The deepest point of the sea. The deepest place in the world

Which are distinguished by the highest pressure and darkness through which it is almost impossible to see anything. The deepest depressions on Earth, which will be discussed later, have not been fully studied by man to date.

Mariana Trench

She tops the ranking and is also known as the Mariana Trench. Its location is in the Pacific Ocean, not far from the fault. The depth of the fault is 10994 meters, however, according to scientists, this value can vary within 40 meters. The first dive into the Mariana Trench occurred on January 23, 1960. The bathyscaphe, in which US Navy lieutenant Joe Walsh and scientist Jacques Picard were located, sank to 10,918 meters. The first researchers claimed that they saw fish below that looked like a flounder. However, no photographs were taken. Later, two more dives were made. It turned out that the largest depression in the world has mountains at its bottom, which reach a height of about 2500 meters.

Trench Tonga

This depression is only slightly inferior to the Mariana and has a depth of 10882 meters. Its characteristic feature is the speed of movement, which reaches 25.4 cm per year (while the average value of this indicator is about 2 cm). An interesting fact relative to this trough is that at a depth of approximately 6 km, the Apollo 13 lunar landing stage is located here, which fell here from space.

Philippine Trench

It is located near Philippine Islands in and takes third place in such a ranking as "The Deepest Trench on Earth." The depth of the Philippine Trench is 10,540 meters. This depression was formed as a result of subduction and is not fully understood due to the fact that the Mariana is of much greater interest.

Kermadec

The gutter is connected in the northern part with the above-mentioned Tonga and reaches a depth of 10047 meters. A thorough study of it, which took place at a depth of about seven and a half kilometers, was carried out in 2008. During the study, rare living creatures were discovered that are distinguished by their original pink color.

Izu-Bonin Trench

The deepest depressions on Earth were predominantly discovered in the twentieth century. In contrast to them, the Izu-Bonin Trench, 9810 meters deep, was first discovered by man at the very end of the nineteenth century. This happened when determining the depth of the bottom for laying a telephone cable. Later it turned out that the trench is an integral part of a whole chain of depressions in the ocean.

Kuril-Kamchatka Trench

The depth of this depression is 9783 meters. It was discovered during the exploration of the previous chute and is characterized by a very small width (59 meters). On the slopes there are many valleys with ledges, terraces and canyons. At the bottom there are depressions separated by thresholds. Detailed studies of it have not yet been carried out due to difficult access.

Puerto Rico Trench

The deepest trenches on Earth are not only in the Pacific Ocean. The Puerto Rico Trench formed on the border and caribbean. Its deepest point is located at around 8385 meters. The basin differs from others by relatively high seismic activity, as a result of which underwater eruptions and tsunamis sometimes occur in this place. It should also be noted that the depression is gradually lowering, which is associated with the lowering of the tectonic North American plate.

From the dark depths of the ocean to some of the tallest peaks on Earth, below are twenty-five of the world's most vast, highest, deepest and tiniest places!

25. The deepest lake is Lake Baikal

This Siberian rift lake is not only the most deep lake on Earth, but it also has the largest volume and contains approximately 20 percent of the fresh water of the entire surface of the Earth.

24. Most high mountain- Everest


As you may have suspected, Everest is officially recognized as the most high mountain in the world. But that's only if we start our measurement at sea level...

23. The highest mountain from the base to the top - Mauna Kea


Mauna Kea, a volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii, is more than twice the height of Mount Everest, measured from the base of the mountain on the seabed to its peak.

22. The point farthest from the center of the Earth - Mount Chimborazo


Due to the bulge of the Earth at the equator, the peak of Mount Everest is also not the most distant point from the center of the Earth. This honor belongs to the summit of Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador.

21. The lowest point on Earth - the Challenger Deep


Almost 11 kilometers below the ocean's surface, this depression is the deepest point of the already deep Mariana Trench. In fact, Everest would fit comfortably below the surface here.

20. The highest waterfall - Angel (Angel Falls)


This waterfall in Venezuela is so high that the water sometimes evaporates before it reaches the ground.

19. The driest place is the Atacama Desert


In the middle of Chile's Atacama Desert, there is a point where it has never rained. Scientists call this region "absolute desert".

18. The highest human settlement - La Rinconada (La Rinconada)


This mining town, located in Peru, is located in the highest inhabited region of the globe. At an altitude higher than the location of La Rinconada, a person simply will not be able to adapt.

