What does the cultural heritage of Brazil mean. Brazil and temperate South America
Fourth Journey (Part 2).
The Federative Republic of Brazil has acceded to the Convention on the World Cultural and natural heritage in 1977, and the first Brazilian site was inscribed on the List of such heritage in 1980.
However, in terms of the time of the beginning of the protection of cultural heritage sites on an urban scale, Brazil is one of the first places in the world, since back in 1933. Her most famous historical city Ouro Preto was declared a national monument, where the demolition of old buildings was prohibited and restrictions were placed on the construction of new ones.
In general, the 1910s are considered to be the time of origin of activities for the preservation of historical and cultural monuments in Brazil. And in 1937. laws were passed on the organization of the protection of the national historical and artistic heritage throughout the country, and on the creation of the Service (later - the Secretariat) of the National Historical and Artistic Heritage - SPHAN, under the auspices of the Ministry of Education and Health (now it is the Institute under the Ministry of Culture - IPHAN). The Institute has an extensive heritage management system with 14 regional superintendentships, each supervising one to three states, and 19 sub-regional services in places of greatest concentration of heritage sites.
In total, IPHAN controls more than 16,000 buildings recognized as monuments, 50 urban centers and ensembles, 5,000 sites of archaeological heritage, museums, libraries, archives, etc.
Unlike “Spanish America”, many parts of which had a rich immovable cultural heritage dating back to the period before colonization, in “Portuguese” Brazil, the formation of architecture and cities falls on a later time (not earlier than the middle of the 17th century) and reflects the combination of three cultural traditions: European (in the Portuguese and, in part, the Dutch interpretation), African and Indian. In various parts of the country and in individual cities that are hundreds, and sometimes even thousands of kilometers apart, these effects manifested themselves in different proportions. As a result, at an early stage of the country's development, before the establishment of stable interregional ties in certain parts of Brazil, what D. Ribeiro defined as "isolated islands of culture" arose. This largely influenced the specifics of the cultural heritage and the entire nature of the historical environment of cities and regions. In this regard, five leading regional cultures of Brazil are usually distinguished. Of these, the urban sites that have become part of the World Heritage over time have been most influenced by the Kriola culture in the northeast of the country, and the Caipira culture in the state of São Paulo and the region of the main centers of mining.
At the same time (although there is still no complete agreement among Brazilian specialists, both regarding the advisability of preserving only immovable monuments and urban ensembles as a sphere of preserved heritage, or the desirability of extending it to intangible heritage, and regarding the starting point in the birth of Brazilian national culture) , in the aspect of the architectural and urban heritage that interests us, everything unequivocally converges on the development on the foundation of Portuguese culture. At the same time, experts note the exceptionally strong influence of the traditions of folk architecture in Portugal, which is distinguished by its special purity and unpretentiousness - features that persisted in Brazil until the middle of the 19th century.
Activities to identify and preserve the cultural heritage in Brazil are developing with great difficulty, determined by the traditional orientation in society towards modernization and the creation of "new values", what is sometimes called Brazilian modernism. However, at the end of 1998 the list of only urban heritage sites under the control of IPHAN already includes 57 positions. These facilities are located in 49 cities in 17 states and Federal District. The number of buildings included in the boundaries of each of them ranges from 10 to 2000, and their total number in all objects of the list is slightly more than 18 thousand.
Actually, there are three separate lists ("books") for different objects: artistic (or "fine arts"), archaeological-ethnographic-landscape and historical. The same object is included in one, two, or all three lists, which implies slightly different approaches to the protection of specific heritage sites.
The earliest in time of inclusion in the lists (1938) and significant in size objects of the cultural heritage of Brazil are the "architectural and urban planning ensembles" of the cities of the state of Minas Gerais: Ouro Preto (1100 buildings), Diamantina (1200 buildings), Sao Juan del Rey (700 buildings), Mariana (500 buildings), Serra (300 buildings), Tiradentes (150 buildings). The first two of them, as you know, have already become part of the World Heritage Site.
Of the other historical cities whose ensembles were taken under protection in later years, deserve special mention for the size and value of these ensembles: World Heritage-listed Salvador (Bahia state - 2000 buildings), San Luis (Maranhao state - 1000 buildings) , Olinda (Pernambuco state - 600 buildings), the federal capital of Brasilia, as well as Alcantara (Maranhao state), Paraty (Rio de Janeiro state), Cachoeira, Lencois, Porto Seguro (all - Bahia state), Laranjeiras (Sergipe state ), Pinedo (state of Alagoas), Laguna (state of Santa Catarina), Pirenoupolis (state of Goias), Cuiaba (state of Mato Grosso), Natividadi (state of Tocantins).
In the early 2000s There are 9 Brazilian sites on the World Heritage List, of which 8 are cultural heritage, including 6 cities represented by their historical centers, or even included in the List as a whole, like Ouro Preto and Brasilia. The last of them is, in general, the only object of urban planning of the 20th century in the world, included in the List as an example of a new city created according to a single project.
Source: Khait V.L. Art of Brazil: history and modernity. Essays. M., Art, 1989.
Parent M. Protection et mise en valeur du patrimoine cultural bresilien dans le cadre du development touristique et economique. Paris, UNESCO, 1968 (short version in Russian in: UNESCO Courier, No. 138, 1968, p.14).
Brazil. Territory, people, work, culture. Coord. Lobello M. São Paulo, 1997.
Relação dos Sítios Urbanos Tombados pelo IPHAN. In: Manual do Inventário National de Bens Imóveis. // Deportamento de Identificação e Documentação. Setor de Inventario de Bens Imóveis. 1998.
Da Silva M.A. Colonial past through modern eyes: patrimony and memory in Brazil. In: Built Heritage and Society. Tusnad 2000 - Proceedings. Cluj-N., Ed. Utilitas, 2000. P.91-92.
