The Gray Rocks In The Mountains. They must be seen from a great distance.

The fire and all campfire equipment are located at a safe distance from the tent camp. They try to make the fire itself so that the wind blows in the opposite direction from the camp and the forest in order to prevent a fire or any ignition. During the arrangement of the fire, all fire safety requirements for lighting a fire in the forest are fulfilled. The glade where the fire will be lit is freed from dry grass or pine needles. It is strictly forbidden to make fire near dead wood. If there is sod, then it is carefully dug out in small layers and laid away from the fire or along the perimeter of the future site of the fire.

If special tagankas or bonfire stakes are used, then this is only welcomed by environmentalists, while forests and bushes are saved from being cut down for racks for bonfires and utensils and household equipment.

After the parking is over, the fire is filled with water, all the firebrands are removed, and the previously removed turf is put in place.

Special security measures must be taken when near the river. There are cases when tourists die while getting drinking water from rivers. A steep bank without organized railings contributes to the occurrence emergency. This is also facilitated by the high speed of the river and the strong slope of the channel or bottom. The trek leader must warn all tourists how to behave on the river when organizing a camp.

Outhouse equipment. The natural needs of a person make us think about the equipment of camping latrines. Ignorance of the elementary rules of their arrangement can lead to the fact that a beautiful corner wildlife in 2-3 days it will turn into a place unsuitable for human existence with countless flies.

The simplest types of camping latrines are the "cat's hole" and the forest toilet for collective use.

The "cat's hole" is dug in a secluded place at a distance of at least 75 meters from the camp and nearby paths. With the help of a camping shovel, equip a small hole with a depth of no more than 18 cm. It is at this depth that microorganisms live that can process natural human waste and a small amount of toilet paper.

After using the cat's hole, fill it in with previously excavated soil and stick a stick on top as a warning signal to other members of the campaign.

A forest toilet for collective use is equipped if it is planned to spend 2 nights or more at the parking lot. Using a spatula, dig a shallow groove 35-40 cm wide and 120-150 cm long. The depth of the groove, for the same reasons as in the case of the "cat's hole", should not exceed 18 cm.

The cut turf and the top layer of soil are not thrown away, but neatly stored in one place. After each use of the latrine, it is sprinkled with earth, and after the camp is collapsed, it is buried and covered with turf.

Campfire

It is difficult to imagine any hiking trip without a fire. But making friends with a fire is not easy: you need to be able to properly make it, know what kind of firewood he likes, how to make it burn for a long time without requiring a lot of firewood, and many other skills.

The principle of making a fire in itself is simple. First, kindling is ignited - some kind of material that can give a large enough flame for a short time so that very thin dry branches as thick as a match are taken from it. Then thicker branches are placed in the fire for good burning, approaching the thickness of a pencil. So gradually thicker and thicker firewood is put into the fire. It is clear that all firewood put into the fire must be dry.

For kindling, paper is usually used, less often birch bark. It must be remembered that it is unacceptable to remove birch bark from birches growing near the bivouac for kindling. Birch bark is usually stored for future use when a rotten or fallen tree is found during the transition.

Experienced tourists often do without paper or birch bark. As kindling, they use either a thin splinter, which is taken from the middle of a dry log, or a very dry branch. They can always be found near a large spruce or dense young pine forest at the bottom of tree trunks.

However, it is better for a novice tourist to use both a small torch and a cobweb as the first portion of fuel, which will go on fire as soon as the kindling flares up.

Often in a coniferous forest, kindling lies under your feet - bend down and pick it up. These are dry pine needles and cones. They are the best material for kindling a fire. Good material is located on pine trees - these are dead lower branches: they are very dry and kindle with one match.

The kindling is usually placed in a place ready for a fire, and twigs or splinter from the first batch of fuel are placed on top of it, but not all the harvested firewood. They are laid as the fire flares up and the first coals are formed.

Kindling should be ignited from below on the leeward side, protecting the flame from strong winds. As soon as the kindling has flared up, branches are placed on top of the fire and laid evenly at an angle. Fresh fuel must not be thrown into the fire at random. If the branches or splinters lay down in a dense layer, they will clog the fire, and the fire will immediately go out. This is a common mistake of young tourists: as soon as a flame appears, they generously lay pre-prepared firewood on it, as a result, the fire subsides and the ignition has to be started again, while losing precious time and firewood.