17. The highest temperature - Death Valley


With a recorded temperature of almost 57 degrees Celsius, Death Valley in California has once again become the hottest place on Earth in recent times.

16. The most remote inhabited place on Earth - Tristan da Cunha (Tristan da Cunha)


This small archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, located thousands of kilometers from South Africa, and from South America, has a population of 271 people. The mail only reaches here a few times a year.

15. Most deep cave- Cave Krubera-Crow


This cave, located in Abkhazia, is the only known cave in the world whose depth exceeds 2,000 meters.

14. The largest elevation difference is Mount Thor


Mount Thor, located in Canada, has a height of 1250 meters and despite its very remote location in the frozen tundra of the northern provinces of Canada, it is a popular rock climbing destination.

13. Hottest inhabited place - Dallol, Ethiopia


The hottest permanently inhabited region in the world is in Ethiopia. Although these days Dallol has become even less populated and some even say that it has become a ghost town. However, it is also worth noting that there has been no official census in this region for a long time, so the studies are based on previously obtained data.

12. The most northern point of land on Earth - Kaffeklubben Island (Kaffeklubben Island)


This island belonging to Greenland is officially considered the most northern point sushi on earth. However, there are several slow-moving gravel bars that lie further north.

11. Lowest Temperature - Vostok Station, Antarctica


-89.2°C - this temperature was recorded in East Antarctica and, apart from some new satellite measurements, is still considered the lowest land temperature ever recorded.

10 Deepest Ice - Bentley Subglacial Trench


This place is also located in Antarctica, and the depth of the local ice exceeds 2.5 kilometers. In fact, the land it rests on is well below sea level and is the lowest point on Earth not covered by an ocean.

9. Deepest point measured from ground level - Kola Superdeep Well


Although it was artificially created, this Russian scientific project tried to get as deep as possible into the earth's crust. The drill reached a depth exceeding 12 kilometers.

8. The deepest point made by man - TauTona Mine (TauTona Mine)


This South African mine is the deepest point under the surface of the Earth that a person could fit into. Its depth is almost 4 kilometers.

7. The coldest locality- Oymyakon, Russia


Temperatures sometimes drop below freezing in mid-September and stay there until May. The average temperature in January is -46°C. The population of the village is less than 500 people.

6. The highest road is the Aucanquilcha mining road


This mining road was once used for trucks climbing this Chilean volcano to a height of over 6,000 meters.

5. The highest Mountain pass- Marsimik La, India


Although the Volcanic Mountain Road we saw in the previous paragraph is technically the highest road in the world, it is a dead end and is no longer in use. In contrast, the Marsimik-La pass, located at an altitude of 5,582 meters in northern India often considered the highest functional road in the world.

4. The highest lake - Lake Titicaca (Titicaca)


This lake is located on the border of Peru and Bolivia in the Andes at an altitude of 3,812 meters. There are several unnamed crater lakes in the world that may be located slightly higher.

3. The most remote island - Bouvet Island


This small uninhabited norwegian island in the South Atlantic Ocean, located between Antarctica and Tristan da Cunha (a place that, as you remember, is quite remote in itself).

2. The longest river is the Nile


Despite the difficulty in accurately calculating the sources and directions of the various rivers, the Nile is generally considered to be the longest river in the world. Its length is 6,650 kilometers. In ancient times, when water was still flowing from Lake Tanganyika, the Nile was 1,500 kilometers longer.

1. The farthest point from the ocean - Xinjiang, China


This region in China is the Asian pole of inaccessibility. This basically means that it is the furthest point on the continent from any ocean.

Many are interested in the question - which lake is the deepest in the world? Baikal- the deepest lake in the world. It is located in the southeastern part of Russia and occupies a vast territory of the central part of the Asian continent. Due to its greatness, the deepest lake in the world, Baikal, has several more beautiful names. The reservoir is called the deep or clear eye, the Sacred Lake, the mighty sea. locals usually call it the Baikal Sea.
This lake contains the largest fresh water reserves on the planet, which have a unique composition. The water is not only clean and transparent, it can be compared with distilled water in terms of the content of mineral salts.
In terms of area, the deepest lake in the world, Baikal, is almost equal to Holland. It has several dozen islands. Its length is 635 km, the largest width in the center is 80 km, and the narrowest part is located in the Selenga region and is 27 km. The lake is located at an altitude of more than 450 km relative to sea level, and the length of its coast is approximately 2000 km. More than half of this coastal territory is protected by the state.
More than 300 rivers fill the deepest lake in the world, Baikal, with their waters, at least half of this volume falls on the Selenga River, and only the Angara flows out of it. Lake Baikal is surrounded by mountain ranges and numerous hills. On the West Coast, the terrain is more rocky and precipitous than on the east.

