Message about Russian travelers of the 19th century. Russian travelers of the first half of the 19th century
19th century became the time of the greatest geographical discoveries committed by Russian people. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - the discoverers and travelers of the XVII-XVI11 centuries. they enriched the understanding of the Russians about the world around them, cno-j contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia realized an old dream: Russian ships entered the World Ocean.
In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on two ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" to explore the northern part Pacific Ocean. It was the first Russian round-the-world expedition that lasted three years. It was headed by corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). It was one of the largest navigators and geographers of the century. During the expedition, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of about. Sakhalin. Many interesting observations were left by the participants of the trip not only about Far East but also about the territories through which they sailed. The commander of the "Neva" Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773-1837) discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of interesting data was collected by the expedition members about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. The results of the observations were reported to the Academy of Sciences. They were so significant that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials were the basis * published in the early 1920s. "Atlas of the South Seas". In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society and brought up a whole galaxy of Russian navigators and explorers.
One of the students and followers of Krusenstern was Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He was a member of the first Russian round the world expedition, and after her return he commanded the frigate "Minerva" on the Black Sea. In 1819-1821. he was instructed to lead a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok (which he commanded) and Mirny (Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev was appointed commander). The expedition was drafted by Kruzenshtern. Its main goal was "the acquisition of the most complete knowledge about our globe" and "the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole." On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown at that time to anyone, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent". After stopping in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands in the Tuamotu archipelago, called the Russian Islands. Each of them received the name of a famous military or naval leader of our country (Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Wittgenstein, Yermolov, etc.). After a new stop in Sydney, the expedition again moved to Antarctica, where Fr. Peter I and the coast of Alexander I. In July 1821 she returned to Kronstadt. For 751 days of navigation, Russian ships covered a path of about 50 thousand miles. In addition to the geographical discoveries made, valuable ethnographic and biological collections, data from observations of the waters of the World Ocean and the ice sheets of a continent new to mankind were also brought. Later, both leaders of the expedition heroically proved themselves in the military service of the Fatherland. A M.P. Lazarev after the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Navarino (1827) was appointed chief commander Black Sea Fleet and Russian ports on the Black Sea coast.
Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876) became the largest explorer of the Russian Far East in the middle of the century. Having since the XVIII century. vast possessions in the Far East, Russia never succeeded in their development. Even the exact limits of the eastern possessions of the country were not known. Meanwhile, England began to show attention to Kamchatka and other Russian territories. This forced Nicholas I, at the suggestion of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov (Amursky) to equip in 1848 a special expedition to the east. Captain Nevelskoy was placed at its head. In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, to discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur, where in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev Post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelsky's travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin is not at all connected to the mainland, but is an island and the Tatar Strait is precisely a strait, and not a bay, as La Perouse, who had been in these places, believed.
Evfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin (1804-1883) in 1822-1825 committed trip around the world and left to posterity a description of "much of what he saw. In 1852-1855, during the expedition he led on the frigate Pallada, the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands were discovered. He became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan closed from Europeans and even sign there treaty (1855).
The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the recognition by Europe of the existence of the Primorsky region (Nikolaevsk) and the fact of its belonging to Russia.
In the first half of the XIX century. other discoveries were made. Round-the-world expeditions have become traditional: V.M. Golovnin; on the sloops "Diana" (1807-1811) and "Kamchatka" (1817-1819), F.P. Litke on the sloop-of-war "Senyavin" (1826-1829, based on the materials of which more than 50 maps were compiled), etc.
extremely helpful and necessary information spent in Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands in 1839-1849; I.G. Voznesensky.
In 1809 A.E. Kolodkin began an intensive study of the Caspian, which ended 17 years later with the compilation of the first Atlas of the Caspian Sea.
In 1848, a study of the Northern Urals was carried out (up to Kara Sea) by the expedition of E.K. Hoffman and M.A. Kovalsky.
Expeditions to the north of Siberia, carried out in 1842-1845, were crowned with the coolest results. A.F. Middendorf (who first described the Taimyr Territory).
P.A. Chikhachev discovered the Kuznetsk coal basin.
The successes of Russian travelers were so capacious that it was necessary to create special institutions for the generalization and use of the results obtained. The most important among them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845.
Without the Russian pioneers, the map of the world would be completely different. Our compatriots - travelers and navigators - have made discoveries that have enriched world science. About the eight most notable - in our material.
