Kamyanets-Podilsky is a city where history comes to life. Kamianets-Podilskyi
March 14th, 2010 02:47 am
It often happens that even two people cannot agree on a place where to go to relax. For example, one wants to see the old times, and the second wants to admire the natural landscapes. In this case, there is a compromise. This is the Ukrainian city of Kamenetz-Podolsky.
The railway station in Kamenets is located on the outskirts, and at first nothing says that the city is very interesting. But new developments, similar to similar areas in other cities, end quickly. 
The name of the store caught my eye, in which modern heads of administrations, heads of departments and other high-flying office workers (after all, the main occupation of modern men is sitting in the office, at the computer), looking at the mountains of pens and scattering of paper clips, quite reasonably purr the famous song " ...I'm standing on top, I'm happy and dumb..."
Soon the old districts begin. Most of the houses have been renovated.
The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is being restored.
He will be assisted by two assistants.
A hero of the last war is buried in the courtyard.
There are many monuments in this part of the city.
Military
It even survived
And this is a different (modern) view of that time. In memory of the famine of the 1930s. (As proved by some Ukrainian scientists, a special Holodomor).
Due to frequent elevation changes, there are many stairs in the city.
The largest and most beautiful, quite suitable for any ancient city,
leads to a spring over which an eagle spread its wings. (The water is tasty and cold).
There is nothing under the deer. Probably until he hits the ground with his hoof.
A couple of mansions seen through the foliage.
And a fountain in a pond with unnaturally bright water. Apparently, the bottom is covered with a shiny film.
It seems that the squirrel and I are interested in each other ....
Kamyanets-Podilsky is located in a unique place. The local river Smotrich, over the years, has formed a huge omega-shaped canyon in the soil. On this peninsula and the slopes of the coast, the city was built. The date of foundation is still disputed. Most historians are inclined to believe that this happened at the turn of the XII - XII centuries.
The old (late 19th century) Novoplanovsky bridge leads to the heart of the city.
Beneath it is another, small bridge. It turns out a kind of two-level decoupling.
There is a sculpture of a deer on the rock.
You can go down to it by this staircase.
Tourists who crossed the bridge are met by the Trinity Church, recreated in our time.
And this is an educational institution of culture. Students in folk costumes come out onto the porch.
Active construction and restoration work is underway in Kamenets.
Dominican Cathedral in the woods.
Construction fence and near the building of the city hall.
Much has already been done. And the rest will be done, judging by the scale and scope of the work.
The Peter and Paul Cathedral has seen a lot in its lifetime.
The minaret with the statue of the Mother of God at the top can tell about the twists and turns in his fate.
Part of the yard is in perfect order, and work is underway.
A triumphal arch frames the entrance.
And this is the Peter and Paul Church of the 16th century.
A large Armenian community has long existed in Kamenetz-Podolsky. This is the bell tower Armenian church.
And part of the once rich decor.
The streets slope down steeply.
There are wonderful views from here.
City of Kamenetz-Podolsky located in the Khmelnytsky region on. The city is the administrative center of the Kamenetz-Podolsk region. In the historical sources of the XI century, the city is called Kamenets, which is translated from the East Slavic language as “stone”. Named Kamenetz exactly because of the rocky soils on which it was built. Somewhat later, the city was named Kamyanets-Podilsky to distinguish it from several cities of the same name located in neighboring territories.
Kamyanets-Podilsky is located about 100 kilometers from the regional center of the city of Khmelnytsky. The “water artery” of the city is the Smotrych River, which, meandering, creates a loop resembling an omega with its outlines.
Kamyanets-Podilsky – video
The temperate continental climate of Kamyanets-Podilsky causes rather mild winters and warm summers. The average air temperature in February is -30 degrees, average temperature air in July - +36 degrees.
According to the 2010 census, about 108,000 people live in Kamianets-Podilskyi.
From the side of the Central part of Ukraine, the city can be reached by roads leading from Zhytomyr, Khmelnitsky, Khmelnyk, and from the western part of the country - by the road from. In Kamyanets-Podilsky there are also Train Station, which can be reached by trains from Khmelnitsky and. In the 90s of the last century, it was planned to launch a trolleybus line in the city, but the project was never completed, and later the almost finished line was looted and destroyed.
Of the industrial enterprises of the city, it is worth noting the Kamenetz-Podolsk Instrument-Making Plant.
Attractions Kamenetz-Podolsky
Kamyanets-Podilsky starts from city gate, which are ancient fortifications. In ancient times, these gates prevented entry into the city by Turkish bridge. Somewhat later, they entered the city through the so-called Gate Tower. On the other side, there is a special laboratory for the research and testing of gunpowder, which was produced in mills built on the banks of the Smotrych River.
Turkish bastion- This is part of the defensive structures of the northwestern part of the Old City. The bastion is an impressive structure, consisting of four huge arches with casemates, parapets and cannon embrasures. Currently, the premises of the casemates are used as warehouses.