Patrimônios da Humanidade no Brasil - World Heritage Sites in Brazil. Text: P. Tirapeli. Sao Paulo, 2000.
Briefly about Brazil // Embassy of Brazil (in Moscow). M., 2001.
Also used materials that were kindly provided to the author:
V.L. Hayt - Director of NIITAG RAASN, Lia Motta - employee of the IPHAN Superintendency in Rio de Janeiro, Giovana Buckley - UNESCO consultant in the Technical Assistance Group in Ouro Preto, Paulo Rocha Cipriano ( Paulo Rocha Cypriano is the Cultural Secretary of the Brazilian Embassy in Moscow.
Brazil
The eastern and southern parts of South America are considered by us as part of two tourist mesoregions of the macroregion. One of them is the Brazilian tourist mesoregion, the second is the tourist mesoregion Temperate South America, which includes four states (Paraguay, Argentina and Chile). Brazil is famous for its recreational resources, diverse nature and cultural heritage of the colonial era. The countries of temperate South America amaze, first of all, with the picturesqueness of their virgin nature and the uniqueness of cultural monuments.
The cultural specificity of Temperate South America is determined by the Catholic religion. In the interior of Brazil (in), local traditional beliefs have been preserved. The indigenous Indian peoples of Chile belong to the Andean family: Quechua, Aymara, Araucans, etc. The Indians of Brazil and Paraguay belong to two language families: the Equatorial-Tukanoan (Arawaks, Tupi, Tukano, etc.) and Pano-Caribbean (Caribs, pano, etc.). The majority of the population are peoples of the Romance group of the Indo-European family: Chileans, Argentines, Uruguayans, Paraguayans who speak the language, as well as Brazilians who speak Portuguese.
By its name Federative Republic of Brazil(8 million 547.4 thousand sq. km, 196.3 million people in 2008) is due to the brazil tree (from brasa - “heat, hot coals”). So the Portuguese called red sandalwood - a tree with dense yellow-red wood, used at that time in dyeing. Brazil was originally called the Land of the Holy Cross. But Brazilian wood was the main export item from this country, for which the latter received the name Brasil (Russian form - Brazil). The consolidation of this name was facilitated by the fact that in Europe from the XIV century. the mythical island of Brasil was known, lying somewhere in and classified as “stray”, i.e. changing their location.
Name Republic of Paraguay(406.8 thousand sq. Km, 6.8 million people in 2008) comes from the river of the same name, which means “big” or “river-river” in local Indian languages.
The name seems to have happened Uruguay- from the river of the same name, the name of which in the language of the Tupi Indians means "bird or chicken river." The full name of the state, adopted in 1830, is the Eastern Republic of Uruguay (176.2 thousand square kilometers, 3.5 million people in 2008), which is associated with the location of the republic on the eastern bank of the Uruguay River. In colonial times, the territory of the country was part of the Spanish General Government as a province. East Coast, and since 1815 - the Eastern Province.
Argentine Republic covers an area of 2 million 780 thousand square meters. km, the population in 2008 was 40.5 million people. The name Argentina appeared after the liberation of the country from Spanish rule in 1826 and means "silver". Prior to this, the territory of Argentina was called La Plata, after the common name of the river and bay of the Rio de la Plata (“silver river”) adopted at that time.
Republic of Chile occupies an area of 756.6 thousand square meters. km, the population in 2008 was 16.5 million people. The name Chile in the language of the Arawak Indians means "cold, winter", which is associated with their perception of the snowy peaks of the Andes.
In total, 31 objects are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in Brazil and Temperate South America, of which 20 are cultural monuments.
The Federative Republic of Brazil is a hospitable country that attracts millions of tourists from all over the world. Climatic conditions let me come here all year round, but Brazil experiences a real tourist boom on the eve of Easter, when the famous carnival is held in Rio de Janeiro.
Brazil is also famous for its noisy white sand beaches, picturesque nature and original local cuisine. In this country, it is worth visiting the amazing Amazon, the swampy Pantanal, the sandy Lencois Maranhensis and other national parks where you can see the anaconda or fish for piranhas.
Since Brazil used to be engaged in the slave trade, in some of its cities, such as Diamontina, Olinda, Ouro Preto, San Luis and Goiás, colonial architecture has been preserved almost in its original form. Among the variety of Brazilian cuisine, you should definitely highlight the unusual assorted feijoada, mashed meat and tutu beans, marinated sarapatel liver and dried meat carne do sol.
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What to see in Brazil?
The most interesting and Beautiful places, photos and a short description.
The Iguazu Falls complex is located on the border of Brazil with Argentina. To fully enjoy the beauty of the waterfalls, tourists can make sightseeing tour not only on foot or by car, but also by helicopter or boat. The unique local ecosystem is protected by UNESCO.
One of the seven "new wonders of the world", the monument to Christ the Savior, is located in Rio de Janeiro. This business card city, as well as a popular tourist attraction. The monument was opened in 1931, and in 1965 Pope Paul VI re-consecrated the statue of Christ the Savior.
Popular and safe - this is how Ipanema beach can be characterized. Small waves prevail here, which makes swimming quite calm. beach cafes Ipanemas sell various drinks, ice cream, sandwiches or fruits. The shops, hotels and houses surrounding the beach are considered the most expensive in Rio de Janeiro.
Ouro Preto is an old picturesque town founded in 1711. In the XVII-XVIII centuries, gold was mined here, which contributed to the rapid development of the city. At the end of the 19th century, gold mining stopped, and Ouro Preto fell into disrepair. Numerous well-preserved examples of colonial baroque architecture have made the city a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The northeast of the country is occupied by the UNESCO-protected Serra da Capivara National Park, whose territory exceeds 120 thousand hectares. The park is valued primarily for its unique cave drawings, dated to the XIV century BC. In the Serra da Capivara, 64 archaeological zones are open, to which 14 hiking trails lead.