Bellingshausen's first Antarctic expedition
In 1819, the navigator, captain of the 2nd rank, Thaddeus Bellingshausen led the first Antarctic expedition around the world. The purpose of the voyage was to explore the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as proof or refutation of the existence of the sixth continent - Antarctica. Having equipped two sloops - "Mirny" and "Vostok" (under the command), Bellingshausen's detachment went to sea.
The expedition lasted 751 days and wrote many bright pages in the history of geographical discoveries. The main one - - was made on January 28, 1820.
By the way, attempts to open the white mainland were made earlier, but did not bring the desired success: there was not enough luck, or maybe Russian perseverance.
So, the navigator James Cook, summing up his second circumnavigation, wrote: "I went around the ocean of the southern hemisphere at high latitudes and rejected the possibility of the existence of the mainland, which, if it can be found, is only near the pole in places inaccessible to navigation."
During the Antarctic expedition of Bellingshausen, more than 20 islands were discovered and mapped, sketches were made of the views of Antarctica and the animals living on it, and the navigator himself went down in history as a great discoverer.
“The name of Bellingshausen can be directly put on a par with the names of Columbus and Magellan, with the names of those people who did not retreat before the difficulties and imaginary impossibilities created by their predecessors, with the names of people who went their own way, and therefore were the destroyers of barriers to discoveries, by which epochs are designated, ”wrote the German geographer August Petermann.
Discoveries of Semenov Tien-Shansky
Central Asia at the beginning of the 19th century was one of the least explored areas of the globe. An indisputable contribution to the study of the "unknown land" - as geographers called Central Asia - was made by Peter Semenov.
In 1856, the main dream of the researcher came true - he went on an expedition to the Tien Shan.
“My work on Asian geography led me to a detailed acquaintance with everything that was known about inner Asia. In particular, the most central of the Asian mountain ranges, the Tien Shan, attracted me to itself, on which the foot of a European traveler had not yet set foot and which was known only from scarce Chinese sources.
Semenov's research in Central Asia lasted two years. During this time, the sources of the Chu, Syrdarya and Sary-Jaz rivers, the peaks of Khan-Tengri and others were put on the map.
The traveler established the location of the Tien Shan ranges, the height of the snow line in this area and discovered the huge Tien Shan glaciers.
In 1906, by decree of the emperor, for the merits of the discoverer, they began to add a prefix to his surname - Tien Shan.
Asia Przewalski
In the 70s-80s. XIX century Nikolai Przhevalsky led four expeditions to Central Asia. This little explored area has always attracted the researcher, and traveling to Central Asia was his old dream.
Over the years of research have been studied mountain systems Kun-Lun , the ranges of Northern Tibet, the sources of the Yellow River and the Yangtze, basins Kuku-burrow and Lob-burrow.
Przhevalsky was the second person after Marco Polo to reach lakes-bogs Lob-burrow!
In addition, the traveler discovered dozens of species of plants and animals that are named after him.
“Happy fate made it possible to make a feasible study of the least known and most inaccessible countries of inner Asia,” Nikolai Przhevalsky wrote in his diary.
Around the world Krusenstern
The names of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky became known after the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
For three years, from 1803 to 1806. - this is how long the first circumnavigation of the world lasted - the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", passing through Atlantic Ocean, rounded Cape Horn, and then reached Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The expedition refined the map of the Pacific Ocean, collected information about the nature and inhabitants of Kamchatka and the Kuriles.
During the voyage, Russian sailors crossed the equator for the first time. This event was celebrated, according to tradition, with the participation of Neptune.
A sailor dressed as the lord of the seas asked Kruzenshtern why he had come here with his ships, because earlier Russian flag not seen in these places. To which the expedition commander replied: "For the glory of science and our fatherland!"
Expedition of Nevelskoy
Admiral Gennady Nevelskoy is rightfully considered one of the outstanding navigators of the 19th century. In 1849 on transport vessel"Baikal" he goes on an expedition to the Far East.
The Amur expedition continued until 1855, during which time Nevelskoy made several major discoveries in the area downstream Amur and northern shores Sea of Japan, annexed vast expanses of the Amur and Primorye to Russia.
Thanks to the navigator, it became known that Sakhalin is an island that is separated by the navigable Tatar Strait, and the mouth of the Amur is accessible for ships to enter from the sea.
