(V. I. Zhmurov)

There are many definitions of a tourist, reflecting the direction of the normative act and certain economic interests of the state by affiliation. Actually, specialists have been working on this definition for more than 50 years. The first definitions of a tourist were formulated in 1937 by a special Committee of Experts on Statistics of the League of Nations. A tourist is recommended to consider a person who has the following characteristics: movement, temporary stay in a certain place, lack of connection with work and earnings.

A detailed analysis of the definitions of the term "tourist" was carried out by D. Frechtling. As a result, he identified four main criteria used in all formulations of the concept of "tourist": the purpose of the trip; type of vehicle used; duration of stay; distance covered. [Arefiev V.E. Introduction to tourism. Barnaul: AltGU, 2002.] It is generally recognized that the first two criteria are not essential for practical comparative definitions, and all attention has been focused on the last two.

Duration of stay is a fundamental component of the UN definition, according to which it is necessary for a tourist to stay at the place of visit for more than 24 hours, but less than 12 months. Some definitions focus primarily on the criterion of distance. For example, the National Tourism Resources Evaluation Commission of the United States defines tourist as "a person who travels more than 50 miles (one way) from their home for business, pleasure, personal or any other purpose other than commuting to work." The US Census Bureau uses the same definition, increasing the minimum distance to 100 miles.

E. Cohen identified six main dimensions that meaningfully describe the term "tourist" in various studies: constancy, voluntariness, direction, distance, periodicity and purpose. He himself defined a tourist as a temporary traveler traveling of his own free will for the pleasure of novelty and gaining experience during a relatively long trip, involving a return to the starting point. [Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. M.; St. Petersburg: Nevsky Fund; Gerda, 2007.] This definition has drawbacks - it has no temporal and spatial boundaries.

In order to solve the tasks set at the UN Conference on International Tourism and Travel, held in Rome in 1963, the issues of tourism definitions were considered and it was proposed to use the terms "visitors", "tourists" (overnight visitors) and "sightseeers" (one-day non-overnight visitors). ). The following definition of the term " tourist": "A person who has arrived in a country in which he does not permanently reside and is not engaged in a paid professional activity, for the purpose of spending his free time for medical treatment, entertainment, education, recreation, religion, sports, family or business reasons."

At the same time, under visitor means any person traveling to a place outside his usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 consecutive months, whose main purpose of travel is not to engage in an activity paid from a source in the place visited. The UN Conference recommended that this definition be used for statistical purposes. The concept of "visitor" includes tourists and sightseers.

The concept of "tourist" adopted by international organizations differs from the concept of "tourist": a tourist spends more than a day outside his permanent place of residence, a sightseer - less than a day. For example, according to UNWTO, a tourist is a temporary visitor, i.e. a person who is in a country other than the country of his residence, for any purpose other than carrying out a paid activity. The main goals are study, treatment, transit. Thus, a tourist is a person who is away from his permanent place of residence for at least 24 hours and not more than a year.

In accordance with the UNWTO recommendations, the category of tourists also includes crew members of foreign air and sea ​​vessels spending at least one night in the accommodation facilities of the host country. The category of sightseers includes sea and sea passengers residing on board the vessel. river cruises, crew members of foreign aircraft and ships staying in the country of temporary residence for no more than one day, as well as transit one-day visitors. Figure 1.2 shows the UNWTO classification of travelers.

Rice. 1.2.

Extending these definitions to domestic tourism, tourist should be considered a consumer of a tour, a tourist product or tourist services - a temporary visitor to an area, settlement, territory or country, regardless of his citizenship, nationality, gender, language and religion, staying in this area for at least 24 hours, but not more than 6 months in during a calendar year or staying outside their place of residence within their country and spending at least one night in a collective or individual accommodation facility, traveling for pleasure or for educational, medical, business purposes and not engaged in activities at the place of temporary stay, paid from a local source.

It is also necessary to define the categories of travelers who are not considered tourists and, accordingly, are not taken into account by statistics. These include:

• persons traveling within their habitual habitat;
• migrants - citizens who change their place of permanent residence to another or leave their place of permanent residence for a period of more than a year;
• persons without a fixed place of residence - nomads, homeless people;
• refugees and forced migrants;
• persons who travel to engage in paid activities in the place of temporary residence;
• migrant workers and residents of border areas - frontaliers;
• representatives of diplomatic structures;
• military personnel traveling for the purpose of military service, as well as members of their families;
• illegal immigrants;
• prisoners extradited from certain countries or regions to their home countries;
• participants group trips on tourist trains, sleeping in carriages;
• participants in group trips on buses, sleeping in their salons;
• crew members of ships, trains, sleeping in a cabin or carriage;
• aircraft crew members who spend the night at the place of visit.

So, we can distinguish the following criteria that distinguish tourists from other categories of travelers:

• trips are made outside the place of permanent residence;
• the time of stay in the place of tourist destination is from 24 hours to a year (six months);
• the target component of the trip is clearly expressed;
• the impossibility of engaging in activities paid from a local source in the place of temporary residence.

Tourists are divided depending on the types of tourism into two types: international and domestic.

international tourist- a visitor traveling to a country other than that of his habitual residence and outside that person's primary environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months, the main purpose of which is not to engage in an activity paid from a source in the place visited, and having at least one overnight stay in a collective or private accommodation facility in the visited country.

Domestic tourist. Its definition is much more difficult. To this day, UNWTO experts do not have a unified point of view on this issue. In some countries, they are trying to give their own definition of a domestic tourist. Thus, the UNWTO Commission on National Tourism Resources defines a domestic tourist as a person who leaves his place of permanent residence in order to visit a place located no closer than 50 miles (80.5 km) from his place of residence. This trip may have professional, entertainment, personal, other purposes, excluding individual day trips to the place of work. It is not necessary for a local tourist to stay at the destination for more than 24 hours, which means they can stay overnight at the destination or return home the same day.

N.I. Kabushkin and A.P. Durovich define it as follows: "A domestic tourist is a visitor permanently residing in any country, traveling to a certain place located in his country, outside the usual environment of this person, for a period not exceeding 12 months, the main purpose of which is not occupation activity paid from a source in a visited place, and carrying out at least one overnight stay in a collective or private accommodation facility in a visited place. Introduction to the specialty: Tourism. Omsk: OGIS, 2002.]

All tourists can be classified according to the following criteria: depending on their activity or lifestyle. Traditionally, according to their activity during the holidays, six groups are distinguished among tourists [Dmitrienko Yu.V., Karmashkova N.V., Chernova T.V. Fundamentals of tourism business. Khabarovsk: DVGUPS, 2003.]

Relaxation lovers. Its representatives go on vacation to get rid of everyday stress and relax in a calm and pleasant environment. They are afraid of strangers and large crowds of people. Calmly resting vacationers are attracted by the sun, sand and sea.

Pleasure lovers. This is a type of very adventurous tourists who, during their holidays, are busy looking for a variety of pleasures and prefer a secular atmosphere. In relation to them, words such as flirting, long distances are most often used.

lovers active rest. These tourists love nature and create an active load on their bodies. They prefer measured movement and stay in the fresh air. Their vacation can be combined with treatment.

Sports enthusiasts. Unlike active tourists, sportsmen have all their attention focused on competitions. Sports are very important for them - their hobby. They are not afraid of physical activity.

Vacationers for the purpose of knowledge, study. This type of tourists is interested in raising their educational level, learning new things. There are three subgroups: Pr, P and Pd. Tourists like Pr visit the places described in the guidebooks. Type P focuses not so much on recognized landmarks as on finding places where he can feel their atmosphere. For him, feelings and moods come to the fore. Pd-type tourists have pronounced cultural and socio-scientific interests, they are very attracted to nature.