The Old Fortress of Kamianets-Podilskyi (or the Old Castle) was built in the 16th century in the style of ancient Russian defensive structures of the 11th-12th centuries. The fortress is considered one of the most prominent defensive structures. The complex consists of eleven towers connected by a fortress wall. In the 17th century, next to the Old Fortress, the New Fortress with earthen bastions was erected, which was better adapted to repel artillery attacks.
Peter and Paul Cathedral, located in the Old Town, was built by the monks of the Dominican order in the XIV century. Already in the 17th century, a minaret with a height of more than 35 meters was built next to the church. Later, a figure of the Madonna covered with gold was installed on the minaret. Today, nowhere else in the world is there a Christian church with a minaret.
1. You can pay in Kamenetz-Podolsk for purchases made or services rendered to you only in Ukrainian hryvnias.
2. You will be able to make payments in shops or restaurants using international payment bank cards. On the door of the institution providing this service, you will see a special sticker informing about this.
3. You can exchange euros, American dollars and Russian rubles in any branch of the bank or in numerous exchange offices. Please note that exchange offices charge a fairly high commission for this operation.
4. There are many shops in Kamenetz-Podolsk selling alcoholic beverages, fabrics, sweets, etc. as souvenirs.
5. If you are going to visit Kamyanets-Podilsky fortress Please note that on Mondays it works from 9:00 to 16:00, and from Tuesday to Sunday from 9:00 to 17:00. The ticket price is 3.5 hryvnia. You will have to pay extra for photography (UAH 2) and video shooting (UAH 5).
6. Working hours of the Khotyn Fortress - from 9 am to 6 pm. The cost of one ticket is UAH 3, photography costs UAH 1, and a full-fledged excursion costs UAH 18.
7. Opening hours of the cave "Crystal" - from 10:00 to 17:00. A ticket here can be purchased for 4 UAH. Please note that the minimum number of people in the tour group must be 11 people.
8. Every year in May, the city hosts the Podolia Cup and the TNK Balloon Cup, competitions of balloonists on balloons, so at this time especially many tourists come here.
9. For 200 UAH. Extreme lovers can jump from the Running Doe bridge across the Smotrych River, more than 50 meters high, using bungee jumping.
Today I will tell you about the amazing city of Kamenetz-Podolsky, which is located in the Khmelnitsky region of Ukraine. It is famous, of course, primarily for its stunning medieval castle, and it is so famous that before coming here I thought that there was nothing special to see besides the castle :) But, as it turned out, this city impresses not only with the castle, but and its amazingly beautiful old town. To be honest, if the castle were removed from there, the city would not cease to be less interesting for me :) And this is not surprising, because after Kyiv and Lvov it is the third city in terms of the number of architectural monuments, of which there are already about 200. it turns out that Kamenets-Podolsky is even cooler than Chernivtsi, which I am talking about. Like it or not, judge for yourself.
a little at first general information about the city. Kamyanets-Podilsky is one of ancient cities Ukraine. It was founded as a fortress of great geopolitical importance on the border of Christian and Muslim cultures, the intersection of land and water routes. Kamenetz-Podolsky was part of Kievan Rus, in the XIII-XIV centuries - the Galicia-Volyn principality, then it was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars. From the second half of the XIV century, it became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; since 1430 - Poland, since 1463 - the center of the Podolsk province.
In the Middle Ages, Kamenets was a major craft and shopping mall, in its development stood on a par with such cities as Lviv and Kyiv. In 1672, it was captured by the Ottoman Empire, in 1699, after the signing of the Karlovtsy Peace, it was returned to the Commonwealth.
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In 1793, after the third partition of Poland, together with the entire right-bank Ukraine, it ceded to the Russian Empire (1795-97, the center of the Podolsk governorate, in 1797-1917, the Podolsk province). In 1918-1921, it was the main center for the formation of troops and the deployment of the military leadership of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the last stronghold of the troops of Semon Petliura, fighters for the independence of Ukraine, until the city was occupied by the Bolsheviks. Under Soviet rule, it was a large industrial city. Since 1991 - as part of independent Ukraine.
By the way, what do you think those houses are on the left?
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This is a souvenir market :) This is how it looks from the inside:
Souvenir market, Kamenetz-Podolsky // horoshiyblog.livejournal.com
In the center market square, as usual, the town hall, in this case "Polish". Not a very beautiful example of the genre, although with a tower that inspires confidence. The town hall was erected in the 1630-40s and rebuilt in 1754.
Town Hall, Kamenetz-Podolsky // horoshiyblog.livejournal.com
We will go to the territory of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul and cathedral Kamyanets-Podilsky diocese. There is beauty!
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General view of the church ensemble from the central facade. The bell tower is visible on the left, and in front of the cathedral there is a minaret, a unique artifact of the 27-year Turkish period in the history of Kamenets, when the main mosque was built here. A church with a minaret, well, where else can you see this?