In 1850, the Nikolaevsky post was founded by the Nevelsky detachment, which today is known as Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
“The discoveries made by Nevelsky are invaluable for Russia,” wrote Count Nikolai Muravyov-Amursky , - many previous expeditions to these lands could achieve European fame, but not one of them achieved domestic benefit, at least to the extent that Nevelskoy did it.
North Vilkitsky
The purpose of the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean in 1910-1915. was the development of the Northern Sea Route. By chance, the captain of the 2nd rank Boris Vilkitsky assumed the duties of the head of navigation. The icebreaking ships Taimyr and Vaygach put to sea.
Vilkitsky moved through the northern waters from east to west, and during the voyage he managed to compile a true description of the northern coast of Eastern Siberia and many islands, received the most important information about currents and climate, and also became the first who made a through voyage from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk.
Members of the expedition discovered the Land of Emperor Nicholas I. I., known today as New Earth- this discovery is considered the last of the significant on the globe.
In addition, thanks to Vilkitsky, the islands of Maly Taimyr, Starokadomsky and Zhokhov were put on the map.
At the end of the expedition, the First World War. Traveler Roald Amundsen, having learned about the success of Vilkitsky's voyage, could not resist exclaiming to him:
"AT Peaceful time this expedition would excite the whole world!”
Kamchatka campaign of Bering and Chirikov
The second quarter of the 18th century was rich in geographical discoveries. All of them were made during the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions, which immortalized the names of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov.
During the First Kamchatka campaign, Bering, the leader of the expedition, and his assistant Chirikov explored and mapped the Pacific coast of Kamchatka and Northeast Asia. They discovered two peninsulas - Kamchatsky and Ozerny, Kamchatsky Bay, Karaginsky Bay, Cross Bay, Providence Bay and St. Lawrence Island, as well as the strait, which today bears the name of Vitus Bering.
Companions - Bering and Chirikov - also led the Second Kamchatka Expedition. The purpose of the campaign was to find a way to North America and explore the islands of the Pacific.
AT Avacha Bay The members of the expedition founded the Petropavlovsk prison - in honor of the ships of the voyage "Saint Peter" and "Saint Pavel" - which was later renamed Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
When the ships set sail for the shores of America, by the will of evil fate, Bering and Chirikov began to act alone - because of the fog, their ships lost each other.
"Saint Peter" under the leadership of Bering reached west coast America.
And on the way back, the expedition members, who had many difficulties, were thrown by a storm onto a small island. Here the life of Vitus Bering ended, and the island on which the expedition members stopped to spend the winter was named after Bering.
"Saint Pavel" Chirikov also reached the shores of America, but for him the voyage ended more safely - on the way back he discovered a number of islands of the Aleutian ridge and safely returned to the Peter and Paul prison.
"Non-Yasak Lands" by Ivan Moskvitin
Little is known about the life of Ivan Moskvitin, but this man nevertheless went down in history, and the reason for this was the new lands he discovered.
In 1639, Moskvitin, leading a detachment of Cossacks, set sail for the Far East. The main goal of the travelers was to "find new unclaimed lands", to collect furs and fish. The Cossacks crossed the rivers Aldan, Maya and Yudoma, discovered the Dzhugdzhur ridge, which separates the rivers of the Lena basin from the rivers flowing into the sea, and along the Ulya river they entered the Lamskoye, or Sea of Okhotsk. Having explored the coast, the Cossacks opened the Taui Bay and entered the Sakhalin Bay, rounding the Shantar Islands.
One of the Cossacks reported that the rivers in open lands“sable, there are a lot of all kinds of animals, and fish, and the fish is big, there is no such thing in Siberia ... there are so many of them - just launch a net and you can’t drag it out with fish ...”.
The geographical data collected by Ivan Moskvitin formed the basis of the first map of the Far East.
Russia was becoming a great maritime power, and this posed new challenges for Russian geographers.
In 1803-1806. The first Russian round-the-world expedition was undertaken from Kronstadt to Kamchatka and Alaska. It was headed by Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). He commanded the ship "Hope". The ship "Neva" was commanded by Captain Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773-1837). During the expedition, the islands of the Pacific Ocean, China, Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka were studied. were drawn up detailed maps explored places. Lisyansky, having independently made the transition from Hawaiian Islands to Alaska, collected rich material about the peoples of Oceania and North America.