Adventure lovers. Only a few lovers thrill go on a journey alone and in doing so expose themselves to really serious risks. The type of adventurers can be attributed to those tourists who are looking for unusual experiences with a certain amount of risk. For them, risk is an opportunity to test themselves.

The classification of tourists into groups depending on their lifestyle suggests a more in-depth approach to the identification of types, as it considers a person and his behavior not in isolation, but in connection with his life position, attitude to various things and his desires.

When selecting groups of tourists, depending on their lifestyle, the basis is not some separate criterion, but the general attitude of a person to his life. It is very difficult to do this, since the trends and the economic situation in society are subject to strong changes over time. Depending on the lifestyle, there are four groups of tourists: lovers of pleasure, tendentious, family and exclusively relaxing tourists. With such a classification, it should be borne in mind that the selected groups are constantly changing, the boundaries between them are very vague.

Pleasure lovers. Representatives of this group make very high demands on the quality of rest. For them, travel is a way of self-expression. From rest, they want to enjoy, allow themselves some weaknesses or give themselves a sports load.

Trendy tourists. For them, rest is an opportunity to find and express themselves as a person. These are vacationers with high demands, but unlike "enjoying life", they do not need luxury conditions. They are looking for unity with nature, silence and the possibility of psychological relief, they are aware of the problems of the environment, they are interested in politics and culture of the region they are planning to visit.

Family tourists. This group includes only families with children. Family tourists like to spend their holidays with family, friends and relatives. They rest in a calm and comfortable environment, buy services at competitive prices, and do not like to be disturbed. Most of the time they take care of themselves.

Whole rest. The most important condition for tourists of this type is the opportunity to relax. This group includes relatively passive tourists who spend their holidays in the traditional way: they are content with silence, sleep for a long time, like to eat tasty and plentiful food, take short walks or short trips. Fans of such a holiday do not like to experiment and during the holidays they try to keep their habits.

Depending on the objectives of the study, various typology of tourists. The most common is the typology of the German specialist G. Gan, who distinguishes the following types of tourists:

S-type(German Sonne, Sand, See- sun, sand beach, sea). A typical vacationer who prefers passive recreation on seaside resorts, tranquility and comfort; avoids fuss, but welcomes contact with pleasant people.

F-type(German Ferme und Flirtorientierter Eriebnisur Lauber- a vacationer who prefers long-distance travel and flirting). This type is characterized by a craving for a constant change of faces, events, impressions. He will only spend his holidays where there is something going on, as slow frying on the beach with his family or alone is not for him. The credo of such a tourist is society, pleasure, a change of impressions.

W-1-type(German Wald and Wanderorientiert- Lover of forest walks and hikes). A vacationer who prefers outdoor activities, hiking, etc. His credo is physical activity in the fresh air, regardless of the weather. On vacation, he strives to maintain good physical shape, but is not professionally involved in sports.

W-2-type- more of an athlete than an amateur. Withstands long and large, up to extreme, loads. When choosing a tour, the criteria for conditions for doing what you love dominate. Selection criteria such as "landscape, culture, history" are secondary (eg amateur pilot, passionate climber, etc.).

A-type(German Abentener- adventure). Adventure lover. Risk, new sensations, testing one's strength in unexpected situations, danger - this is what determines the choice of the purpose of travel for this type of tourist.

B-type(German Bildung and Besichtigung education and sightseeing). Curious tourists are divided into three subgroups:

• "experts" who "collect" the sights they visit;
• "emotional" lovers of culture and nature;
• "specialists" who deepen their knowledge in certain areas of culture, history, art, etc.

Goals and motivation of tourists. Let us now consider the incentive motives of tourism, which attract foreign tourists. The main motives are:

• learning and getting to know a new culture and way of life, food and customs;
• introduction to entertainment nightlife, opportunity to visit good restaurants, discos and other entertainment establishments;
• the opportunity to be a little in a different way of life, to have a drink, to spend freely the money that has been accumulating for a long period, to feel at least a little like a person of a higher level;
• change of general environment, stress relief, rest;
• visiting theaters, performances, festivals, carnivals;
• meeting new interesting people;
• studying the conditions for potential business in a given country;
• shopping goals, purchase of souvenirs and gifts;
• seaside recreation, sports; winter sports and recreation;
• treatment, health goals;
• religious purposes, pilgrimage;
• meetings with relatives and friends.

Pleasure and relaxation- the natural needs of a person, allowing him to restore physical and mental strength, relieve stress accumulated during routine work over a long period. Normally working people usually have one to five weeks of rest every year.

The second most important are wellness and medicinal purposes: visits to resorts, sanatoriums, health-improving institutions, health-improving trips, stay on medicinal waters, other types of treatment.

Followed by professional business purposes: this includes seconded specialists, for example, sent to the installation and installation of equipment; participating in meetings, meetings, conferences, congresses and conventions, trade fairs and exhibitions; incentive trips for employees of enterprises (incentive tourism); performances with lectures and concerts; preparation of tourist travel programs (advertising tours); conclusion of contracts for accommodation and transport; work as guides and other positions in the field of tourism; participation in professional sports events; paid training, education and research activities.

V.A. Kvartalnov, developing an understanding of program tourism, identifies eight main groups of motives that serve as the basis for developing tourist service programs and highlighting the most important areas of tourism.

Health care. This group of programs includes tours with treatment, massage and other procedures for families, disabled people, non-smokers or quitting smokers, tours with recreational sports (swimming, aerobics, therapeutic exercises, etc.).

Sports as a means of psychological relaxation and increased vitality. This includes tours that allow you to practice sports during your holiday that most people don't have the opportunity to practice regularly throughout the year. These are mountain skiing, tennis, golf, gliding, equestrian, sailing, surfing, windsurfing, scuba diving, kayaking and catamaran rafting.

Education. Here one can single out, first of all, the study of foreign languages ​​and conversational practice, which includes daily classes, as well as other types of recreational activities. In addition, this includes training in various sports and professional training programs (management, marketing, economics, etc.). A small group consists of educational tours of interest (cooking, ecology, astronomy).

Opportunity for self-expression and self-assertion. This group includes the so-called adventure tours: high category hiking trips, trip around the world on the boat, African safari, camel and motor sledge hunting, mountain peaks, spearfishing and various expeditions.

Opportunity to do what you love (hobby) among like-minded people. There are special tours for car enthusiasts, "fans" and sports fans to sports competitions, championships and olympiads, pilgrims, collectors and amateurs, gourmets, etc.

Solving business problems. This includes the so-called business, congress tours, business trips, scientific tours. The travel company provides a cultural and tourist-excursion program of congresses, organizes business trips with visits to places of interest to customers and the provision of relevant services (transport, accommodation, meals, congress services, etc.).

Entertainment and the need to communicate with other people. It's mostly travel holidays with entertainment and educational program.

Satisfying curiosity and raising the cultural level. Such problems are solved in all the tours mentioned above. But they play the main role in educational tours to cities, capitals, historical and cultural centers. On theater tours - around the famous opera and ballet theaters, concert halls. In literary - according to the places of life and work of famous writers, the actions of the heroes of literary works, etc.

Rights and obligations of the tourist.[Kaurova A.D. Organization of the tourism sector. St. Petersburg: Nevsky Fund; Gerda, 2006.] When preparing a tourist for a trip and during his trip, including transit, a tourist has the right to:

• to the necessary and reliable information about the rules for entering the country or place of temporary residence and staying there; about the customs of the local population, religious rites, shrines, monuments of nature, history, culture and other objects of tourist display that are under special protection; state of the environment;
• freedom of movement, free access to tourist resources, taking into account the restrictive measures adopted in the country (place) of temporary stay;
• ensuring personal safety, consumer rights and the safety of their property, unhindered access to emergency medical care;
• compensation for losses and compensation for non-pecuniary damage in case of non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract, retail purchase and sale of a tourist product by a tour operator or travel agent in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• assistance to the authorities and local self-government of the country or place of temporary residence in obtaining legal and other types of assistance;
• unhindered access to communications.