A bright representative of eclecticism, pompous Opera theatre Amazonas was discovered in 1896 in the city of Manaus. The building was erected with the money of the wealthy "rubber magnates", but over time, when the city became impoverished, the theater fell into disrepair. Restoration work in 1990 returned the building to its former beauty, and today the theater again gives performances.
The unique ecosystem of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO since 2002. Thanks to a well-thought-out infrastructure, all 20 islands of the archipelago are considered a high-class center for ecotourism. You can also go diving or surfing here.
The foundations of the city of Olinda, located in the north-east of the country, were laid back in the 16th century. Portuguese colonizers. The buildings of the historic center date back to the 18th century and are considered the best preserved example of the first period of settlement. Since 1982, the historical center of Olinda has been included in the UNESCO List.
Salvador is a colorful city and the birthplace of the Brazilian martial art of capoeira. Once Salvador was a slave port, but today it is a popular beach resort. Salvador offers its tourists about 20 equipped beaches with a length of more than 40 km. Capoeira performances are held every evening at Piazza Pelourinho.
Wetland reserve, which is home to giant butterflies, rare birds and animals. In the most visited city of the Pantanal, Cuiaba, you can book an excursion. In addition to the usual entertainment, in the Pantanal you can go fishing for piranhas or take part in a night boat safari.
Every year in February, Rio de Janeiro receives millions of tourists who aspire to get to the famous Brazilian carnival. The highlight of the carnival is the parade of samba schools, for which the performers have been preparing for many months. To visit the four-day carnival, tourists should book hotels in advance.
Thanks to the well-preserved examples of colonial architecture, the historical districts of Salvador da Bahia were inscribed on the UNESCO List in 1985. Tourists here should visit Pelourinho Square, the local cathedral and the Elevador Lacerda elevator.
The rainforests that surround the Amazon River are over 55 million years old. A huge number of animals, birds and insects live here. Tourists from all over the world come here to see the local natives, go canoeing under the moon or catch a couple of piranhas.
The very popular Karakol waterfall, which offers an unusually beautiful view of the surrounding landscape, is located 7 km from the city of Kanela. At a short distance from the waterfall, an observation deck for tourists was built, equipped with an elevator. There are also souvenir shops and cafes.
In 1983, five Jesuit missions of the 17th-18th centuries were inscribed on the UNESCO List. These reduction missions, which were mini-cities with all the accompanying infrastructure, were built to convert local tribes, in particular the Guarani Indians, to Catholicism.
Pedra Pintada is a famous archaeological site in Brazil. Inside this 35 meter cliff, caves with white and pink rock paintings were discovered. Experts date these drawings to the 10th millennium BC. Also found here various items life of ancient people.
Located in Rio de Janeiro, the Portuguese Royal Library was founded in 1837, and since 1900 it has become public. The library building, built in the Neo-Manueline style, combines Gothic and Renaissance elements. About 350,000 books in Portuguese are stored here.
located in the northeast of the country, national park Lencois Maranhensis was founded in 1981. More than 1000 km2 of the park is occupied by amazing sand dunes, which are about 40 m high. After the rains, the water forms lagoons suitable for swimming. Entrance to the park is free, but there is a charge for bike and sandboard rentals.
One of the symbols of Rio de Janeiro is Sugar Loaf Mountain. Located near Guanabara Bay, this 396-meter-high mountain is an excellent viewing platform. You can reach the mountain on foot cable car or along one of the many climbing routes.
Brazil's largest stadium, completed in 1965, is officially named Mario Filho, after the famous Brazilian sports journalist. The stadium was created as a result of the joint work of 7 best architects, and in 1980 John Paul II held a service here.
The city park of São Paulo Ibirapuera, whose buildings were designed by the famous Oscar Niemeyer, was opened in 1954. Due to its vast green area, this popular attraction is also called the lungs of the city. In Ibirapuera there is a planetarium, the Museum of Modern Art, the São Paulo obelisk and the Bandeiras monument.
The world-famous Capacabana beach is located in Rio de Janeiro. This four-kilometer recreation area has been used as a concert venue more than once. Rod Stewart, Elton John, Mick Jagger and Lenny Kravitz have performed here. Lots of coastal hotels, cafes, discos and casinos make your holiday on Capacabana truly unforgettable.
This is an unusually beautiful church complex, which was built from 1773 to 1809. Bon Jesus do Congonhas consists of a church, seven chapels of the Way of the Cross of Christ, and sculptures of the prophets. Since 1985, this church complex has been under the protection of UNESCO.
In the mountains of Espinhaço, there is the town of Diamantina, where you can see perfectly preserved buildings of the 18th century. The visiting card of the city deserves special attention - the Gloria complex, which consists of two buildings of the 18th and 19th centuries. Since 1999, the historic center of Diamantina has been listed by UNSCO.
The Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park is located in the center of the country, just a few kilometers from the capital. It was created in 1961, and in 2001 was included in the UNESCO list. You can only move around in the park on foot, but this is more than compensated by the beautiful scenery. There are several canyons and waterfalls.
Adam and Eve Falls on the Iguazu River The complex of waterfalls became a UNESCO heritage site in the 80s of the last century. "Adam and Eve" is located in Iguazu Park near the Bossetti Falls.
The waterfall "Adam and Eve" is especially beautiful on a sunny day, when millions of sprays reflect rays shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow. At the same time, the spray cloud itself rises several meters - the force of the falling water flow is so great. For tourists, solid viewing platforms are arranged here.