Church of Saints Peter and Paul, Kamenetz-Podolsky // horoshiyblog.livejournal.com
We go inside:
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After walking around here, we go to the exit. In the background you can see the Triumphal Gate, built in honor of the arrival in the city of King Stanisław August Poniatowski.
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And we go to the fortress. It was first mentioned already in 1374 in the charter of Prince Yury Koriatovich (one of the 4 Koriatovich brothers who owned Podolia). At that time, the towers and walls were already stone and partly wooden. The fortress was located at the entrance to the city, to which a narrow 9-meter isthmus led, and was its reliable protection (the city was located in a loop of the Smotrych River).
Fortress, Kamyanets-Podilsky // horoshiyblog.livejournal.com
Road leading to the castle:
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But what will be seen if you look at the city from the castle:
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We did not enter the territory of the fortress itself, there was some kind of festival there at that time, there were queues and besides, it started to rain. Decided to go inside the next time we're here again.
Let's go around the castle.
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Having seen enough of the medieval castle beauties, we go to explore the city further! The yellow building on the right (with a drain in the shape of a dragon) is the so-called. Russian magistrate. From here (since 1658) the corresponding community of the city was self-governing, after it was ousted from the north of Kamenets, where its traditional place of residence was.
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And this is the Armenian street with the bell tower of the Armenian Cathedral of the 16th century and the Armenian quarters around.
Armenian street and the bell tower of the Armenian Cathedral, Kamenetz-Podolsky // horoshiyblog.livejournal.com
Here you feel a little strange, territorially you are in the center of Europe, but the feeling is like somewhere in the Transcaucasus :)
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Let's walk around here again!
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From the Armenian Cathedral itself, which, like the Dominican church, bore the title of St. Nicholas remained, alas, only the portal of the main entrance, well, the foundations behind it. It was destroyed in the 1930s. Of course, it’s not at all Armenian, but here we must take into account that the Turks destroyed it for the first time during the occupation at the end of the 17th century, and 50 years later the cathedral was restored as a Uniate church.
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After walking around the city, we go to our Gala Hotel. This is what our triple room looks like.
Kamyanets-Podilsky is the city that everyone should visit at least once in their life. Although if you managed to visit it once, you will definitely return. It is not for nothing that the city is called "a flower on a stone". The city is a museum, the city is a fairy tale...
For the first time, Kamenetz in Podolia was reliably mentioned in Lithuanian sources in 1374, although there are unconfirmed references in Russian chronicles in 1196 and in Armenian documents in 1062. It is possible that the city was founded a millennium earlier - by the Romans during the war with Dacia ( 101-107). At various times, Kamenetz-Podolsky belonged to the Galicia-Volyn principality, Lithuania, Poland, Turkey and the Russian Empire. Over the centuries, the city has undergone many destructions and reconstructions, thanks to which it has acquired a unique architectural eclecticism, which, however, is an example of a single historical whole. Its toponymy keeps the memory of the presence of seven cultures: Ukrainians, Poles, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Turks, Lithuanians.
Old city located on the rocks, in the place where Smotrych makes a big loop. Surrounded by walls with loopholes, defensive towers and bastions. The main entrance with the City Gates and the Castle Bridge is covered by the Old Fortress. 
First archaeological finds in this area belong to the Neolithic era - primitive household items of that time are found along with the bones of mammoths. Later, the mysterious Trypillia settled here, and they lived here for more than one century. Then the Scythians, then - the bearers of the Chernyakhov culture (1-2 centuries AD). From the 5th century AD the Slavs inhabited the Western Podolia: Uchi and Tivertsy. Some scholars suggest that there was once a settlement of semi-wild red-haired Celts here. At the beginning of our century, the lands may have been part of Dacia, one of the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. Some especially romantic historians believe that the fortress in this amazing place, by nature itself intended for the construction of bastions, was built by the Romans. Say, 5 Dacian cities built in the vicinity of the Dniester are mentioned in the annals, and the de bridge depicted in an old drawing looks very much like a Turkish one. The version is pretty, but there is no reliable evidence for it.
Numerous finds of "Roman" objects testify, rather, to active trade between the inhabitants of the Roman provinces and the "Chernyakhovites". During the Great Migration of Peoples, starting from the 4th century, bloody battles between the Goths and the Huns took place on the territory of the present Western Podillia, but at that time they hardly cared about building new cities. Thanks to the Armenians living in this city in large numbers, another hypothesis of the origin of the city arose, or rather, a version of the estimated date of its creation. Back in the 16th century, the Armenians provided a document, which spoke about the invitation in 1062 by Prince Fedor Dmitrievich of Armenians from the city of Ani to settle in Kyiv, Lvov and Kamenets.
Later, historians recognized the document as fake, created in order to prove the rights of the Kamenets Armenians in the conflict with the Polish community - they say, we have been living here for a long time, when your Polish great-grandmothers still walked under the table, which means that our cause is just. In fact, the Armenians came here a little later - at the end of the 13th century.