During the journey, including transit, the tourist must:

• comply with the laws of the country or place of temporary residence, respect local: customs, traditions, social structure, religious beliefs;
• preserve the natural environment, take care of natural, historical and cultural monuments in the country or place of temporary residence;
• comply with the rules of entry into the country or place of temporary residence, exit from the country or place of temporary residence and stay there, as well as in countries of transit;
• observe the rules of personal safety and the safety of your property while traveling.

Tourist freedom. Freedom of movement- the most important factor determining tourism. It is necessary for participation in travel, the harmonious development of tourism and individual improvement. States in their national legislation should take into account the need to simplify and facilitate tourism formalities (customs, currency, sanitary, police, passport and visa) as an important condition for the intensification of tourist flows.

According to circumstantial evidence age can also be an obstacle to a tourist trip, especially if the authorities of the country have established a requirement for medical insurance with a fairly high coverage limit. Generally, persons over 70 years of age are not subject to health insurance or such insurance is very expensive. For the purposes of tourism and statistics, the following age categories are distinguished: 0-2 years - infant (baby); 3-12 years old - child; 14-18 years old - schoolboy; 18-25 years old - youth; 18-28 years old - students; 26-44 - adults; 45-64 - older adults; 65 years and older - pensioners (third age).

belonging to any religious denomination cannot serve as an obstacle to tourism. The tourist must be familiar with local laws and customs and respect them. According to international standards, a tourist has the right to freely perform religious rites and prayers, however, if this does not interfere with other tourists and does not violate local customs and rules for staying in a hotel and other public places.

Knowledge local language- private business of the tourist. No one obliges him to study and know. Tourist services, if necessary, should include the services of a guide-interpreter, if necessary, as well as an accompanying tourist group (tour leader, group leader, guide-interpreter), who is obliged to resolve emerging problems with representatives of local authorities.

Introduction

Classification of tourism - the allocation of internally homogeneous taxa (groups) of tourism activities on accepted grounds. The most common classification of tourism is its division into types, categories, types and forms. The type of tourism is determined by the nationality of the tourists.

Classification of tours according to the purpose of recreation. Types of recreational activities

Educational tours. Goals - to see interesting or simply beautiful natural and cultural objects, get new information about these objects, as well as visit unique places, so that later with a feeling of deep satisfaction to think and say: "I was there." Objects visited for educational purposes are: monuments of nature, history, architecture, places associated with the life of remarkable people, museums, art galleries, exhibitions, theaters, etc.

Basically, educational tourism can be attributed to ecological tourism (ecotourism) - travel and visits to natural areas that are relatively well preserved and untouched by human activity.

Distinctive features of ecotourism:

• - implies the existence of fairly strict rules of behavior in nature in order to conserve it, which is a fundamental condition for the existence of this industry;
• - the impact on nature is relatively weak;
• - it is assumed that locals not only work as service personnel, but also continue to lead the same way of life in the territory used, to engage in traditional types of economy that ensure a sparing nature management regime.

Varieties of ecotourism are visiting unique natural areas, observing animals and birds in wild nature, scientific tourism - travel in nature for educational (for students) and research (for scientists) purposes, etc.

Also, ethnographic tourism can be attributed to educational tourism - acquaintance with the traditional life of the local population. In world practice, this type of tourism is quite developed. Examples of elements of ethnotourism:

• - visiting the Papuan village in New Guinea and Indian settlements in the Andes mountains and the Amazon forests (company "Team Gorky");
• - visiting the site of Mongolian pastoralists with the possibility of spending the night in a yurt

Sports tours. The goal is adventure, overcoming difficulties. Active tours are divided by means of transportation. Allocate hiking, skiing, water (rafting on kayaks, wooden or inflatable rafts - rafts, catamarans, boats, yachts, etc.), horse riding, cycling. Speleotourism is also distinguished separately - visiting caves, mountaineering - climbing Mountain peaks. Separately, mountain tourism is distinguished - hiking in the mountains in order to overcome a certain number of mountain passes. Stationary sports tourism - various types of recreation at sea (diving, surfing, yachting, water skiing, etc.) and in the mountains (skiing, sledding, snowboarding, para- and hang-gliding, etc.)

Health tours. The goal is to rest from everything, without any stress. Examples: beach holiday outside the city, both short-term near the nearest river, and many days on Black Sea coast Caucasus; picnic in nature on weekends. (The term "improving" in the conditions of the Russian traditions that have developed today is not always suitable for the last example, but there is no other term yet).

Medical tours. The goal is the treatment or prevention of health. This is a vacation in sanatoriums or resorts. Medical care is necessarily provided, which differs depending on the prescribed course of treatment - procedures of various types, physiotherapy exercises, dietary nutrition, etc. Currently, most sanatoriums offer both treatment programs and "health" programs - without the provision of medical services. In the latter case, the sanatorium is used as a comfortable rest home. The ticket price is cheaper. Such events can also be short-term, for example, New Year's Eve followed by relaxation.

Consumer tours. The goal is to collect the gifts of nature not for sale. This includes picking mushrooms and berries. This also includes sport fishing. Sport hunting in the USSR was not considered tourism, since the hunting department of the Ministry was responsible for its organization. Agriculture which has nothing to do with tourism. Hunting legislation is also not directly related to tourism. But from a semantic point of view, hunting, as a vacation outside the place of residence, can also be attributed to tourism.

Country tours - visits to summer cottages, it is understood that for the purpose of recreation. Agritourism is close to summer tourism - recreation in the countryside (in villages, on farms, in peasant houses). Tourists lead a rural lifestyle, get acquainted with national songs and dances, local customs, take part in rural work, folk holidays and festivals. In Russia, such events have existed for a long time at an amateur level (a trip to relatives in the village) and have never been perceived as tourism, although they fall under the definition of tourism.

Religious tours - pilgrimages to holy places. For example, Christian trips to Jerusalem to venerate the Holy Sepulcher, a Muslim trip to the holy city of Mecca, a pilgrimage to venerate the relics of St. Seraphim of Sarov in the village of Diveevo (Nizhny Novgorod Region).

Business tours - trips for negotiations, participation in presentations, conferences, exhibitions, fairs, exchanges, visits of official delegations, etc.

Hobby tours - trips to do what you love: wine tasting, collectors' conventions, etc.

Educational tours - for the purpose of learning the language, applied arts, wushu gymnastics in China, etc.

Nostalgic tours - trips to memorable places, individual for each person, for example, to the homeland, to places of study, to relatives, etc.

Event tours - trips to one-time mass events: festivals, concerts of popular artists, sports competitions as fans, carnivals, city days and more

1. Temporary departures (travel) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons from a permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary residence (Law of the Russian Federation " On the basics of tourism activities in the Russian Federation”, 1996).

2. Temporary departure of people from their permanent place of residence for vacation, health, educational or professional business purposes without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary residence (Recommendatory legislative act "On the basic principles of cooperation between the CIS member states in the field of tourism", 1994).

3. Activities of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one year for leisure, business and other purposes.

4. A special form of movement of people along the route in order to visit specific objects or satisfy a specialized interest.

5. Type of travel for leisure, educational, business, recreational or specialized purposes. “Tourism is one of the types of active recreation, which is travel made with the aim of knowing certain areas, new countries and combined in a number of countries with elements of sports” (Manila Declaration on World Tourism).

6. Movement (movement), being outside the permanent place of residence and the aspect of temporary stay in the object of interest. The Manila Declaration on World Tourism (1980) proclaimed: "Tourism is understood as an activity of great importance in the life of peoples by virtue of its direct impact on the social, cultural, educational and economic spheres of the life of states and their international relations."