3. Bird Park (Foz do Iguacu)
Toucan Parrot in the Bird Park The Bird Park is located in the municipality of Foz do Iguacu. It covers an area of 17 hectares. According to the plan of the organizers, the birds live here in their natural habitat. Places of accumulation of birds are surrounded by nets. Tourists have the opportunity to go inside the enclosures and admire the birds in their natural conditions.
In the park you can see all the birds living in Brazil. Experts counted about 900 species. The bird park was founded not only for tourists. Research work is constantly carried out here, the purpose of which is to create optimal conditions for the preservation of especially rare breeds. In addition to birds, in the park you can see exotic butterflies that amaze with their brightness. In addition, there are crocodiles and snakes.
As for flowering and evergreen plants, their freshness and beauty are provided with special care. The scents of freshness float in the air. You can enjoy this attraction of Brazil as part of an organized tour.
4. Wanda Mines (Puerto Iguazu)
View of the Wanda mines The mine is located near the city of Puerto Iguazu. This is an extensive deposit of semi-precious stones. If the question is what to visit in Brazil, then the Vanda mine is a good option to replenish your baggage of impressions. The mine is named after the Polish princess Wanda. The unique deposit was discovered in 1976.
The mine is rich in minerals. Here, in particular, agate, topaz, rock crystal, quartz and some others are mined. Most of the semi-precious stones mined in the mine are raw materials for jewelry production. To attract tourists, there are several special shops nearby that sell jewelry with minerals and stones mined here.
No less interesting for tourists will be the process of mining stones. During the tour you can get acquainted with their diversity. Guides interestingly tell how many forms of stones are found here, as well as what colors prevail in them.
5. Pantanal (Mato Grosso do Sul)
Water lilies in the Pantanal ecological paradise In the western part of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, there is a picturesque tectonic depression. Pantanal in translation means "wet lowland". There are very few such large wetlands on the planet. The approximate area is 195,000 square kilometers.
During the flood season, the Pantanal turns into a beautiful lake. However, winter droughts come, and an overgrown swamp and sandbanks appear on the site of the lake. In addition, during the winter droughts, grassy areas and wandering riverbeds can be seen at this place. At the same time, the flora here is extremely diverse, which makes it possible to attribute the Pantanal to the natural attractions of Brazil.
650 species of birds and more than 50 species of reptiles have been recorded here. Vegetable world represented by 3,500 plant species. This is a protected natural area, which is declared a UNESCO site. On three sides, the Pantanal is sharply limited by cliffs and gorges of the plateau. The relief here is as contrasting as the weather conditions.
Check out the beautiful places in Brazil in this wonderful video!
6. Devil's Throat
Waterfall "Devil's Throat" from a bird's eye view On the Iguazu River is unique complex waterfalls. There are 275 of them here. The most impressive is the 700-meter ledge, which has a horseshoe shape. Devil's Throat Falls consists of 14 streams of water that continuously fall from a height of 350 feet.
The waterfall is in a huge cloud of spray sparkling in the sun. "Devil's Throat" opened to the Western world in 1541 famous traveler Eldorado Cabeza de Vaca. The strength and power of the waterfall will be of interest to those who are thinking about what to see in Brazil. observation decks here are very durable, there is no danger for tourists. Multi-stage platforms stretch for many kilometers, which makes it possible to admire this landmark of Brazil at any time.
History has kept a rave review E. Roosevelt who was stunned by the majestic picture of the waterfall. Seeing him, Eleanor said in shock: "Pitiful Niagara." It is better to view the waterfall from a helicopter, when all the streams of water are open in one panorama.
7. Sugar Loaf Mountain (Rio de Janeiro)
Cableway to Sugar Loaf The mountain has a height of 396 meters. It rises majestically over the Gulf of Guanabara and is a natural landmark of Brazil. The unusual shape of the mountain caused original title. The locals call it Pan di Asukar, which means "sugar loaf". What caused such an unusual shape of the mountain?
It turns out that intrusive igneous rocks have weathered here for centuries. There is practically no vegetation on the slopes of the mountain. From the outside, she looks stern and ascetic. The first settlement at the foot of the mountain appeared in 1565. It was here that Rio de Janeiro was later founded.
In 1817, the British flag appeared on top of Sugar Mountain. He was hoisted by an English nurse, Henrietta Carstairs. This was the first ascent of the mountain. And already in 1912 a cable car appeared here. It is available to travelers at the present time.
Anyone who is thinking about what to see in Brazil will be interested in climbing the cable car to Sugar Mountain with three stops: Praia Vermelha, Urca and Pan de Azucar. At the same time, on Mount Urca you can admire the amphitheater. The concert complex Concha Verde on Urca often hosts dance shows that are so loved in Brazil.
8. Amazon rainforest
Amazon evergreen forests Brazil's natural attractions include the Amazon forests. They have a second name - Amazonia, which is more common in Brazil. These are deciduous forests with high humidity. The Amazon is located in the basin of the river of the same name. Powerful evergreen forests cover an area of 5.5 million square kilometers.
This is 50% of the area of all tropical forests on the planet. Amazonia extends over the territory of 9 states, including - in Brazil. The biodiversity of moist forests has always attracted travelers and tourists.
Currently, 40,000 plant species and 3,000 fish species have been described, but scientists tend to believe that this is not complete data. The fauna of the Amazon is also rich, and many predators live in tropical broad-leaved forests, which pose a serious danger to humans. Among them are the jaguar and the caiman. In addition, there are many poisonous snakes in the rainforests, so solo travel are undesirable here.
Unfortunately, the Amazonian forests are rapidly shrinking. There are statistics according to which only from 1991 to 2004 forest areas decreased by more than 400,000 square kilometers. Cutting down is carried out haphazardly, the state is not always able to control this process.
The reason for the felling is the clearing of the area under Agriculture. However, at present, the situation has been somewhat optimized, since Greenpeace and many public organizations have actively joined in the conservation of tropical forests.