True, the year indicated in the Armenian charter was for a long time considered the official date of the creation of the city, in 1962 the 900th anniversary of Kamyanets-Podilsky was even magnificently celebrated.
Since by the time the Armenians appeared in the city, its central and northern parts were already occupied by the indigenous population, the colonists had to settle in the southern part of the “island”. The indigenous population was in no hurry to develop this part of the “island”, since there was a difficult terrain with many terraces and elevation changes, and, in addition, in the southeastern part of the plateau descended into the river valley, so enemies could be expected from here. These shortcomings did not prevent the Armenians from starting to develop a colony in this uncomfortable part of the “island”, since they had extensive experience in building dwellings in mountainous areas, on the slopes of hills. Almost all the buildings of the Armenian quarters were built taking into account defense needs, which will be discussed below. As a result, the Armenians found their niche in Kamenets, laying the foundations of the Armenian quarters, which at the peak of their development occupied 1/3 of the area of the Old Town and attracted the attention of the guests of Kamenets due to a number of remarkable and outstanding buildings.
In the 15th century, the largest colony of Armenians in the lands of present-day Ukraine was located in Kamenets. And already in the 17th century, a third of the population of the city were Armenians, who took an active part not only in the cultural and economic, but also in the military life of the city.
There is another version about the origin of Kamenets - Lithuanian. It is assumed that the city was founded by four nephews of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd Koriatovych. As it is written in the Lithuanian “Chronicle of Bykhovets”: “The brother of the Grand Duke Olgerd, Prince Koriat, owned Novogrudok of Lithuania, and he had four sons: Prince Yuri, Prince Alexander, Prince Konstantin and Prince Fedor. And those princes Koriatovichi, the three brothers, with the permission of the Grand Duke Olgerd, their uncle, and with Lithuanian help, went to the Podolsk land, and at that time there was not a single city in the Podolsk land, either from chopped wood or built from stone.
Then those princes, having come to the Podolsk land, entered into friendly relations with the chieftains and began to defend the Podolsk land from the Tatars, and the Baskaks did not give a way out. First of all, they found a strong place for themselves on the Smotrychi River and here they founded the city of Smotrych. In another place, in a mountain, monks lived, and in that place [the princes] created the city of Bakota.
And while hunting, they had to drive a lot of deer on the island where Kamenets is now located, and, having cut down the forest, they built the stone city of Kamenets. The events described took place around 1351. Later, the facts described in the annals took shape in a more harmonious legend: they say that deer led the hunter princes to
the place that looked to them, and the princes decided: shouldn’t the fortress be here? And deer are still loved in the city, they don’t eat them like the bloodthirsty Koriatovichs, but they revere them - sculptural images of these animals often adorn the facades of buildings and park alleys.
Since 1374, the city was granted the Magdeburg Law, in the same 14th century Catholic monks of many orders rushed here: at first the Dominicans, then the Franciscans, later the Jesuits (1608), Barefoot Carmelites (1623), Dominicans (1615), etc.
Since then, several buildings that previously belonged to their monasteries have been preserved in the historical center of the city. Since 1434, Podillya became part of Poland, Kamenetz became the center of the Podolsk province. Kamenets at that time became the Catholic center of the Podolsk lands, and their center in general. In the same period (70 years of the 14th century) the next stage of active construction of towers began. So, it is believed that the Small Tower and some sections of the walls were erected then. In 1448, the city was visited by the Polish King Casimir Jagiellonchik, who had just taken the throne. Later, in 1451, Pope Nicholas V himself became interested in Catholic Kamenets. He issued a bull punishing to allocate funds to strengthen the Podolsk stronghold of the Catholic faith. A few years later, the next Pope, Julius II, also gave out a decent amount of money for the construction of new fortifications. With these funds, in 1503-1517, one of the highest towers, the Papal Tower, was erected. 
Kamianets-Podilsky on lithographs by Napoleon Orda
And in 1460 Kamenets visits Casimir for the second time and recognizes the city as belonging to the Crown. An additional garrison is sent to Kamenetz with several nobles, including the Krakow Kashtelyan Jan Tenchinsky. A new tower built at that time is named after him. Such a dominance of Catholicism could not completely eradicate other local religions; Armenian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches were also built here.
At the Armenian Church of St. There was a spiritual school in Nigosa; similar educational institution was created at the residence of an Orthodox bishop at the church of St. Trinity. In 1610, the collegium was opened by the Jesuit Fathers. It is noteworthy that both Protestants and Orthodox could study at the Jesuit school. the poorest in
in some cases they were taught for free.
Already in the 15th century, the fortifications of Kamenets were famous, but they were not in the best condition. A record of a member of the commission that examined the bastions of the castle in 1495 has been preserved: “This castle is almost completely destroyed and destroyed; there are almost no food supplies; all the corners are empty, so it is a shame to say and write such things about this famous castle.” And one more thing: “A Polish bridge, an Austrian soldier, a Bavarian nun, a Hungarian faith, a German post, the buildings of Kamenets – all this is worth nothing.” True, soon after writing this very critical conclusion, the castle began to be repaired and rebuilt, and this was done several times later. At the beginning of the 15th century, several new towers were built, one of which is the most powerful Kamenets tower - Rozhanka.