7. A form of mental and physical education, implemented through the social and humanitarian functions of tourism: educational, educational, health and sports.

8. A popular form of organization of recreation, leisure activities.

9. A branch of the economy serving people who are temporarily away from their place of permanent residence, as well as a market segment in which enterprises of traditional sectors of the economy converge to offer their products and services to tour operators.

10. The totality of all types of scientific and practical activities for the organization and implementation of: tourist and excursion business; resort business; hotel business.

Term tourism(tourism) was first used by V. Zhekmo in 1830. The word "tourism" comes from the French "tour", which means "walk". Until recently, the concepts of "tourism", "tourist" were understood differently in different countries. In our country, due to the fact that tourism and sanatorium-resort institutions were managed by different systems, the concept of "tourist" was limited to participants in tourist trips and hikes and was separated from the concept of "vacationer" in sanatoriums, boarding houses and rest homes. In other countries, different types of recreational activities were also often defined in different terms. With the development of tourism in the modern world, especially international and with the creation of international tourism organizations, it has become necessary to give a generally accepted definition of the concept of "tourist" and, accordingly, "tourism".

The international conference of 1963 gave such a definition of the concept of "tourist" - this is a person who has arrived in a country in which he does not permanently live and is not engaged in a paid professional activity, in order to spend his free time for the sake of treatment, entertainment, education, recreation, religion, sports for family or business reasons. Extending this definition to domestic tourism, a tourist should be considered a person who temporarily leaves his permanent place of residence to spend his free time for various purposes, except for a permanent paid professional activity.

The concept of "tourist" adopted by international organizations differs from the concept of "tourist": a tourist spends more than a day outside his permanent place of residence, a sightseer - less than a day.

According to the WTO, a tourist is a temporary visitor, i.e. a person who is in a country other than his country of residence for any purpose other than carrying out a paid activity. The main goals are education, treatment, transit. That. tourist - a person who is away from their permanent place of residence for at least 24 hours and not more than a year

One of the first and most accurate definitions of tourism was given by Hunzicker and Krapf, professors at the University of Bern, and was later adopted by the International Association of Scientific Experts on Tourism. These scholars define tourism as a series of phenomena and relationships that arise as a result of the travel of people as long as it does not lead to a permanent stay and is not associated with any benefit.

Tourism is a special case of travel, however, it has clear delimitations from the generality, strictly defined characteristics, many definitions of tourism in the conceptual sense are known, and, of course, a person who makes or participates in a tourist trip, tourist trip, hike, and is generally referred to as a tourist .

Tourism is:

a special mass type of travel with clearly defined goals of tourism, made by the tourists themselves, that is, the activity of the tourist himself, and

activities for the organization and implementation (accompaniment) of such trips - tourism activities. Such activities are carried out by various enterprises of the tourism industry and related industries.

Let us now give the classical definition of tourism.

Tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or another locality within their country in their free time for the purpose of obtaining pleasure and recreation, health and medical, guest, educational, religious or professional business purposes, but without engaging in place of temporary residence with a job paid from a local financial source.

Tourism is a type of travel and covers the circle of people traveling and staying in places outside their usual environment for leisure, business or other purposes. Although various interpretations of this concept have appeared in the process of tourism development, the following criteria are of particular importance in determining this phenomenon:

1. Change of location.

In this case, we are talking about a trip that is carried out to a place that is outside the usual environment. However, people who make daily trips between home and place of work or study cannot be considered tourists, as these trips do not go beyond their usual environment.

2. Stay elsewhere.

The main condition here is that the place of stay should not be a place of permanent or long stay. In addition, it should not be related to labor activity (wage). This nuance should be taken into account, because the behavior of a person engaged in labor activity differs from the behavior of a tourist and cannot be classified as tourism. Another condition is that travelers must not stay in the place they visit for 12 consecutive months or more. A person who stays or plans to stay for one year or more in a certain place is considered a permanent resident from the point of view of tourism and therefore cannot be called a tourist.

3. Payment for labor from a source in the place visited.

The essence of this criterion is that the main purpose of the trip should not be the implementation of activities paid from a source in the place visited. Any person entering a country for work paid from a source in that country is considered a migrant and not a tourist to that country. This applies not only to international tourism, but also to tourism within one country. Every person traveling to another location within one country (or to another country) to carry out activities paid from a source in that place (or country) is not considered a tourist of that place.

These three criteria, underlying the definition of tourism, are basic. At the same time, there are special categories of tourists for which these criteria are still insufficient - these are refugees, nomads, prisoners, transit passengers who do not formally enter the country, and persons accompanying or escorting these groups.

Analysis of the above features, characteristics and criteria allows us to identify the following features of tourism:

· business trips, as well as travel for the purpose of spending free time - this is a movement outside the usual place of residence and work. If a resident of the city moves around it in order to make purchases, then he is not a tourist, since he does not leave his functional place;

Tourism is not only an important branch of the economy, but also an important part of people's lives. It covers the relationship of a person with his external environment.

Consequently, tourism is a set of relationships, connections and phenomena that accompany the trip and stay of people in places that are not places of their permanent or long-term residence and are not related to their work activity.

There are five clearly defined important features that separate tourism from travel and other activities and processes:

Temporary movement and visit to the destination and indispensable return back;

Destination is another locality (country) different from the place of permanent residence of a person;

The goals of tourism, which are distinguished by a purely humanistic content and orientation;

Making a tourist trip in your free time from work or study;

Prohibiting a tourist from engaging in activities in the destination that are paid from a local financial source.

From the set of economic characteristics of tourism, five should be defined conceptually:

1) tourism as a process and result of the movement of people along various tourist routes;

2) definition of two main basic elements of tourism: travel to the place of stay and stay there;

3) travel means leaving the country (region) of permanent residence of the tourist;

4) the movement of tourists to various tourist centers takes time, which means that they will return to their place of permanent residence in a few days, weeks or months;

5) an excursion is a trip without permanent residence in a tourist center, which is not intended to generate additional income.

The following functions of the social and humanitarian impact of tourism can be distinguished: restoration of working capacity; rational use of free time; providing employment; the rise in the standard of living of the working people; environmental friendliness and orientation.

The purpose of travel is one of the main and defining features of tourism. In the classical theory of tourism, only 6 general goals are recognized, according to which tourism is distinguished from travel in general:

Wellness (restoration of the spiritual and physical strength of a person, as well as treatment);

cognitive (improving and deepening knowledge about the nature of natural phenomena, the history and present of mankind, the culture of other countries and peoples);

sports (preparation and participation in competitions and games at the professional and amateur levels, accompanying athletes, as well as participation as spectators);

professional business (business trips, participation in congresses, conferences, seminars, experience exchange, professional training);

Religious (pilgrimage and cult, cultural and historical for the study of religion and cults);

Guest and nostalgic (visiting relatives, places of historical residence).

There are also the following functions of tourism:

Restorative - liberation of a person from a feeling of fatigue through a contrasting change in environment and type of activity;

Developing - providing opportunities for personal development (expansion of the cognitive horizon, creative and organizational activities);

Entertaining - providing vacationers with the opportunity to have fun. This also includes: getting to know the area, its inhabitants, organizing concerts, sports and other events, active recreation.

Compiled for tourists in Moscow. Valid until the approval of a similar document by the TSSR. Option "0-1" Agreed: Arsenin, Kostin, Nizhnikovsky, Pigulevskiy, Nikonorov, Renteev, Smirnov, Khoroshilov.
Developed by Alekseev.