9. Pedra Pintada (Roraima State)
Rock formation "Painted Stone" In the Brazilian state of Roraima, there is an amazing rock formation. In translation, the name Pedra Pintada is read as "painted stone." From the side, it looks multi-colored, and vertical light stripes on a dark background prevail in the color. The rock extends up to 35 m. It is located above sea level at an altitude of 83 meters.
Tourists have something to see in Brazil. Inside the "painted stone" is a cave with rock paintings. Once upon a time, ancient tribes lived here, leaving stone axes and a lot of ceramic utensils to their descendants. It should be noted that not always tourists have the opportunity to get into this cave. The fact is that Pedra Pintada (“painted stone”) is located on the territory of an Indian reservation.
The Indians are jealous of this landmark of Brazil, which is located on their lands. For tourism or other purposes, it is possible to enter the cave only with the permission of the National Fund of Indians FUNAI. If permission is obtained, then vivid impressions are guaranteed to travelers. After all, the rock paintings inside the cave are made with bright white and pink paint.
10. Ibirapuera Park (Sao Paulo)
Bandeiras Monument, dedicated to the European pioneers of Brazil Wondering what to see in Brazil? Of course, Ibirapuera Park in Sao Paulo. It covers an area of 140 hectares. The park was founded in 1954. Its opening took place in honor of the 400th anniversary of Sao Paulo. The author of the landscape project was Roberto Burle Marx, and the buildings located in the park were designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer.
Tourists are constantly admired not only by the park vegetation, but also by its very structure. In fact, this is a small kingdom that has palaces, lakes and forests. At the entrance to the park lies the most big lake. White and black swans sway on its waters. Here, plump geese and ducks swim nearby. One of the pleasures for visitors to the park was the opportunity to feed them.
Birds are accustomed to treats and swim close to people. There are multi-colored fountains with moving jets on the lake. The vegetation here is very diverse. For example, the park has Japanese gardens and sprawling palm groves. In fact, the whole nature of the southeastern part of Brazil is represented here. The structure of the park is thought out in such a way that the buildings fit organically into the landscape.
Therefore, in general, the park gives the impression of complete harmony. Among the iconic monuments is the monument to Pedro Alvarez Cabral, who is the first European to reach the coast of Brazil. The park looks very romantic, so dates are often arranged here. It is impossible to consider that the sights of Brazil have been visited if you have not met this beautiful place.
Things to do in Brazil: what else to visit while in Brazil
Continuing to consider interesting places, we will talk about those that attract equally tourists and local residents. It is most convenient if you are accompanied by professionals who know the optimal time for visiting attractions and other subtleties of organizing excursions.
11. Botanical Garden in Rio de Janeiro
Alley of the Botanical Garden in Rio de Janeiro All the enchanting variety of Brazilian flora and fauna is presented in the Botanical Garden. It occupies 54 hectares. 6.5 thousand species of plantations are registered here. At the same time, those that are on the verge of extinction are especially valued. In addition to rich vegetation, there are monuments and architectural structures in the Botanical Garden.
In addition, a scientific center operates on the territory of the Botanical Garden to systematize and study vegetation. It has a rich library. The books in it are selected mainly on botanical topics. The year of foundation of the Botanical Garden is 1808. Initially, it was created so that exotic plants imported from other countries could undergo acclimatization.
For this, special conditions were created for them, greenhouses were built. The garden was laid out at the behest of King João VI. It crowns the sights of Brazil and is national treasure. Botanical Garden is located on the right hand of the famous statue of Christ. Since 1992, the Botanical Park in Rio de Janeiro has been declared a UNESCO site. It is currently considered a biosphere reserve.
12. Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)
Bright Spot Beach in Rio de Janeiro The beach area of Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro stretches for 4 kilometers. Previously, this place was fishing village which had the same name. In translation, this word means "bright spot." Copacabana is known for being home to representatives of the art world. Brazilian artists, writers or artists often settled here.
Copacabana reached its peak in the 1950s. And later, wealthy citizens and politicians began to settle in this area. This area is connected to Rio de Janeiro by a tram line.
The founding year of Copacabana is considered to be 1750, when a chapel appeared on this site. Over time, the first settlements began to appear here, which have now turned into an independent suburb of Rio de Janeiro.
In our time, the prestige of Copacabana has declined significantly due to the fact that illegal business has begun to flourish here. However, it is in Copacabana that the largest concert venue in Rio de Janeiro is located. The concert of Rod Stewart in 1994 gathered more than 4 million people, which is noted in the Guinness Book of Records. Later, in 2006, a concert was held here with the same incredible success. Rolling Stones, which brought together approximately 2,000,000 spectators. Copacabana still carries the spirit of free creativity.
13. Maracana Stadium (Rio de Janeiro)
Top view of the Maracanã stadium Attractions in Brazil include sports facilities. These include the Maracana Stadium in Rio de Janeiro. It is the largest football stadium in the country. The famous clubs Flamengo, Fluminense and the Brazilian national team consider it their home arena.
The stadium was named after the nearby river. The year of its foundation is 1948. Then Brazil was preparing for the 1950 World Cup. The work was finally completed in 1965. Since then, Maracanã has been considered the main Brazilian stadium.
This is a very spacious venue, the stadium holds several attendance records. It is built in the shape of an oval. It is noteworthy that here the playing field is separated from the stands by a moat with water. The purpose of the moat is to drain from the stands. The stadium is located in a zone of tropical rainfall, so the installation of drainage ditches is a functional necessity.
The stadium is open, but a large oval-shaped canopy was arranged along the contour of the stands. In 2016, the stadium hosted the grand opening of the Summer Olympics. All football matches within the framework of the 2016 Olympics were also held at this stadium.