The attention of researchers around the world has long attracted the mysterious area around South Pole. It was assumed that there is a vast southern mainland. English navigator J. Cook in the 70s of the XVIII century. crossed the Antarctic Circle, encountered impenetrable ice and declared that navigation further south was impossible. Since then, no south polar expeditions have been undertaken for a very long time.
In 1819, Russia equipped an expedition to the southern polar seas on two sloops under the leadership of Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He commanded the sloop Vostok. The commander of the Mirny was Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851). Bellingshausen was an experienced explorer, participated in the voyage of Krusenstern. Lazarev subsequently became famous as a military admiral, who brought up a whole galaxy of naval commanders (Kornilov, Nakhimov, Istomin).
The expedition crossed the Antarctic Circle several times, and in January 1820 saw the ice coast for the first time. Having approached it in the area of the modern Bellingshausen ice shelf, the travelers concluded that they were facing an “ice continent”. Then the island of Peter I and the coast of Alexander I were discovered. In 1821, the expedition returned to their homeland, having discovered Antarctica and completely sailed around it on small sailing ships poorly adapted to polar conditions.
In 1811, Russian sailors led by Captain Vasily Mikhailovich Golovkin (1776-1831) examined Kurile Islands and were taken into Japanese captivity. Golovkin's notes about his three-year stay in Japan introduced Russian society to the life of this mysterious country. Golovnin's student, Fyodor Petrovich Litke (1797-1882) explored the Northern Arctic Ocean, shores of Kamchatka and America. He founded the Russian Geographical Society, which played a big role in the development of geographical science.
Major geographical discoveries in the Russian Far East are associated with the name of Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky (1813-1876). In 1848-1849. he sailed around Cape Horn to Kamchatka, and then led the Amur expedition. He opened the mouth of the Amur, a strait between Sakhalin and the mainland, and proved that Sakhalin is an island, not a peninsula.
Expeditions of Russian travelers, in addition to purely scientific results, were of great importance in the mutual knowledge of peoples. In distant countries, local residents often learned about Russia for the first time from Russian travelers. In turn, the Russian people were enriched with knowledge about other countries and peoples.
The achievements of Russian scientists in the field of geographical research were of particular importance. Russian travelers visited places where no European had ever set foot before. In the second half 19th century. their efforts were focused on exploring the interior of Asia.
The beginning of expeditions into the depths of Asia was laid Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914) geographer, statistician, botanist. He made a number of trips to the mountains of Central Asia, to the Tien Shan. Having headed the Russian Geographical Society, he began to play a leading role in developing plans for new expeditions.
The Russian Geographical Society was associated with the activities of other Russian travelers- P. A. Kropotkin and N. M. Przhevalsky.
P. A. Kropotkin in 1864-1866 traveled through Northern Manchuria, the Sayans and the Vitim Plateau.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888) he made his first expedition along the Ussuri region, then his paths ran through the most inaccessible regions of Central Asia. He several times crossed Mongolia, Northern China, explored the Gobi Desert, Tien Shan, visited Tibet. He died en route, at the start of his last expedition. In connection with the news of his death, A.P. Chekhov wrote that such “ ascetics are needed like the sun». « Constituting the most poetic and cheerful element of society, he added, they excite, console and ennoble ... If the positive types created by literature constitute valuable educational material, then the same types given by life itself are beyond any price.».
overseas Russian travels scientists in the second half of the 19th century. become more targeted. If before they were mainly limited to describing and mapping coastline, now the life, culture, customs of local peoples were studied. This direction, the beginning of which in the XVIII century. put S. P. Krasheninnikov, it was continued Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay (1846-1888). He made his first travels in Canary Islands and across North Africa. In the early 70s, he visited a number of Pacific islands, studied the life of local peoples. For 16 months he lived among the Papuans on the northeastern coast of New Guinea (this place has since been called the Maclay Coast). Russian scientist won trust and love local residents. Then he traveled to the Philippines, Indonesia, Malacca, again returned to " Maclay coast". The descriptions of life and customs, economy and culture of the peoples of Oceania, compiled by the scientist, were largely published only after his death.
World geographical science in those years largely relied on the achievements of Russian researchers. By the end of the XIX century. the era of geographical discoveries ended. And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian researchers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century.
>>Russian explorers and travelers
§ 16. Russian discoverers and travelers
The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - explorers and travelers of the 17th-18th centuries, they enriched the ideas of Russians about the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. Russia for the first time realized an old dream: her ships went to the oceans.
I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky.
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