1. INTRODUCTION

In the last decade, the quality of travel reports submitted to the ICC at all levels has declined markedly. In many cases, reports do not meet the requirements for these documents. It is far from always possible to get an idea of ​​the actions and real qualifications of the group from such reports. Poor quality reports cannot be used in the preparation of routes, which leads to aging of information stored in libraries and can significantly affect the safety of hikes.
At the same time, ICCs at all levels have reduced the requirements for reviewing submitted reports. Often, certificates are issued on the offset of the trip according to reports in which the technical description is reduced to a detailed calendar plan of the trip. It is extremely rare that poor-quality reports are returned for revision.

2. GENERAL

A trip report is a document by which the ICC evaluates the real experience of the group, evaluates the actions of tourists on the route and the literacy of tactical decisions. Based on the reports, the ICC decides on the offset of the campaign and the assignment of categories. Based on the reports, the judging boards hold tourism championships.
Reports are one of the main sources of information about the travel area. On them, tourists are preparing for hiking. Based on the materials from the reports submitted when approving the route, the ICC decides whether the complexity of the declared hike corresponds to the qualifications (capabilities) of the group. The library of tourist reports serves as the information basis for the work of specific and interspecific commissions of tourism federations.

3. PURPOSE OF TOUR REPORTS

The main task of the tourist report is to convey the maximum reliable useful information about the travel area and about specific local obstacles. It should contain information about the routes of communication with the trekking area, the specifics of the organization of movement, nature reserves and border zones, natural obstacles, climatic features, etc. The report should tell how the group acted and contain recommendations for subsequent trips.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TOURIST REPORT

4.1. The report should contain only reliable information.
The report should unequivocally answer the question: where and how the route ran, how the group acted during its passage.
The report, in addition to purely technical descriptions, may contain the impressions of the group members about the area, the route thread and the obstacles passed.
4.2 The report on the tourist trip may be written or oral. Submission of a written report is obligatory for hikes of 4-6 grades, as well as for hikes participating in tourism championships. In all other cases, as well as for trips 1-3 c.s. The form of the report, its volume and content are established by the IWC when considering application materials, taking into account the novelty and availability of information on the given area in the IWC library. The decision of the ICC is recorded in the route book. The section "Technical description of the route" in relation to the "Detailed route schedule" (see 5.5) is mandatory for all reports.
4.3. Together with the report, the route book or its photocopy and documents confirming the passage of the route, completed certificates of credit for the trip of the established form for all participants are submitted to the ICC.
4.4. An oral report is made by the head and members of the group at the meeting of the ICC. In this case, the documents listed in clause 4.3, photographs, video materials, etc., as well as maps and route schemes are submitted. The oral report is built on sections of the written one (see 5.)
4.5. A written report must be typewritten (computerized), have continuous page numbering, and SHOULD BE HARD BOUND, ensuring long-term preservation of the report. See section 5 for the contents of the written report.
4.6. The photographs and sketches included in the report should characterize the difficult sections of the route and the group's actions on them, provide subsequent groups with orientation on the terrain, display the nature and sights of the area. The photographs are marked with the route traveled and the recommended route, as well as danger zones are highlighted. The photographs must be continuously numbered and MANDATORY have captions that allow you to identify the displayed object without referring to the text of the report. The text of the report must contain links to photographs and other illustrated material.
4.7. The report is accompanied by an overview map (scheme) of the hiking area with a plotted route, alternate options, directions of movement and possible evacuation, as well as overnight accommodations indicating their serial numbers and dates, and main obstacles. The map can be supplemented with sketches or large-scale diagrams of difficult areas, with indications of the line of movement, landmarks and photographic points.
For hikes with significant elevation changes, water and cave hikes, a route profile (altitude graph) is drawn up.
The reports on water trips contain sailing directions with indication of obstacles and their landmarks, diagrams of obstacles with drawing the route of passage, places of insurance and mooring.
Topographical materials on underground cavities are given in the reports on cave hikes.
Reports on automoto trips indicate points of possible refueling and repair Vehicle.

The text part should contain the sections indicated in the "Typical form and content of a report on a tourist trip, trip and sports tour" (see Appendix I). Individual sections are discussed in detail below, as well as in the "guidelines" (see Annex 4).
5.1 Title page (see Appendix 2).
5.2 Contents (Contents).
5.3 Reference information about the campaign.
The name of the conducting organization, country, republic, city, type of tourism, category of complexity of the trip, length and duration of the trip, number of the itinerary book and information about the authority of the ICC are indicated. This is followed by a detailed thread of the route, identifying obstacles, a list of the group indicating the year of birth, tourist experience and responsibilities in the group, addresses for consultations are given. 5.4. General geographical and tourist characteristics of the hiking area. Includes the geographical location of the area, its tourist opportunities, options for approaching and departing, characteristics of vehicles, including fares and traffic schedules, emergency and alternate options for this route, information about medical centers, retail outlets, the location of border and protected areas, order obtaining passes to restricted areas, addresses and telephone numbers of relevant organizations, location and addresses of the PSS and PSO, the most interesting natural and historical objects, climatic and other characteristics of the route.
5.5. ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIP.
The features of the pre-trip preparation, the features of the chosen route are described, the rationale for the choice of the main and backup options, and the organization of transfers are given. The section should answer the question why this particular route was chosen; How successful was the original plan of the campaign. In this section, the declared route thread and the separately actually passed one are given in a form convenient for comparison.
5.6. DETAILED MOVEMENT SCHEDULE.
It is given in the form of a table, for which the following columns are recommended: day of travel, date, section of the route, length (km), net running time, determining obstacles in the section8, weather conditions, elevation difference (for mountain hikes). At the end, the total duration, length, elevation difference are indicated. For hikes in the mountains, an altitude chart is given, and for water hikes, a route profile. INFORMATION IN THIS SECTION WILL BE DETAILED IN THE FOLLOWING SECTION.
5.7. DIARY AND TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE.
The main section of the report. It includes a detailed, without any exceptions, description of the route in the order of its passage, difficult sections according to the schemes below, technique and tactics of the route, dangerous sections and security measures. Without this section, the report cannot be considered by the IWC.
The route description is divided into days or tactical sections. The latter are also broken down by day. The heading of each day indicates the date and day of the journey, as well as for the convenience of users, the route segment, mileage, elevation difference, net running time in hours and weather conditions during the day. A sample title is given in Appendix 3.
The text indicates the object (the point to which the group is striving), landmarks and the direction of movement. Descriptions of the sections are given in strict sequence, the characteristics of the section to be overcome (obstacles), the time of movement, the technique and tactics used, dangerous sections, and methods of insurance are indicated.
To facilitate the work on the report, it is convenient to use the ready-made diagrams below. Examples of their application and a methodology to facilitate the preparation of this section are given in Annex 4.

LOCAL OBSTACLES DESCRIPTION SCHEME (on the example of a pass)

1. Name, category of difficulty (c.t.), height, characteristics of the slopes, where it is located, which valleys, glaciers, etc. connects.
2. From where it is visible, where it is located, landmarks for searching.
3. Characteristics (description) of approaches and take-off, dangerous areas.
4. Group activities, insurance, running time.
5. Description of the saddle.
6. View from the pass.
7. Characteristic (description) of the opposite slope.
8. Actions of the group on the descent, insurance, running time.
9. Recommendations for walking the pass in the opposite direction.
10. Total driving time.
11. Places of possible lodging for the night.
12. Required special equipment.
13. Recommendations for equipment and insurance.
14. Evaluation by the group of k.t. obstacles and ways to overcome them.
See also Appendix I

SCHEME OF DESCRIPTION OF EXTENDED OBSTACLES (on the example of a valley)

1. Indicate the final goal (landmark) of the movement, for example, a local obstacle (pass, crossing) to which the group is going and its location.
2. Indicate landmarks, direction of movement, points from which landmarks or the purpose of movement are visible.
3. Characteristics of the path to the chosen goal (road, trail, forest, scree, etc.)
4. The movement of the group from landmark to landmark, indicating the time of movement, characteristics of obstacles and group actions, insurance, dangerous places.
5. Total driving time, pure running time.
6. Places of possible overnight stays.
7. Recommendations for groups going in the opposite direction.
8. Evaluation by the group of c.t. obstacles.