In 1544, a very detailed description fortifications that existed at that time. The towers Papskaya, Kolpak, Malaya, Tenchinskaya, Laskaya (White), Dnevnaya and Novaya Zapadnaya, which form the southern line of fortifications, are described. In the west, the line was continued by Rozhanka, the Water Tower and the Polny Gate, and in the east by Lyantskoronskaya, Komendantskaya and Chornaya. There were also City and Full gates.
Amazing this city has no one in its history vivid fact, which would become a landmark and turning point for him - whether the visit of a high ruler, whether the birth of a hero, whether a significant battle.
Kamianets-Podilsky on an old engraving
There were so many similar events in the age of Kamenets that a centuries-old series of them became everyday life for the city-fortress. Who just did not try to conquer Kamenetz, who just did not visit here. And it is not necessary for a legendary city to have high-profile “biography” facts - it is a legend itself, its walls themselves are history! The most frequently mentioned episode from the history of Kamenets is its capture by the Turks in 1672, after which Turkish rule lasted 27 years. The forces were catastrophically unequal - the Turkish army was 60 times larger than the Polish garrison of the fortress.
The heroic three-week defense of Kamenets by the Poles is described in many sources, the best known to us is the novel and its film adaptation “Pan Volodievsky”, main character which is a historical character who became famous during the defense of the Kremenets castle. It must be said that Hetman Doroshenko helped the Turks with his army (and less than 50 years ago, the Cossacks fought as part of the Polish-allied army that defeated the Turks near Khotyn!), He also rode into the defeated city on horseback together with his ally Sultan Mohammed the Fourth. They say that icons were sent to them from monasteries and Christian churches stripped by the Turks. I wonder if Doroshenko blushed even for a minute? It must be said that this was only the second time when the invaders managed to capture the city fortifications (the first happened in 1393, when the city was occupied by the troops of the Lithuanian prince Vitovt). Khmelnytsky's Cossacks were less fortunate - they approached the castle four times and failed to enter it once.
Turkish rule continued from 1672 to 1699. Since then, it has been preserved interesting monument- a minaret built in the courtyard of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. It was planned to build two of them, but managed to build only this one.
True, now the former minaret is crowned with a gilded sculpture of the Virgin Mary. In the church, the Turks built their main mosque, stripped off all the decorations and covered up the murals. When the Turks were driven out, the church was opened here again.
In 1793, following the results of the second partition of Poland, Kamenets passed into the possession of Russian Empire. From this period began the decline of the city. Many Poles and Armenians left the city, the population has halved in a few years.
Since 1812, after the annexation of Bessarabia to Russia, the fortress in Kamenets lost its strategic importance. A prison was made here, which lasted until 1914. The dungeon, located on the territory of the castle, has been used as a debt hole since the middle of the 19th century. The prison held up to 200 prisoners.
An interesting fact related to Kamenets is that the famous adventurer Sofia (Glyavone-Celice) met here with the son of the Russian commandant of the fortress, Count Jan de Witt, after which they secretly got married. Many years later, de Witt, then already the military governor of Kherson, would “give way” to his wife, Stanislav Shchensky Pototsky, for a decent amount of money. He, in turn, will give his wife a wonderful park in Uman "Sofiyivka", but the windy and ungrateful Greek woman will cheat on her husband with his own son from a previous marriage.
During civil war(1917 - 1923) in Kamyanets the power changed many times: Ukrainian nationalist, Bolshevik, German - Austrian troops succeeded each other. For a short period (February 1919 - November 1920) Kamenetz - Podolsky even became the capital of Ukraine after the Directory and the government of the UNR capitulated from Kyiv.
In 1923, by the Decree of the RNC of the Ukrainian SSR, the Old Fortress was declared a state historical and cultural reserve. On September 22, 1937, the Kamenetz-Podolsk region was created. In 1941 the regional center was moved to Proskurov.
By the beginning of World War II, Kamenetz-Podolsky was a border town. The border with Polish Galicia was only 30 km from the city along the Zbruch River (until 1939), and the border with Romania was only 24 km from the city along the Dniester River. In 1938, the construction of the Kamenetz-Podolsky Fortified Area (KPUr) No. 10 was completed, consisting of 158 firing points (half-caponiers, pillboxes), with a length of 50-140 km along the front and 6-7 km in depth. As part of the Southwestern Front, he was part of the First Strategic Echelon of the Red Army. In 1940, new weapons and equipment were tested here. The military leadership of the USSR had a special attitude towards the Kamenetz-Podolsky UR due to the fact that it remained a border UR. The additional equipment of the URs, begun by construction in 1938-1939, was discontinued, except for Kamenetz-Podolsky. It continued to be completed and kept in combat readiness, when others (not all) were already mothballed. He was the only one of all the URs of the 1938 program of the year that was almost completely completed and armed with new weapon systems. They did not have time to install only armored caps at observation posts (NP) and other structures. In the battles of Kamenetz-Podolsk, the UR did not show itself. The German army broke through in the Volochisk area, north of UR. There were only isolated collisions in the UR zone. Later, when the Germans had already stormed the Letichevsky UR a hundred kilometers to the east, the garrison of the entire Kamenetz-Podolsky UR withdrew and retreated to the rear.