An experienced tourist will never start a fire until he has prepared the fuel necessary for the first time. He knows that he will not be able to move away from the fire until the branches one and a half or two fingers thick flare up. And the time he spends collecting this fuel will always be less than the time it takes to re-ignite the fire.

There are many options for starting a fire in different climates and weather conditions. It is good to kindle a fire in dry weather, when there is a lot of dry brushwood. But the situation is quite different in rainy and cold, inclement weather. Kindling a fire becomes a big problem for inexperienced hikers.

The first thing that tourists should pay attention to during the gathering and during the trips themselves is to ensure that the matches are well sealed. There are many options for this. It is best to have reusable packaging. Now in stores you can buy matches that burn even in water, so making a fire with them in wet weather will not be difficult. But no matter how versatile the matches are, the ability to properly assemble a fire and kindle it will come in handy for everyone.

In order not to be in a difficult position near an extinct fire, you should take with you an artificial kindling that is not afraid of moisture - dry alcohol tablets, pieces of plexiglass, a candle stub, even old toothbrush pens can come in handy.

It is impossible to use explosive and combustible substances as artificial kindling, which are dangerous to health, and besides, they are ineffective. Even if it is possible to find some way to use them, leading to combustion, and not an explosion, such kindling burns out so quickly that the firewood does not have time to catch fire. Combustible substances - alcohol, gasoline, kerosene - are also ineffective. The branches doused with them light up instantly, but go out immediately as soon as gasoline or alcohol burns out. And this happens extremely quickly, so that branches or firewood do not even have time to dry out a little. Yes, and carrying gasoline with you in a canister is problematic.

There are many types of fires that have been used by tourists, fishermen, and hunters since ancient times. The main types of commonly used fires are shown on the reference page. It is better to remove firewood from rain under a canopy or awning for drying and safety. If there is a lot of firewood harvested, and it is difficult to remove it under the awning of the tent, then it is necessary to cover it with plastic wrap, securing the ends with stones or other cargo so that it is not blown away by the wind.

The black forest rustling in the rain seems cold and hostile, there is a desire to somehow pull up tents and quickly hide in them without eating, without drying. In a bad mood, people hide in tents and shiver all night, warming themselves only with the warmth of their own bodies, and in the morning they get up tired and broken, although the rain has already stopped and it is shining. bright sun, but the mood after a cold night is heavy and the whole trip goes down the drain.

But if you managed to build a good fire, despite the rain and wind, your mood immediately rises, warmth and light come from the fire, which fill people's hearts with goodness and a sense of happiness. Bivouac work is going on together and cheerfully, everyone has time to dry wet things, cook a good dinner, and everyone is in a great mood. New plans are being made for the next day. The first chords of the guitar are heard at the night fire.

Crockery and campfire equipment

Cooking utensils are also among the items of group equipment. With the exception of one-day hikes, where you can limit yourself to making tea and simply snacking on homemade sandwiches, it is recommended to take three different containers on a hike so that you can cook the first, second and third courses on the fire at the same time. As the experience of hiking trips has shown, aluminum pots of various shapes that fit into each other are best suited for cooking. Depending on the composition of the group members, the required volume of pots, that is, boiler equipment, is determined. It will be very difficult to feed a large group of 10-15 people with a 2-3 liter pot. Therefore, it is necessary to check the volume of pots for cooking in advance. For a large number of participants, large buckets are taken on a hike. But walking with buckets is simply difficult and inconvenient, and therefore it is recommended to limit the number of participants in a group to 8-10 people. Pots with a spherical bottom are inconvenient. Pots with a flat bottom are more practical - they are stable. When cooking in pots over a fire, they are smoked and dirty, so you need to have special covers for them. But you should always monitor the cleanliness of the pots and the dishes themselves. When there is free time, the attendants should wash the soot from the pots well so that it does not grow in a large layer. If possible, you need to purchase lids for pots to speed up cooking.