5.8 GROUP EQUIPMENT
A list of special equipment, features of personal and public equipment and comments on them are given. Here is the calculation of the weight of the backpack.
5.9. ESTIMATE OF THE TRIP
The cost of travel, accommodation, food and all other expenses is given. Recommendations are given for optimizing costs.
5.10. RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This section summarizes and draws conclusions about the achievement of the goals. The correctness of tactical decisions, the choice of the route thread and the traffic schedule are analyzed, recommendations are given for its passage and possible changes. It analyzes the compliance of the category of complexity of the route and individual obstacles with the declared ones, the reasons for changing the original trip plan.

ATTACHMENT 1

STANDARD FORM AND CONTENT OF A REPORT ON A TOURISM TRAVEL, TRAVEL, SPORTS TOUR

1. Title page. (See Appendix 2)
2. Content (table of contents)
3. Reference information about the campaign.
3.1. Conducting organization (name, address, telephone, fax, e-mail, www)
3.2. Country, republic, region, region, district, subdistrict, array (venue)
3.3. General reference information about the route (in a column or in the form of a table).

3.4. Detailed itinerary.
3.5. Defining obstacles of the route (passes, traverses, peaks, canyons, crossings, rapids, vegetation cover, swamps, scree, sands, snow, ice, water areas, etc.) in the form of a table to determine the complexity of the route according to the TSCP method.

3.6. Group list.
3.7. Full name, address, phone, e-mail, leader and participants.
3.8. Report storage address, availability of video and film materials.
3.9. Hike reviewed by the IWC __________________

4. General geographical and tourist characteristics of the area.
4.1. Geographical position and tourist features of the area.
4.2. Entry and exit options.
4.3. emergency exits from the route and its fallbacks.
4.4. Characteristics of vehicles, weather conditions and other information specific to the area and type of tourism.
4.5. The location of border zones, nature reserves, the procedure for obtaining passes, the deployment of PSOs, medical facilities and other useful data.
4.6. List of the most interesting natural, historical and other objects (occupations) on the route.

5. Organization and conduct of the campaign.
5.1. Goals and objectives of the route. Preparation, route selection. Tactical ideas, novelty.
5.2. Route changes and their reasons.
5.3. Expanded traffic schedule. Prepare in the form of a table, briefly citing the main information disclosed in the section "Technical description of the group's route." Recommended graphs: Travel days. The date. Section of the path (from-to). Length in km. Net running time. Determining obstacles on the site. Weather conditions.

6. Technical description of the route.
The main section in the report.
Difficult sections: passes, rapids, crossings, places with difficult orientation, etc. ≈ are described in more detail, indicating the time intervals of their passage and the action of the group on them. Particular attention should be paid to the description of the technique and tactics of movement, as well as measures to ensure safety on the route, extreme situations. The text "Technical description of the passage by the group of the route" must be "tied" to the text of the "Detailed timetable" through the dates and days of the journey.
Potentially dangerous sections on the route are described separately.
The technical description is broken down by travel days or tactical sections. The latter are also broken down by day. The title of each day indicates: Date, day of travel, and it is also desirable to indicate the route section, mileage, elevation changes, net running time in hours and weather conditions during the day (see Appendix 3).

7. Material support of the group.

8. Cost of accommodation, meals, equipment, transportation costs.

10. The report is accompanied by an overview and detailed map route with indication of emergency options and emergency exits, photographs of defining obstacles confirming their passage by the group (all photographs must be numbered, linked to the text of clause 6 and captions that allow identifying the depicted object without referring to the text), passports of local obstacles passed for the first time . In order to create a database of routes traveled and simplify the exchange of information, it is recommended, in addition to a written report to the IWC, to provide a report "made (preferably with maps, photos, etc.) on a CD-ROM (diskette) in one of the formats pdf, html, rtf, doc, txt - text format.

APPENDIX 2

TITLE PAGE

REPORT
about (type of tourism) hiking
_______ difficulty category by (geographical area)
committed by a group of tourists (city, team)
in the period from _________ to ________ 200__.

Route book No. ___________
Team leader ____________
Address, phone, e-mail of the head

The route-qualification commission reviewed the report and believes that the trip can be credited to all participants and the head of the difficulty category.
Report to use in the library ____________

City __________ 200_

APPENDIX 3

A POSSIBLE OPTION FOR THE TITLE OF THE DAY OF THE WAY. (Example)

APPENDIX 4

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARING A TOURIST REPORT

Cool at first
and then it fades...
(Description of the pass ZB k.s.)

We go on hikes for ourselves, but many tourists write reports not for themselves, but for others, and consider compiling a report an obsolete, unnecessary sad duty, without which the "evil uncles from the IWC" will not give the coveted certificates of offset and will not be allowed to go to more difficult hike. "We are athletes, we are techies, not writers," - such an opinion can often be heard on the sidelines of tourist clubs.
"Colleagues, (I want to object to this), what materials did you prepare routes for? Maybe some non-athletes, support staff, second-class tourists or hired workers write reports for you?" Nothing like that, they are written by your comrades and, moreover, by no means always the elders. Reports, and even more so good reports, are written by honest athletes, those who not only use (for free!) Other people's experience, but also help their friends and colleagues with their experience.
Let's be honest with ourselves and our friends, and this manual will help you fulfill your duties with minimal labor and maximum benefit.
A person enjoys any (including technical work on a tourist route, if he succeeds in this work). But in order to succeed, you first need to learn, “But in our school there were triples in essays, well, it’s not given to us to write,” the stubborn people will continue to object. However, all over the world, millions of non-writers and non-journalists write industrial and scientific reports, instructions, articles, statements and explanatory notes. The task of these non-writers is to bring any information to the interested parties. And in this they are helped by well-developed document schemes. If all the elements of the scheme (points of the plan) are observed, you will be understood, even if you write clumsily, boringly and ponderously.