In the very first hours of the war, the city was subjected to a massive bombardment, as a result of which many of the unique architectural monuments killed hundreds of civilians.
All military units were brought to full combat readiness, the mobilization of the population into the Red Army and the urgent evacuation of industry, cultural values and archives to the rear began.
On July 9, 1941, during the retreat from the city of Soviet troops, the Novoplanovsky bridge and a number of strategically important industrial enterprises were mined and blown up. The defense of the city was held by a group of troops of the 18th Army from the Southern Front. On July 6, a Hungarian reconnaissance officer He-111 (B-702 board) returning from a mission was shot down over Kamenetz-Podolsky in an air battle. The 11th German and 3rd Romanian armies, the Hungarian corps and Slovak divisions advanced from the southwest towards the city against the Southern Front.
On July 10, 1941, German troops occupied Kamenetz-Podolsky. Demonstrative punitive trials are being carried out on the streets of the city over Soviet administrative and party employees. In the former building of the NKVD on the street. Shevchenko is the headquarters of the Gestapo. A Jewish ghetto is being created in the city.
On August 20, Kamyanets-Podilsky becomes an administrative-territorial unit of the General District of Volyn-Podolia of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine as part of the Third Reich. From the first months of the occupation, active archaeological research began to be carried out in the old historical center of the city. Exploratory excavations were carried out by the special forces "Roland" and "Nachtigal", under the supervision of the Berlin Institute "Ananerbe". Many historical values, manuscripts and artifacts were taken to Germany.
Since the autumn of 1941, the pre-Soviet historical names were returned to the streets of the city. Spiritual activity of numerous temples of different denominations of the city is being resumed.
During the years of World War II, the population of the city was halved (from 55,000 people in 1940 to 26,000 in 1945). The fighting on both warring sides caused irreparable damage to the architectural heritage of Kamenetz-Podolsk. 90% of residential buildings in the Old City were destroyed, the industrial base was completely destroyed.
On March 27, 1944, Kamenetz-Podolsky was again returned to the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1947, the restoration work of the Novoplanovsky bridge began; traffic across the bridge was resumed in 1951. Significant damage during the war was inflicted on the City Hall; its restoration began in 1954 and completed in 1956.
City Hall during WWII
The city is amazing. The canyon around the old city impresses with its depth and relief. Every street, every house was marked in history.
It is simply impossible to see everything in a day. Haste is the main obstacle in getting to know the city. I think that you need at least 3 days to walk slowly through the streets and see everything interesting places. The city has a lot of hotels for every taste and budget. And, I am sure, each of you will give everything to start a new day and drink your morning coffee, admiring the old Kamenetz.
Kamenets,
Kamenetz-Podolsk
Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Armenians
Orthodox, Catholics, Greek Catholics, Jews, Hare Krishnas
Documentary films about the history of the formation and development of the city:
Population change
General view of the castle. 2008
| 1390 - 2 000 | 1912 - 50 500 | 1986 - 100 000 |
| 1570 - 4 500 | 1921 - 26 600 | 1989 - 102 200 |
| 1630 - 12 000 | 1926 - 31 000 | 1990 - 103 000 |
| 1699 - 1 400 | 1939 - 36 400 | 1991 - 105 000 |
| 1840 - 14 700 | 1944 - 11 000 | 2001 - 99 610 |
| 1862 - 18 900 | 1959 - 40 300 | 2003 - 99 929 |
| 1892 - 36 662 | 1966 - 50 000 | 2004 - 99 540 |
| 1893 - 36 951 | 1970 - 57 000 | 2005 - 99 398 |
| 1897 - 35 934 | 1976 - 77 000 | 2007 - 100 025 |
| 1903 - 40 000 | 1979 - 84 000 | 2009 - 102 250 |
External transport communications
In the mid-1990s, it was planned to launch a trolleybus in Kamenetz-Podolsky, but the local authorities froze the project, and the trolleybus infrastructure, which was 80% ready, was dismantled and looted.
tourist attractions
Kamianets-Podilskyi is one of the oldest cities in Ukraine. Due to the unique combination of historical, architectural, urban heritage, the landscape of the canyon of the Smotrich River, the "Old Town" has been declared a state historical and architectural reserve. The number of architectural monuments of the XI-XIX centuries includes about 200 buildings and structures. The powerful defensive fortifications of the "Old City", the fortress and the fortress bridge, the Turkish Bastion, the combination of religious buildings of different religions leave a unique impression. Given the rich architectural and historical heritage of the "Old Town", the National Commission of Ukraine for UNESCO in May 1994 recommended that it be included as a candidate in the register of world cultural heritage.