In any trip, it is desirable to have a ladle or a large pouring spoon. It is desirable in the kitchen to have a small piece of oilcloth for table decoration. You can place products on it. If none of the participants has a folding knife with a blade for opening cans, then you need to take a special can opener on a hike. Opening jars with a simple knife or ax is undesirable.

Experienced campers on duty around the fire can usually move or remove the hot pot without spilling a drop, using a small gnarled stick. However, young hikers who do not have hiking skills are advised to take a pair of canvas mittens on the hike to work with hot pots.

Among the items that provide cooking, there are also hooks for hanging buckets and pots, metal racks, flyers, home-made taganka, cable extensions.

Let's consider some of them. Since the pots hang over the fire on one crossbar, removing them is always a problem: one has to hold the crossbar, the other takes off hot soup or tea, and all this is done over a burning fire and therefore requires special care. The most widespread in the campaign now have a variety of hanging hooks for hanging bowlers. They are mainly used to quickly hang or take down a pot over a fire. With special hooks, you can adjust the height at which you can hang the bowler over the fire. They also allow you to remove bowlers with ready-made food without touching the crossbar.

Campfire equipment:

• hooks for hanging pots
• chains for hanging
• interchangeable supports for racks
• collapsible taganok

Cable equipment, which is described in many books, was also tested in the field and did not show its best side. Firstly, the cable must be well stretched between the trees, and this is a big problem. Without the help of special systems or good efforts, it simply cannot be pulled. At a minimum, two good trees should be nearby and the distance between them should be about 5-6 meters. The crown of trees should not be low, as a fire is made under them.

Secondly, when a steel cable is pulled, the bark of trees is always deformed, which causes damage to nature. Cooking takes place only once or twice, then the tourists leave, and the trail from the cable remains for a long time, causing injury to the trees.

Thirdly, closely growing trees have a double crown, and a fire is lit just under this zone, which is very fire hazardous: a large flame and heat rises from a strong or large fire, which can lead to the ignition of scorched leaves or needles and the death of tree branches.

Fourth, walking around such a fire with a tight cable is also unsafe, especially in the evening and at night. A thin cable is almost invisible in the evening, and hikers, especially children, can easily be injured by it. When working around a fire, the cable can be caught in branches or firewood, which can lead to the overturning of the pot if dinner or lunch is being cooked on the fire.

Fifth, when the cable is operated at high temperature, it changes its qualities. Burnout and annealing of steel threads occur, which wear out over time and begin to stick out in different directions, which leads to hand injuries.

At sixth, it is necessary to have special devices in the form of brakes or bushings in order to prevent the bowlers from moving to one point on the cable.

Nowadays, metal racks or flyers are often used on weekend hikes, which ensures quick installation of campfire equipment and serves to preserve forest plantations. Metal racks are made of a steel tube with a diameter of 16-20 mm. In field conditions, they are carried in a special case. If possible, you can take the crossbar with you or, in extreme cases, find a strong ready-made stick.

After the camp is assembled and all things are removed, the campfire equipment is wiped from soot and put into a case.

Tagankas, which are made from steel angles or fittings, are taken only to large gatherings or events, where they are installed only once and removed after the completion of the entire event. Since they are metal-intensive and heavy to carry, they are not taken on hikes. At the base station with a large crowd of participants, they are indispensable and very convenient, you can put a lot of buckets or pots and even frying pans on them.

To the campfire equipment, you can also add a small sapper shovel to dig out the turf under the place of the future fire. The intended place of the fire is freed from the turf by digging in, the turf itself is carefully removed to the side, in a cool place so that it does not dry out. If the parking is to be long, then it is advisable to water the excavated turf with water so that it does not dry out. It is advisable not to dig a large hole under the fire. best size diggings 50-60 cm. After burning all the accumulated garbage, the fire is carefully filled with water. The previously removed turf is laid in its original place. The place of the fire completely covered with turf must be spilled with water. Thanks to this procedure, a real tourist will not leave behind black bald patches of scorched earth. If there are comfortable bivouac campsites, then it is advisable to camp there, and not elsewhere: it is undesirable to make fires in different places on the same campsite. Especially many of these sites are located along the banks of rivers, the most common routes water tourists and pedestrians. They, as a rule, have ready-made comfortable parking lots, places for tents and fires. The only thing that remains for tourists is not to spoil the “inventory” and not to leave behind mountains of garbage and scorched earth. If there is firewood left, do not burn it, leaving it to other groups.