14. Ponta Dunas Water Park (Fortaleza)
Extreme slide at Ponta Dunas water park Fortaleza is home to one of the largest Brazilian water parks. Ponta Dunas is a favorite summer attraction for tourists. Countless dizzying attractions attract vacationers here. Slides and extreme descents in the streams of water, from which the heart stops, is a guarantee of the most vivid impressions. Ponta Dunas completes the sights of Brazil . It delights with thoughtful engineering solutions and gushing imagination of the creators.
For example, it is on the territory of this water park that there is a slide, which is included in the Guinness Book of Records. From the outside, it’s scary to imagine that someone will decide to go down, because the slide reaches the level of a 14-story building. However, the hill is never empty. Dozens of brave daredevils, who are characterized by the spirit of excitement, rush from it. A fair dose of adrenaline is provided to them!
Nearby is a 40-meter slide, it was built later, so the world record has not yet been announced. The descent from it is almost vertical. Surprisingly, it is never empty either. The organizers have provided a system of restrictions for such rides. Pregnant women and children below one and a half meters cannot ride them.
The territory of Ponta Dunas is huge. Moreover, the height of local attractions allows you to admire the expanses of the sea, because the water park is located in the coastal strip. For tourists, everything is provided here: from food to places a relaxing holiday. Cafes and restaurants offer an exquisite menu. Tired of extreme pleasures, tourists are offered calm and comfortable rooms in the hotel.
Several artificial rivers flow through the park. It has pools of different depths. Moreover, each pool has its own temperature balance. In South America, Ponta Dunas is the first such structure.
15. Gastronomic Museum (Salvador)
Fish moqueca - traditional Brazilian fish soup Gilrovina What to visit in Brazil? For lovers of delicacies, the gastronomic museum in El Salvador is a real find. The exposition here is very unusual. It is entirely dedicated to gastronomic wisdom. Here you can get acquainted with the history of Brazilian cuisine and national customs. The museum opened in 2006.
In addition to classical exhibits, you can watch video materials. In addition, the guides offer documentary films dedicated to the gastronomic features of Brazil. Also, tourists are constantly interested in cutlery dating back to different centuries.
There is also a souvenir shop here. And since the exposition tells a fascinating story about food, the local restaurant is never empty. Here you can taste many dishes from those described in the museum.
16. Portuguese Royal Library (Rio de Janeiro)
Facade of the Portuguese Royal Library Felipe Restrepo Acosta 
Interior of the reading room of the Portuguese Royal Library uwephilly An old, very recognizable monumental building can hardly be called just a library. This is a real temple of science, the grandeur of which is striking both from the outside, and especially inside, when you find yourself in the realm of books placed on amazingly beautiful shelves made of carved wood. And in general, absolutely all the interior decoration is made of wood - carved lace from the floor to the ceiling alternates with thousands of books, and the ceiling space is crowned with a magnificent mosaic, through the colored glass of which light enters the room. The building, decorated in the Manueline style, began to be erected in 1880, and in 1900 the library opened its doors to the general public.
17. Theater Amazonas (Manaus)
View of the Amazonas Theater Karine Hermes In the very center of the Brazilian city of Manaus is the building of the opera house - Amazonas, built at the end of the 19th century, during the period of "rubber fever". The increased demand for rubber once allowed local planters to get rich enough to invite European opera stars. Over time, England was able to establish rubber production in its tropical colonies, and with the advent of a competitor, the Brazilian planters went bankrupt pretty quickly. The theater was abandoned for many years, and only in the 90s of the last century did it experience a new heyday. Today, within its walls, the Amazonian Opera Festival is held annually, which attracts thousands of tourists.
18. Museum of Modern Art (Rio de Janeiro)
Museum of Modern Art in the Flamengo Park in Rio de Janeiro Halley Pacheco de Oliveira The sights of the Brazilian capital, which Rio de Janeiro is still considered to this day, despite the fact that the city lost this status back in 1960, include not only historical, but also modern objects. The building of the Museum of Modern Art, resembling a flying saucer in its shape, is remembered by all visitors by its very appearance. Both the facade and the interior design of the museum are distinguished by their originality. The museum exposition itself was created as a result of a large-scale cultural and economic upheaval that Brazil experienced after the Second World War. The collection exhibits works of contemporary art collected from different countries. These are objects of painting, sculpture, graphics, metal and plastic constructions.
19. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro)
Car with dancers at the carnival in Rio de Janeiro Sergio Luiz 
Inside the Sambadrome at the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro Alan Betensley If we talk about the national attractions of Brazil, the carnival in Rio is their most striking example. This event can be called one of the most colorful, enchanting, large-scale events in the whole world. Every year, hundreds of thousands of people from different countries come to the holiday to personally participate in the celebration. Traditionally, the action takes place in February-March, shortly before Lent according to the Catholic calendar. During the event, representatives of 12 best schools samba demonstrates the skill of incendiary dance, and the jury groups, located at several points along the route of the carnival procession, at this time evaluate the quality of performance, from the dance technique to the look of the costumes.
20. City of Ouro Preto (State of Minas Gerais)
Street in the city of Ouro Preto 
View of the colonial city of Ouro Preto Old City in the east of Brazil was once one of the main centers of the "gold rush" in South America, and evidence of its importance today is a number of unique buildings, most of which were erected in the 18th century and decorated in the colonial baroque style. Today the town has become a real museum under open sky, and in its historical part, traffic is even blocked. Among all the city buildings, the Ouro Preto Catholic Church stands out, and a huge number of museums are concentrated here. Of no less interest is the suburban Itacolomi Park, in the tropical forests of which you can see wildlife in its pristine beauty.