The greatest value is the almost completely preserved historical center without interspersing architecture of the 20th century. The main city attraction is an ancient fortress, the first buildings of which date back to the 11th-12th centuries, and the main fortifications - to the 16th-17th centuries. Defensive fortifications in Kamenetz-Podolsk are considered an excellent example of the best fortifications in Eastern Europe.
Local holidays and festivals
Famous people of Kamensk
- 1514 - Stanislav Yelensky Tiun of Kamenets, Lithuanian noble family, coat of arms Korchak
- 1580 - Okolsky, Simon, historian, heraldry, preacher
- 1698 - Baal Shem Tov, Israel (Besht), rabbi, founder of the Hasidic movement in Judaism
- 1812 - Mauritius Goslavsky, Polish poet
- 1840 - Farengolts, Edmund Fedorovich, doctor
- 1853 - Domanska, Antonina, Polish children's writer
- 1855 - Semyon Ilyich Shokhor-Trotsky, Russian mathematician, professor
- 1855 - Kotek, Iosif Iosifovich, violinist, professor at the Berlin Conservatory
- 1858 - Anton Fedorovich Vasyutinsky, artist, sculptor-medalist, carver.
- 1860 - Greim, Jan Mikhailovich, artist
- 1861 - Józef Kallenbach, historian of Polish literature
- 1865 - Pokrovsky, Vladimir Nikolaevich, architect, author of projects for more than 60 churches in Ukraine
- 1865 - Rolle, Mikhail, publicist, prose writer, historian
- 1869 - Schlichter, Evgenia Samoilovna, revolutionary
- 1869 - Rudnitsky, Nikolai Ivanovich, commander of the Kremlin and V. I. Lenin guard detachment
- 1876 - Kolchak, Sofia Fedorovna, wife of Admiral Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak.
- 1877 - Dvoyres, Dora Izrailevna, professional revolutionary
- 1878 - Gervais, Boris Borisovich, theorist of naval art, military historian
- 1880 - Kurilko, Mikhail Ivanovich, Soviet artist and architect, chief artist of the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR
- 1883 - Romov, Sergei Matveevich, writer, translator, theorist and historian of avant-garde art
- 1885 - Zbarsky, Boris Ilyich, biochemist, embalmer of the body of V. I. Lenin
- 1885 - Bazilevsky, Boris Vasilyevich, astronomer, deputy burgomaster of Smolensk (1942), participant in the Nuremberg Tribunal
- 1887 - Zakharzhevsky, Valeryan Petrovich, writer
- 1890 - Abraham Weinbaum, painter
- 1892 - Herman, Emanuil Yakovleich (Emil Krotkiy), poet-satirist, employee of the Crocodile magazine
- 1893 - Nikita Godovanets, Ukrainian fabulist, translator
- 1894 - Chebotarev, Nikolai Grigorievich, Soviet mathematician, algebraist
- 1903 - Entelis, Leonid Arnoldovich, composer, musicologist, ballet and opera critic
- 1904 - Bazhan, Nikolai Platonovich, poet, translator, statesman and public figure
- 1907 - Belyaev, Vladimir Pavlovich, writer
- 1910 - Vasily Trofimovich Artemenko, graphic artist
- 1910 - Gorshkov, Sergey Georgievich, Admiral of the Fleet of the USSR
- 1910 - Fuchs, Isaak Ilyich, colonel engineer
- 1913 - Dorfman, Michl, rabbi, spiritual leader of the Breslov Hasidim
- 1917 - Tsibulsky, Pavel Danilovich, writer
- 1924 - Olesya (Lyudmila Iosifovna) Kravets, writer
- 1925 - Asher, Oksana Mikhailovna, philologist
- 1929 - Kopytman, Mark Ruvimovich, composer
- 1930 - Vinokur, Ion Izrailevich, academician of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, professor, archaeologist
- 1934 - Akim Davidovich Levich, artist, sculptor, author of the Menorah monument at Babi Yar in Kyiv
- 1934 - Mininberg, Leonid Lvovich, historian
- 1934 - Stein, Leonid Zakharovich, international chess grandmaster
- 1935 - Rakhshmir, Pavel Yukhimovich, Russian historian and political scientist
- 1936 - Rivilis, Pavel Borisovich, Moldavian composer
- 1944 - Kaplichny, Vladimir Alexandrovich, football player and football coach, played 62 matches for the USSR national team
- 1944 - Weller, Mikhail Iosifovich, modern Russian writer, author of the story "Legends of Nevsky Prospekt"
- 1953 - Ukupnik, Arkady Semyonovich, composer and singer
- 1953 - Budzey, Oleg Vasilyevich, journalist, local historian
- 1956 - Alperin, Mikhail Efimovich, jazz pianist, composer, teacher
- 1956 - Terrible, Vyacheslav Viktorovich, Ukrainian football coach, Honored Coach of Ukraine and Russia