Types of fires: 1-well; 2-hut; 3-star;
4-taiga -1; 5-taiga-2; 6-taiga-3;
7-large taiga from logs

Meals on the trip

Due to the high physical activity, high-calorie and nutritious food is required during the campaign. But the weight of the products increases this burden. The question of nutrition is very acute in a complex multi-day trip, where the body receives a very large load during the entire trip. Food consumption is calculated strictly for the entire duration of the trip. The diet is determined by the type of tourism and the timing of the trip, the duration and complexity of the trip.

On one-day hikes, you can sometimes do without cooking food and go with sandwiches, snacks and hot tea from thermoses or boiled at a large halt. On bike trips, tea is usually boiled over a fire, because it is not safe to carry thermoses with glass flasks on bicycles. At a common table at a halt or bivouac, when each participant takes out their products, a lunch menu is determined. Then you can decide whether to cook a full meal or get by with just tea. It depends on the goals of the trip, the composition of the group, the time that the group has. Preparing only tea takes at least an hour, a dinner, even a two-course meal, will take twice as long. Only more experienced hikers with extensive hiking experience can make a full meal in a very short time with optimal food consumption and calorie content.

Food weight on any weekend hikes (and longer simple hikes) must not exceed 1200 grams per person per day. The longer and more difficult the trip, the less weight of food per person per day has to be taken. AT sports trips of great complexity, the weight of products can be reduced even up to 800 grams per person per day. But it must be taken into account that such a diet, limited in weight, must be compensated in terms of calories, so that later there would be no serious consequences with starvation on the route itself with heavy physical exertion of the participants.

In any trips, it is advisable to eat three times a day: for breakfast and dinner - about 35-40% of the daily supply, at lunch about 20% of the daily allowance. On small halts, you can get by with dried fruits, glucose, sweets, biscuits, etc.

The diet in any trip should have as little weight as possible with a maximum of calories. At the same time, replacing less high-calorie carbohydrate foods (bread, cereals, vegetables, fruits) with more high-calorie proteins and fats to gain weight on weekend hikes is undesirable, since there will be no feeling of satiety due to a decrease in volume. Such a measure has to be taken only on long-distance difficult trips. In the diet during a hike, increased doses of vitamins, especially vitamin C, are needed.

Here is a diet for health-improving and training weekend trips per person per day (Table 7).

Table 7. Diet for one day per person

Name	grams	calories
Crackers (biscuits)
Cereals (hercules, buckwheat, peas, vermicelli)
Soup and vegetable concentrates
Meat (stewed, canned, fried, pate, freeze-dried)
Butter, melted bacon fat
Powdered milk
Sugar, candy, glucose
Raisins, prunes, nuts, onions, garlic
Salt, spices, vitamin tea, coffee

Particularly important is the composition and weight of products for winter ski trips. When skiing at a speed of 6 km / h, and with a backpack of about 30 kg, about 3.5-4 km / h, you need 8.5 calories per 1 kg of weight per hour. With a weight of 70 kg, a tourist spends 4760 calories only for movement in 8 running hours. The total energy consumption per day is 5000-5400 calories. With a total calorie content of 5000 kcal, proteins should account for 160-180g, fats 140-150g, carbohydrates 700-850g. Given this, we can recommend a compromise diet containing about 3,000 calories with a food mass of about 8,000 g. The missing 2,000 calories are gained by the body from internal reserves, mainly fat, which is quite acceptable with a trip duration of up to two to three weeks.

On summer trips, where energy consumption is less than in winter, the diet can be made even more economical, the diet can be less fat. Here, besides, “pasture” (mushrooms, berries, fish) is also possible.

Here is an approximate diet for hiking in the summer and winter periods per person per day (Table 8).