I. HOW TO WRITE A REPORT

If you want to make your job as easy as possible, start writing a report long before the trip. During the preparation period, you can write a draft of the "general geographical and tourist characteristics of the hiking area." Since you will still have to study the area before the trip, nothing prevents you from setting out the information you have received on paper or magnetic media in advance. After the campaign, it remains to make minor corrections, add the information received during the campaign and start the printer. The same applies to some other sections. To not suffer from technical description, it must be written on the route, in fresh footsteps; in the form of a diary. It is best at halts, after each transition, to describe the area covered. You can write yourself, or you can dictate to a participant with good handwriting (the ideal option is when several people keep diaries on a campaign, for example: a leader, a chronicler and a timekeeper). In this case, your comrades will be able to make corrections and additions, and, at the same time, learn to write themselves. Then, after the campaign, all that remains is to edit and retype the text. It is dangerous to postpone the description for the evening. Much will be forgotten, and there may not be conditions and time for writing. And it is absolutely unacceptable - to write a report from memory, having arrived home. Important details will be missed, timing will be forgotten, and, besides, there will most likely not be time for long writing after the trip.
But most importantly, credibility will be lost. And the report should contain only reliable information! It is not for nothing that the participants of geographical expeditions professed and profess the principle: "what was not recorded in the field log was not observed"!
Here is an example: the editor of the newspaper Free Wind, known to many travelers, SV. Mindelevich walked according to the report of E.A. Ionikh in the Elbrus region, the Yusengi pass (2B). Ionih passed this pass second, there were no other materials in the library. It followed from the report that the bend of the glacier "in the central part ends with a smooth roll-out onto the tongue. But instead of a roll-out behind the bend, there was a flight - on sheep's foreheads with a height drop of about 300 meters! There was a thin layer of fresh snow on the ice, and the bend did not allow looking down. Having started the descent without crampons and ropes, the group ended up on unreliable steps above the cliff... Later, the author of the description tried to justify himself by describing the pass in a hurry at home, after the hike-...
Another tragicomic case: a group of MEPhI tourists passed through the 1B pass in Digoria. According to the description, straight from the saddle to the flat part of the glacier there was an even snowy slope. From the pass, the slope was not visible. Without a shadow of a doubt, the leader sat down on the polyethylene and disappeared behind the bend. The rest heard a frightened cry, but then the leader rode out onto level ground and waved his arms invitingly. The second participant disappeared behind the bend, and again a cry and again allowing a wave of the hand. The third participant sat down on the polyethylene and after a few seconds saw a huge (perhaps it seemed from fear) bergschrund under him. Fortunately, there was a small springboard above the upper edge. Slowly, very slowly, a gaping bottomless mouth floated below. Hit, slide, roll out!
Both of them were lucky. Both used unscrupulous descriptions.
To keep a diary on the route, you need a hardcover notebook, pens or pencils, a compass, an altimeter or a GPS. Diary entries and, accordingly, the description of the route must be kept in strict sequence, without interruptions (breaks). They must have accurate timing. However, it is not necessary to indicate "Live time", it is unlikely that anyone will be interested that you walked from the place of spending the night to the ford from 7-00 to 7-30, but pure running time, that is, "it took 30 minutes." It is all the more useless to point out that, for example, they went from the crossing to the glacier from 10-00 to 15-40, since it is not clear how much you rested, whether or not you had a snack, etc.
You need to describe the route from one noticeable landmark to another, indicate what and where you can see, and in what weather conditions passed the stage. In some cases, it is useful to mention the state of a group. All this can be useful to those who follow you.

2. WHAT TO WRITE IN THE REPORT

At the beginning of the description of the running day, it is necessary to give its characteristics (see Appendix 3). Readers of the report should be able to find a description of the section of the route they need without turning over the entire text and, without referring to other sections of the report, immediately determine where and where you were going. In the text of the report, after the title of the day, it is necessary to indicate where the group starts moving from, even if this is clear from the description of the previous day. And then outline WHERE THE GROUP GOES. For example, we start the path to the Round Lake from a bus stop in the center of the village of Igoshino along a dirt road that goes between the houses to the northwest. Or: from spending the night at the confluence of the Bystraya and Kedrovaya rivers to the Sosnovy Pass, we go along the left bank of the Bystraya River along a well-developed path to the southeast. At the same time, these phrases contain information about the nature of the beginning of the path (path, road) and where this path starts from (there may be several roads and paths).
Then, if possible, it is necessary to indicate distant landmarks. For example, you have to go about 1.5 hours (5 km) until the confluence of the second large right tributary, the valley of which is visible from the place of spending the night (from the turn of the main valley to the right, etc.). This will allow less experienced travelers following your description do not skip the desired turn in bad weather, or out of absent-mindedness.
Now we proceed, in fact, to the description of the route. We indicate the nature of the path (paths, off-road), forests, swamps, crossings. We indicate the time of movement between noticeable landmarks, for example, until the next tributary, clearing, river bend. Here we also describe the actions of the group in difficult areas, berry thickets, places for overnight stays and other useful information. As well as interesting objects, passes, waterfalls, canyons, forks in paths and roads. If orientation when moving in the opposite direction is difficult, for example, because of the steep bank the bridge is not visible or the path is lost when entering the clearing and it is difficult to find it when moving in the opposite direction, we give recommendations for those going towards.
Respecting your colleagues, do not clutter up the text with abbreviations like "kpu" and "pl" (the end of the previous section and the place of overnight stay), and also avoid everyday details, perhaps very cute, but not related to the passage of the route - there are newspapers and magazines for them .
In no case should descriptions be limited to only a narrow corridor or a thread, as is done at rallies and competitions at the "movement according to the legend" stage. Without a landmark visible from afar or knowledge of the general direction of movement, a slight inaccuracy in the description, inattention or a slight change in the relief (the snowfield has melted!) is sufficient, and it will be impossible to restore your location.
Let us give an approximate scheme for describing the linear section of the route using the example of a river valley, adhering to which you can confidently state all the necessary information

SCHEME FOR DESCRIPTION OF AN EXTENDED OBSTACLE OR LINEAR SECTION OF THE WAY

1. Indicate the starting point of the movement and the final (intermediate) goal to which the group is going and the location of this goal.
2. Indicate the landmarks (the nearest one and the subsequent ones as you move), the direction of movement, the points from which the landmarks or the final goal of the path are visible.
3. Characteristics of the path (path, road, forest, slopes, scree, etc.)
4. Describe the movement of the group from landmark to landmark, indicating the net running time, the characteristics of the path and obstacles, the actions of the group when overcoming obstacles, dangerous places, as well as the types of insurance used.
5. Time of movement between the most important landmarks and the total time of movement to the selected goal or per day.
6. Places of possible lodging for the night.
7. Recommendations for going in the opposite direction.
8. If necessary, recommendations for equipment. If there is a pass or other local obstacle on the way of the group that requires a detailed description, we give it at the beginning brief description, then we orient the readers of the report, where it is located and where it can be seen from, and only after that we write the actual description, according to the diagram below for the case of the pass - the most common local obstacle.

SCHEME OF THE DESCRIPTION OF THE PASS (LOCAL OBSTACLES)

1. Name, category of difficulty, height, characteristics of the slopes, where it is located, what valleys, glaciers, etc. connects.
2. From where it is visible, where it is located in the circus or in the crest of the ridge, other landmarks that provide confident orientation.
3. Characteristics (description) of the pass takeoff, dangerous areas.
4. Actions of the group, organization of insurance, running time, possible options, total running time to climb.
5. Description of the saddle, possibility of lodging for the night.
6. View from the pass.
7. Recommendations for going in the opposite direction, if due to the shape of the slope it is not visible from above and at the same time access to dangerous or unreasonably difficult sections is possible.
8. Characteristics of the opposite slope, along which the descent is to be.
9. Actions of the group on the descent, insurance, running time, possible options.
10. Recommendations for going in the opposite direction, if the path, especially in the upper part, is poorly visible from below.
11. The total time for the descent and ascent, recommendations for the passage, the necessary equipment, the organization of insurance, conclusions.
12. Places of possible lodging for the night. (See also Appendix 3). Below we will give examples of how not to and how to write descriptions for simple and difficult passes, give recommendations for determining the steepness of the slopes and wish you successful trips and good reports.