21. Olinda Historic Center (Pernambuco)
Church of the Conception Holy Mother of God in the historical center of Olinda According to the buildings of the historical center of one of the most beautiful Brazilian cities - Olinda, the history of Brazil is read, starting from the time of the first Portuguese colonizers. This authentic city in the northeast of the country was founded in the 16th century. At that time, the colonialists settled here, and the city they built flourished for a century. During the raids of the Dutch invaders, it was seriously destroyed, and after another couple of decades, the power of the Portuguese was restored, and new beautiful palaces and rich mansions were erected here - it was they who for the most part survived to our times. Elegant stucco, rich gilding and other rich decor of the facades of these buildings still impress with their splendor.
22. Church of San Francisco (El Salvador)
Square and cross in front of the church of Saint Francis in the city of Salvador Rosino 
Gold items in the interior of the Church of San Francisco in Salvador fernando_dallacqua Another object of historical value is located in the city of Salvador - this is the Church of San Francisco, also built in the era of Portuguese colonial rule. The external, moderately restrained appearance of the building contrasts strongly with its interior decoration, the richness of which is even difficult to describe. Literally the entire temple is covered with gold from the inside, an unusual abundance of gilded carved elements, paintings and sculptures is impressive - their golden highlights amaze the most sophisticated imagination. It is thanks to this decoration that the temple received its second name - the “golden church”. The building itself is decorated in the best traditions of the Brazilian Baroque.
23. Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge (Sao Paulo)
Cruciform support of the Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge on the Pinheiros River in São Paulo Visiting Sao Paulo , you can see with your own eyes one of the most unusual and modern structures in the country - the bridge of Octavio Frias de Oliveira. For visitors, this is a unique attraction, where you can take original photos, and for local residents, it is an important transport artery of the city. The main visual features of the structure are a characteristic X-shaped 138-meter support, the main function of which is to support two levels of the transport highway, as well as 144 powerful cables holding the transport canvas. The construction of the bridge started in 2006, and two years later its grand opening took place.
24. Mount Corcovado (Rio de Janeiro)
The train that takes tourists to the top of Corcovado Klaus with K Brazil, whose capital today is the city of Brasilia, still keeps the bulk of the sights in its former capital, the city of Rio de Janeiro. One of the symbols of Rio and the whole country is the monumental statue of Christ the Redeemer, thanks to which Mount Corcovado became famous all over the world - it is on its top that a colossal 40-meter sculpture of the Savior rises. The mountain itself is located on the territory national park Tizhuk. Leads to its summit Railway of a special design - it has a gearing, which is necessary for the safe coupling of the train with the rails on a steep slope. Three trains run regularly along this track, which provide visitors to the mountain with a quick climb to the top in 20 minutes.
25. Elevator Lacerda (El Salvador)
Passenger elevator Lacerda in Salvador city krebsmaus07 One of the most notable sights of the city of Salvador is its unusual Lacerda lift, which performs the function public transport. The fact is that the city itself, located on the ocean coast, has a strong elevation difference, starting from the coast to the depths of the mainland. Therefore, for ease of movement, a kind of elevator was created connecting Cairo Square in the Lower City and Souza Square in Upper city. It consists of two towers - one contains elevator cabins, the other, located in the rock, has counterweights. Every day, about 28 thousand passengers get from one part of the city to another thanks to the lift.
26. Ipanema Beach (Rio de Janeiro)
Vacationers on the beach of Ipanema in the south of the city of Rio de Janeiro Paradise place with hot southern mentality and bright national flavor- all thistemperamental Brazil. The sights of Rio de Janeiro please not only cultural objects, enchanting holidays, but also extraordinarily beautiful nature, including beautiful sea beaches. Among them is the romantic beach of Ipanema, a place of exclusive relaxation and contemplation of beautiful views of the sunset. If we compare this place with the first most important beach of Copacabana, it can be noted that Ipanema is distinguished by calmness and serenity. At the same time, lovers of entertainment will find something to their liking here - ideal conditions for surfing are created on the beach, you can play football, volleyball and footvolley.
27. Beaches of Salvador (El Salvador)
Scenic view of the bay and sandy beach in Salvador Fans of wild holidays will certainly like the picturesque, little-known beaches, which can be called one of the most beautiful in Latin America. These are truly heavenly lands - many kilometers of sandy coastline is adjacent to hundreds of palm trees and other abundant vegetation. A small number of campsites, a few small restaurants and bars - this is all that can be found from the signs of civilization in these places. But there are excellent opportunities for surfing, other sports, serene swimming in gentle waves, as well as natural pools for a relaxing holiday.
28. Lencois Maranhensis National Park (Marian State, Barreirinhas)
Dunes and lagoons of Lencois Maranhensis National Park For fans of natural attractions in Brazil, there are plenty of opportunities to contemplate the most dizzying landscapes. Many sights of Argentina and Brazil are located on the border of these two neighboring countries. These, for example, include the large-scale Iguazu Falls, which have become the property of two states. Most natural objects are located on the territory of nature reserves. Among such places is the beautiful Lencois Maranhensis National Park, which strikes the imagination with its mysterious nature - its entire territory is covered with snow-white sands, but this is by no means a desert. Heavy rains periodically pass here, forming between the rows sand dunes lagoons of incredible blue, turquoise and green colors. Natural beauty of Serra da Capivara National Park
A unique reserve of archaeological sites is located in the northeastern part of the country - this is the Serra da Capivara National Park. The rocks located on its territory store numerous evidence of the cultural development of mankind - in their caves you can see unique examples of ancient rock art depicting scenes from the life of prehistoric people. These lands officially became protected in 1979, when a Brazilian woman archaeologist organized the first excavations here, as a result of which dwellings and burials were found. ancient man, as well as jewelry, objects of labor and works of art. To this day, archaeological research continues in this region and new discoveries are made.