Table 8. Daily diet

winter hike			summer hike
Name	Gram		Name	Gram
Buckwheat, rice, dry kart.			Buckwheat, rice
Pea puree, borscht, soup conc.			Subl. Meat
Subl. meat			Ghee butter
Salo, lard			Dry cream
Ghee butter
Powdered milk
			Onion, garlic, salt
			Tea, coffee, spices
Vitamins. C, glucose
Coffee, cocoa, tea
Onion, garlic, salt
Total:

On weekend hikes, part of the products can be replaced (sublimated, canned, concentrates - natural, crackers or biscuits - bread), which will lead to some weight of the backpack up to 1200 g of daily ration. On short trips, this is acceptable, but when they want to evaluate the diet or change, then you need to stick to a similar list. Before any hike, you need to make a menu for all days. The diet and the menu itself do not always coincide with the desires of the participants themselves during the hike, so it is desirable to develop products that can be used to prepare a variety of dishes without disturbing the psychology of the participants during a difficult hike. You often have to change the entire menu according to the list that was compiled at home. In field conditions, almost everything can change, or partially, and the supply manager needs to be on the lookout and competently approach this issue, and not set a strict framework for preparing dishes for participants.

Table 9. Tourist's personal equipment

Name of items	Quantity, pieces, pairs in a campaign
	On foot	Ski	Gorny	Velo
Tent 3-4 person
Backpack (soft or easel)
Cape on a backpack
Backpack insert
Sleeping bag
Sleeping bag insert
Heat insulating mat
Mountain boots
Heat insulating mat
Fur stockings, chuni
Nylon lanterns on the legs
Warm vest (down)
wool trousers,
Cotton training trousers
cloak cape
Woolen thin sweater
Pants made of wool
Cotton T-shirt
Cotton socks
Nylon socks
Woolen socks
Hat light, with a visor
Woolen hat, balaclava
protective helmet
Bicycle gloves, motorcycle gloves
Gloves
Warm mittens
Protective mask
Windproof mask
Goggles in a case
Mosquito net
Towel
Handkerchiefs
Mug, spoon, bowl, knife,
Pouches (covers) for dishes,
Toilet. accessories (room)
drinking flask
Individual dressing. plastic bag
First aid kit
Insect repellents
Sunscreen ointment
Rubber tube, means
Clock with second hand
Adrianov's compass or liquid.
Waterproof matches
Dokum. in waterproof case
Notebook, pencil
Skis (cross-country, tourist,)
Ski bindings
ski poles
Backpack for bicycle
Ice ax, alpenstock, eisbeil
"Crampon
Belt or insurance system
Safety loops
descenders
Clamp jumar

Table 10. Group tourist equipment

Name of items	Type of hike
	on foot	ski	mountain	velo
Tent 4-seater (with awning)
tent pad)
Awning, 4x5 m
Boilers (set)
Autoclave
ladle
Can opener
Oilcloth for lunch
Thermos metal
kitchen mittens
Washcloths (nylon and metal)
Container for products (set)
Laundry soap
Waterproof matches
Ax medium, small in a case
Two-handed saw with a case
Campfire accessories
Primus or stove (gas,)
The stove is camping
Dry alcohol
sled sled
Lantern pocket
Stearic candle
Fishing tackle (set)
Razor with a set of blades
First aid kit in a case
Repair kit
Spare parts
Camera
Camcorder
Maps, sketches, diagrams
Transport, curvature, compasses,
Thermometer
Altimeter
Binoculars or monocular
Rocket launcher with rockets (com.)
Ski ointment (set)
Spare ski
Snow brush
Boots for duty
Signal whistle
Spare gloves
Spare goggles
Musical instrument,
Main rope (30-80 m)
Auxiliary rope, (40-80 m)
Rock hooks (set)
Ice hooks (set)
Hook bolts
Climbing carbine
Hammer of rocks, ice. or universal
Expendable rope (10-15 m)
Carabiners (set)

(S. N. Boldyrev)

Tourists should be able to find a safe and comfortable place to rest, quickly set up a tent, and if not, build a temporary shelter, light a fire in any weather.

For any bivouac, they choose a place protected from the wind, a flat, dry place, not far from which there is firewood and water.

For a lunch halt, you need to be located in the shade, for an overnight stay - on a flat area with soft soil.

In the mountains, the camp cannot be located where there can be rockfalls, avalanches, landslides, mud flows (mudflows), where it can be flooded by a mountain river. Before choosing a place for a bivouac, they look for nearby recently fallen (lighter) stones, go away from high rocks, from where rockfall is possible. You should not camp on the moraine; if there is no other way out, it is necessary to choose a flat, not steep area and check whether the stones from the top of the moraine will roll to where the tents are supposed to be set up. Sometimes for a tent you have to level the site.