- 1961 - Polyakov, Andrei Mikhailovich, an outstanding portrait painter, bard
- 1966 - Bila, Svetlana Pavlovna, master of artistic ceramics
- 1975 - Odolskaya, Marina Konstantinovna, singer
- 1975 - Alexander Finkel, Israeli chess player, international grandmaster
- 1978 - Zoteva, Anna Nikolaevna, singer
- 1980 - Solovsky Sergey Leonidovich, architect
- 1982 - Irina Alekseevna Melnik (Merleni), Olympic champion in freestyle wrestling
Films shot in Kamenets
Aerial view of the Old City
- - Austrian raid on August 4, 1914, documentary, short film by A. Khanzhonkov, duration 10 min., the film has not been preserved
- - Kamenetz-Podolsk, documentary, short film "Gaumont", duration - 5 min., the film has not been preserved
- - Shchors, x / f, Kyiv k / s feature films, dir. Alexander Dovzhenko
- - Anxious Youth, feature film based on the trilogy by V. Belyaev , Kyiv k / s
- - Eaglet, feature film, Odessa movie theater
- - Stormborne, x / f, Kyiv movie theater , starring - Sergey Gurzo , Pavel Shpringfeld , Olga Bgan
- - Cheka officer, feature film, dir. B. I. Volchek, c / s "Mosfilm"
- - Commissioner, feature film, dir. A. Askoldov, starring - Nonna Mordyukova, Rolan Bykov, Raisa Nedashkovskaya
- - In war as in war, feature film based on a story by Viktor Kurochkin, short film "Lenfilm" dir. V. I. Tregubovich, in the title role - M. I. Kononov (filming in the village of Braga)
- - Old Fortress, 7-episode feature film based on the trilogy by V. Belyaev, dir. A. Muratov, Kyiv k / s im. Dovzhenko
- 1979 - D'Artagnan and the Three Musketeers, directed by Yungvald-Khilkevich, Georgy Emilievich.
- - At the Devil's Lair, feature film, short film "Moldova-Film", dir. V. I. Jovice
- - Black Castle Olshansky, t / f, k / s "Belarusfilm", dir. N. N. Ptashuk, in the role of Prince Olshansky - Leonid Markov
- - Kamianets-Podilskyi, d/f, c/s TsT
- - Life threatening!, feature film, dir. Leonid Gaidai, in ch.r. Leonid Kuravlyov, c / s "Mosfilm"
- - Ustim Karmelyuk, 4-episode film, k/s im. Dovzhenko
- - Island of love, t / s (4 and 9 out of 10 episodes), dir. Oleg Biyma, k / s "Ukrtelefilm"
- - Dad, feature film, dir. Vladimir Mashkov, c / s "Mosfilm"
- - Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno, 12-episode film, dir. N. Kaptan
- - Taras Bulba, adaptation of the story by N.V. Gogol, dir. Vladimir Bortko, in ch.r. B. Stupka, M. Boyarsky, A. Rogovtseva, k / s "Lenfilm"
- - The one who walked through the fire (ukr.) Russian, dir. Mikhail Ilyenko (ukr.) Russian , art-post Roman Adamovich, producer. Insight Media Center
Kamenets in literature
An artistic description of the defense of Kamenets against the Turks is given in Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel "Pan Volodyevsky".
The city of Kamenetz-Podolsky and its description are also mentioned in the series "Irka Khortitsa-superwitch!", in the books "Witch's Quest" and "Magic without Rules" by the authors Ilona Volynskaya and Kirill Koshcheev.
In the city of Kamenetz-Podolsk, the action of Vladimir Belyaev's novel-trilogy "The Old Fortress" takes place.
The life of the city of Kamenetz-Podolsk and the local theological seminary is reflected in detail in the chronicle novel "Lyuboratsky" by the Ukrainian writer Anatoly Svidnitsky (1834 - 1871), who at one time was a pupil of this seminary.
Military formations, formations, units
Since September 16, 1939, the administration of the Kamenetz-Podolsk Army Group of the Ukrainian Front has been located in the city during a military campaign in eastern Poland - Western Ukraine with the aim of liberating the workers and peasants from the oppression of the capitalists and landlords.
see also
Notes
Literature
- Meltyukhov M.I. Soviet-Polish wars. Military-political confrontation 1918-1939 - M., 2001. (Book on the website: http://militera.lib.ru/research/meltyukhov2/index.html)
Links
- Setsinsky E. Historical information about the parishes and churches of the Podolsk diocese. Kamenets county. // Parishes of the Armenian Apostolic Church
- Kamianets-Podilskyi in the Open Directory Project (dmoz) links directory.
- Spherical 3D tours of the sights of Kamyanets-Podolsky
- Central State Archive. SECTION XII. ADMINISTRATIONS, HEADQUARTERS OF FORTIFIED AREAS AND FORTRESSES.