SIMPLE PASS

1. How NOT to write a description

26.08.2001 From the overnight stay (there is no word about its place on the previous sheet) we move to the Dzhankuat glacier and along the path on the tongue of the glacier we cross the Dzhankuat-stream (it is not clear which coast). We climb the path to the crest of the moraine of the glacier (sometimes called the Dinosaur). Climbing a steep conglomerate slope (it is not clear how to look for a path on the slope). We go out on the trail on the crest of the moraine (50-60 minutes). We pass along the trail - about 300 meters and leave it - opposite the stream flowing from under the Koyavganaush pass (the first mention of the goal in the description of the day!). We climb the path along the stream to the "Spartak overnight stays". Here perfect place for overnight stays before the pass (the nature of the slope is not indicated, it is not clear where the overnight stays are, there is no time to climb to them).
Ascent to the saddle of the pass along a poorly visible path along a small moving black scree, in some places crossed by snowfields. It is better to pass the pass early in the morning, when the talus is seized by frost and does not creep. The ascent from overnight stays takes an hour and a half (there is no indication where to look for the pass in the circus, a false saddle is missed, the glacier at the foot of the pass is forgotten, there is no general ascent time).
The saddle is wide, talus, you can put up several tents. From the saddle there is a good view of the Adyrsu valley.
The descent from the saddle along snowfields and small live scree to the Koyavgan glacier takes from 20 minutes to 1 hour (missed dangerous area, it will be given in the "correct description", it is not clear what caused the spread of the descent time by three times). Coming out on the flat surface of an open glacier, we move closer to the - left edge along the slopes of the Koyavgan peak (the peak is not visible, its mention is meaningless). In 30-40 minutes we reach the final moraine, leaving the steep tongue of the glacier on the right along the way (there are no instructions for finding the pass from this side, the passage of the glacier is not described in detail).
There is water and platforms on the moraine. From here begins a terrible path, which in an hour and a half leads to a green island on the banks of the Adyrsu River. This is an ideal place for a day trip - pine trees, a clear stream ... - (the description of the valley and the "terrible trail" is not detailed, there is no total time for the descent and the total time for passing the pass).

2. How to write a description

Today we have to take the last and easiest pass Koyavganaush (IA, 3500, sn.-os). The pass is located in the Adyrsu ridge between the peaks of Koyavganbashi and VIAtau and connects the valleys of the Adylsu and Adyrsu rivers. It leads from the tongue of the Dzhankuat glacier to the Koyavgan glacier and to the ruins of the Dzhailik a/l.
From the place of our overnight stay at the "Green Hotel" hut in the upper reaches of the Dzhankuat stream (2400 m), one can see the Dzhankuat glacier and a stream breaking through its right-bank moraine near the tongue. Along the stream there is a trail to the pass.
Passing through moraine deposits and pebbles along the Dzhankuat stream, we cross the glacier to the right bank. Further along the left bank of the stream along the path cut in the conglomerate, we climb into the pocket of the right-bank moraine of the Dzhankuat glacier. Along the pocket and along the ridge there are trails to the upper reaches of the valley to the training pass (Gendarmes). A moraine slope leads to our pass from the pocket, cut by gullies in which snowfields lie. On the slope along the stream flowing from under the pass, there are paths leading to a small circus. To the left along the way - grassy areas of "Spartak's overnight stays" (3 hours).
From here, on the right side of the circus, under the rocky massif of Koyavganbashi, near the pyramidal gendarme, a pass is visible. Closer to the top of VIAtau there is a false saddle. The further path runs along a small gently sloping glacier, the lower part of which is open, and the upper part can be covered with snow, but there are no cracks here. Passing under a false saddle, we rise to the pass along a wide snow-scree slope. If the scree is saturated with water and creeps underfoot, you can go to the left, along simple rock outcrops. The saddle is quite wide, scree. A bivouac is possible on it. Tour from the north side on the rocks. (5 hours from the "green hotel"). The pass is one of the best panoramic points of the Elbrus region. From here, the upper reaches of the Adyrsu valley and the Adyrsu ridge from the Freshfield pass to the Kulumkol pass open. Elbrus and the Donguz-orunbashi massif are visible in the western sector.
The descent to the Koyavgan glacier passes along a wide slope (30°, 400m). In its upper part, there is usually a snowfield, the steepness of which can reach 40°. If the snow density is high, you can move a little to the left to the ridge of the destroyed rocks. Below, the famous Koyavgan "sypukh" begins, which, depending on the humidity, rides underfoot or turns into a solid conglomerate.
The end of the snowfield is not visible, so we decided not to risk it and went around it on the left. They did the right thing: at the end of the summer the snowfield was reduced, and in the event of a breakdown, it would be difficult to linger until the flight to the scree.
Further along the paths laid in the black slate scree, we descended to the glacier (1 hour). When passing this slope on the rise, it is advantageous in the upper part to go to the right to a larger scree. (Rockfalls on the right!). We walked along the glacier along the left edge, bypassing the zone of swelling and ice breaks (rockfalls from rocks, open radial cracks). Having passed the turn along the ice littered with fragments, we go to the left-bank moraine and descend along it to the platforms at the upper edge of the terminal moraine of the glacier (upper Koyavgan overnight stays) (50 minutes). You can also get here along the centerline of the glacier. In this case, the descent to the moraine, not reaching the steep part of the tongue. Further, having passed the moraine, on the left bank of the stream (in the off-season it is avalanche-prone here), we go out to the grassy "lower camps". From here, a steep, deeply trodden path with frequent serpentines descends into the Adyrsu valley. Turning to the right, up the valley and crossing the stream from under our pass, we find ourselves in a pine grove, where there are numerous parking lots (2200, 4 hours from the saddle). We note that it is difficult to walk this pass from grass to grass, but we have the end of the route and the experience of the "four" behind us.
When moving in the opposite direction, it must be borne in mind that the first to open is a false saddle under the slopes of VIAtau. A cornice usually hangs on it. The pass is located on the left side of the circus behind the rocks and is not visible until the glacier turns. If a group descends towards the pass, it is better to wait behind the rock that separates the main and false saddles, so as not to fall under the rockfall

DIFFICULT PASS

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Pass Suvorov(version of the Dzhailyk pass) (ZA, 4100, ice., - sk., 132, fig.) is located in the northwestern branch of the Adyrsu ridge between the peaks of Dzhailik and Tyutyubashi in the southern shoulder of the latter. It connects the Kulumkol (Adyrsu) and Tyutyu (Baksan) valleys, leads from the Tyutyu glacier to the Western Jailyk glacier. Completed for the first time
In the upper left cirque of the Tyutyu glacier, to the right along the Dzhailik peak, a snow-ice lintel of the Dzhailik pass with rocky teeth is visible. The Suvorov Pass is located to the right along the path behind a low rocky pyramid. The pass requires the use of the entire arsenal of ice and rock equipment. The defining side is described on the rise. Throughout the ice and snow slopes are rock-hazardous. The lower part of the take-off pass only in the morning.
Depending on the snow and ice conditions, the optimal ascent route may change markedly. It is planned to hang up to 600 meters of railings, of which about 150 meters are on ice.
From overnight stays "Tyutu lower" we climb the Tyutyu glacier and move to the upper part of the median moraine under the pass, where we organize the initial bivouac (1 hour). From here you can see the pass "take-off with a hanging glacier, in the lower third of which the left side merges with the avalanche.
The stem is broken by two bergschrunds. We overcome the lower one along the bridge, we pass the upper one on the right along the way, and head to the tongue of the hanging glacier. On the ice (40-50°, walls up to 60°) we climb to the circus under the pass (railing 150m). Directly above us is one of the saddles of the Dzhailik pass (PZ), an extended rocky snow-ice couloir leads to our pass. On the closed glacier (20-30°) we go up to the right under the rocks, to the right along the couloir, and after walking about 80 meters along its edge, we come out onto the rocks (8 hours). On the rocks (20-30°, 80m) we climb to the buttress, which goes into the couloir. Then we climb the buttress (40-60°, 80m) to a wide grassy ledge. On it we cross the side couloir (40m) and go to the next buttress with a characteristic rocky tooth. On this buttress (40-60, in some places up to 80 °, 100 m) we climb to the scree. On it up and to the left (along the way) we go under the pass couloir and along it (40-60 °, 30 m) we go to the ridge. (8 hours from the pass circus). Semi-sedentary overnight stays are possible in the area of ​​buttresses.
From the pass there is an excellent view in both directions. A bivouac is possible on the ridge, but there is no water. The descent towards the Adyrsu valley along a small living scree leads to the Western Jailyk glacier. We continue the descent along the right edge of the glacier. We pass comfortable grounds under the Dragon's Tail Pass (IA) (2.5 hours).