It is impossible to set up a bivouac in a dry bed of a mountain river or on a shallow near the water itself, since at night rain for several hours, and sometimes tens of minutes, can sharply raise the water level or cause a mud flow.

In the taiga, one should not set up a camp in dense bushes or in coniferous thickets because of the danger of forest fires and mosquitoes. It is necessary to ensure that there are no dry, rotten trees nearby that can be knocked down by the wind. It is better to choose a lodging place for the night in a rare coniferous forest, where the soil is covered with fallen dry needles, and tree branches cannot catch fire from a fire.

Rice. 66. Ways of fastening a tent

In the steppe, parking is made behind a hillock, in a beam, to hide from the wind. In the northern tundra regions, a drier patch can be found on river terraces, rocky or sandy soil elevations.

By the river (during a water trip), the camp should be set up not far from the water, preferably on the shore, illuminated by the sun in the morning.

The site for the night bivouac begins to look after 15-20 minutes before the stop. All participants carry out the work on its organization: one or two kindle a fire, bring water and start cooking, others collect firewood for the evening and morning, set up tents, place things in them. Part of the backpacks, products that did not fit in the tent are put in one place and in case of rain at night they are carefully covered with raincoats or waterproof material. Things should not be scattered throughout the camp in order to avoid their loss in stones, grass or sand. Axes are always stored in the same place.

For a tent, choose a flat area without bumps, pits and stumps, remove all knots and stones. The site must be horizontal: even a slight slope will interfere with normal rest. If the tent is set up next to trees, you can tie guy lines behind some of them (Fig. 66).

Dry leaves, small dry twigs, grass, ferns, reeds or moss are placed under the floor of the tent, and when sleeping on snow and ice, ropes, empty backpacks, and windbreakers are placed on the floor inside the tent. As already mentioned, stick rugs are good.

Having unfolded the tent, they stretch the floor between the pegs driven into the ground. Then they put racks - either exactly at the height of the tent (then they are set inside), or above the tent (then they are placed 30-40 cm from it) - and pull the main guys.

Before pulling the roof braces, fasten the entrance. Pegs for corner braces are driven in so that the ropes are, as it were, a continuation of the diagonals of the rectangles of the roof slopes. After all the pegs are clogged, they adjust the length of the braces, and sometimes change the location of the pegs, ensuring that there is not a single fold on the roof panels and at the same time, the tension force of the ropes does not tear the fabric.

The pegs are hammered with the butt of an ax at an angle of 45 ° to the ground. To set up a tent, you need 10 pegs (preferably metal) 20-25 cm long and 2 racks. Both should be prepared in advance and carried along with the tent (racks are folding). Instead of racks, you can use alpenstocks or 2 ice axes connected by auxiliary ropes.

In the mountains, guy ropes are tied to large stones before setting up the tent, and the stones are moved to the right place to regulate the tension of the ropes. In the forest, braces are fixed to the trees, the floor is stretched between the pegs last. The main guys should be tied to the trees at such a height that the side walls of the tent do not raise the floor, but do not sag.

In rainy weather, to protect against water flowing from the roof of the tent, around it you can dig a ditch 8-10 cm deep and wide with a groove that drains water along the slope of the terrain.

The back wall of the tent is placed in the direction of the wind. After sunset, the entrance to the tent should be closed so that things do not become damp when dew falls. When it rains, do not touch the roof, otherwise it will get wet. Warm clothes are laid on the floor (quilted jackets, blankets, etc.), backpacks with soft clothes are placed under the head. The pockets on the side and rear walls of the tent hold electric flashlights, goggles, toiletries, compasses, etc. Axes in a case can be placed under the floor of the tent at the “entrance”, and boots can be placed inside it at the “exit”.

If there is no tent (on a one-day trip), you can spend the night under a piece of tarpaulin or polyethylene, using branches to build a single or double tent. You can make an inclined barrier out of blankets and light a long fire in front of it at a distance of 2-2.5 m from the tourists lying under the barrier.