30. Fernando de Noronha (Pernambuco)
Beautiful view from the air to the beaches of Fernando de Noronha 350 kilometers from the northeast coast of the country in Atlantic Ocean there is an archipelago of volcanic nature, consisting of 21 islands, and one of them, the largest, gave the name to the entire archipelago. This is the island of Fernando de Noronha, which was once given into the possession of a wealthy Lisbon merchant. The islands of the archipelago have a wonderful, warm tropical climate, with a dry season from August to January. Here you can see several old buildings - for example, a historic church or palace, as well as a portuguese colonial-style village. The stunning beaches of the island are ideal for relaxation, diving and sailing.
Brazil belongs to largest countries world and most of the country is in the tropics.As such, it contains a vast array of very interesting geological and biological attractions, including the largest rainforest in the world, the Amazon rainforest.
Brazil is full of unexpected discoveries. This is the birthplace of football, coffee, TV series and capoeira. Among the Brazilians are many personalities known throughout the world: athletes, writers, top models, inventors, architects and religious figures. Sao Paulo attracts travelers from all over the world. Unique Cathedral of this city is decorated using coffee beans. National Park "Karakol" will delight not only with marvelous views, but also with intoxicating smells, because it is buried in blooming hydrangeas. Tourists rush to these parts,
to see the amazing beauty of the waterfall.
Top 10 Tourist Attractions in Brazil
1. Statue of Christ the Redeemer(Christ the Redeemer)
Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro is the most famous statue of Jesus in the world and the symbol of Rio, as well as the main attraction of Brazil.
The idea of placing a large Christian monument atop Rio's Corcovado mountain dates back to 1850.when a local Catholic priest asked Princess Isabella for money to build a monument, but she refused. Construction began only in 1926 and ended in 1931.
Christ the Redeemer considered to be the largest Art Deco statue in the world. It is the 5th largest statue of Jesus in the world with a height of 30 meters, not including the 8-meter pedestal. The statue's arms are spread out 28 meters wide. Christ the Redeemer located on top of the 700-meter Corcovado mountain.
2. Iguaçu Falls
One of the most impressive attractions in Brazil, the Iguazu Falls are simply amazing, with about 275 waterfalls located on a stretch of 3 kilometers. This is a real miracle of nature. The impressive natural power and noise from the cascades of waterfalls will remain in your memory for a long time, and this is not to mention the jungle that surrounds the waterfalls. In the area of the Iguazu Falls, the borders of 3 states, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay converge.
The Iguazu Falls are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3. Amazon (Amazon River)
The Amazon has the largest water basin in the world, covering almost half of South America. The Amazon is the second longest river in the world formed by the confluence of rivers Maranion and Ucayali. Amazon river basin is home to a variety of Native American cultures, as well as a habitat huge amount wild animals and impenetrable jungle.
4. Rio Carnival
Brazil and carnival, these are synonymous words, it is difficult to imagine Brazil without carnival. Carnivals in Brazil are held in every corner, no The biggest and most famous carnival is undoubtedly the Carnival inRio de Janeiro. Rio Carnival draws two million people a day to the streets of the city and almost half of them are tourists. Carnival in Rio lasts 4 days.Carnival in Rio these days is everywhere, on the streets and squares, in bars and clubs and in all other corners of Rio.
5. Pantanal
A large tectonic depression in Brazil that is almost completely swampy is the Pantanal. The Pantanal is located in the Paraguay River Basin and is one of the world's largest and most diversified freshwater wetland ecosystems.The Pantanal is also one of the major tourist attractions in Brazil. It is believed that the Pantanal in Brazil the best place to see wild animals.
6 Salvador Beaches
The colorful city of Salvador is a jewel of cultural identity Brazil . While Rio in the south has become a cosmopolitan center, El Salvador has retained a strong cultural identity. Founded in 1549, El Salvador was the capital during the heyday of the slave trade.
One of the central beaches of El Salvador is Porto de Barra, this beach is perfect for relaxing, splashing in the sea and sunbathing. Farol da Barra Beach has great views, especially during sunset, and is also very popular with surfers due to its high waves. Beach Plakaford created by nature for family vacation, herecalm waters and soft sandy beaches. TO south of town, there are plenty beautiful beaches which include Tinhare and Boipeba beaches.
The historic center of the city is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
7. Historic Center of Olinda
After its founding in 1535 by the Portuguese navigator Duarte Coelho, Olinda quickly became a prosperous city thanks to the sugar trade. Sugar was in high demand at the time. international market and when the city was at the height of its participation in the sugar market, several religious orders, including the Jesuit order, settled in Olinda, thanks to which the city has many monasteries and churches, as well as a beautiful historical city center, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site .
8. Fernando de Noronha
Fernando de Noronha is archipelago out of 21 islands And islets inAtlantic Ocean. His clean beaches, landscapes and wild nature attract tourists from all over the world. The island is also home to one of the largest seabird nesting colonies in the South Atlantic. unique ecological clean place listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and most of the archipelago is in the National marine park Brazil.
The archipelago was discovered by Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512), an Italian merchant and cartographer in 1503.
9. Teatro Amazonas
The Amazonas Theatre, or Opera House, is located in the city Manaus , in the heart of the lush Amazon rainforest. Theater construction startedduring the heyday of the rubber trade, using materials from all over the world, with furniture from Paris, marble from Italy and steel from England. TOThe floor of the theater was covered with 36,000 small ceramic tiles painted in the colors of the Brazilian flag.
The world-famous Italian tenor Enrico Caruso was the first to perform on the theater stage on January 7, 1897.
10. Ouro Preto
The city was founded at the end of the 17th century, Ouro Preto (Black Gold) was the center of the gold rush and the golden age of Brazil in the 18th century.With the depletion of the gold mines in the 19th century, the city's influence waned, but churches, bridges and fountains remain as testament to past prosperity and the exceptional talent of the Baroque sculptor. Aleijadinho, who worked in Ouro Preto