Some tourists are actively interested in where is the deepest lake in the world? These places are famous for their picturesque landscapes and the unique diversity of the animal world, which makes them interesting for tourists. The region has the status of a protected area of ​​world importance. In terms of the number of rare plants growing only in these parts, it surpasses even the flora of Madagascar and the Galapogos Islands. There are numerous resorts here. best time to visit the world's deepest lake Baikal, the period from late April to late October is considered. In the summer months, tourists can make various excursions and hikes, fish, dive, hunt, relax on the beach, and in winter, skiing, ice fishing and boating are popular.
You can get to these places by plane or by train. There are direct flights to Ulan-Ude and Irkutsk. The journey there from Moscow by plane will take 6 hours, and by train it will take about 4 days. Now you know where the deepest lake in the world is located.

The question of the origin of Lake Baikal has long been a subject of heated debate in the scientific world and creates the basis for a variety of, sometimes fantastic, conjectures and hypotheses. How was this lake formed with crystal clear water, surrounded by picturesque mountains and unique nature?
The Buryat legend tells of the Great Fire that consumed the earth and contributed to the origin of Lake Baikal. From the resulting void came the sea. The legend did not find scientific confirmation, and for a long time scientists investigated this problem.
In the distant eighteenth century, the Germans Palass and Georgi formulated a scientifically based assumption on this topic. They participated in the Siberian expedition, which was organized by the St. Petersburg Academy around 1970. Scientists argued that the reason for the emergence of Baikal was the collapse of the land caused by a natural disaster. Most likely it was an earthquake. They believed that before the events described there flowed big river, flowing into the Yenisei. It took into its channel all the waters that today flow into Lake Baikal. A century later, the Pole Yanchevsky proposed his hypothesis, basing it on data obtained during a trip in the Baikal region. He believed that this reservoir was formed due to a natural disaster, after which the earth's crust began to slowly shrink.
There were many scientists who offered their theories, but often they echoed each other and their guesses about the origin of Lake Baikal differed only in details. Vladimir Obruchev came closest to the modern understanding of the process by which the Baikal Basin was formed. He suggested that everything began after the formation mountain system Siberia. The depression was formed after the subsidence of a large area of ​​land on both sides of the gap.
In the second half of the 20th century, thanks to scientific advances, scientists have made significant progress in the study of this problem. Some clarity was introduced by the global fault system or the world rift theory discovered at that time. According to this discovery, Baikal arose as a result of processes on a planetary scale and that there are several similar formations on the surface of the earth. Tanganyika and the Red Sea are among them.
At the end of the 20th century, scientists from many countries dealt with this problem. The basin of Lake Baikal is considered one of the central links of the Baikal rift. It stretches for more than 2.5 thousand km and is located on the very border of the Eurasian and Indonesian-Australian lithospheric plates. At first, it was believed that the rift appeared due to a collision of plates, but after a detailed study of new data, it was found out that the anomalous heating of the mantle became the reason for everything.
The lava that floated up and spread in different directions formed massifs of mountain ranges that surround the lake. This spreading over a plane heated to very high temperatures of magma caused the appearance of large faults. As a result, this caused the formation of a depression, which later became Lake Baikal.
As new knowledge emerged and geophysical methods developed, interesting details and a scientifically confirmed chronological sequence of the formation of this unique lake appeared.

In addition to numerous large and small streams, almost 300 rivers and streams flow into it. In addition to the three navigable rivers, the Upper Angara, Barguzin and Selenga, there are several more that are especially distinguished by their size: Turka, Snezhnaya, Barguzin, Buguldeyka. And only the only Angara carries its waters to the northwest, flowing out of the mighty lake.

Only it takes all the power of its waters from Lake Baikal and carries them hundreds of kilometers through the center of Russia. Its width at the source is about 2 km. In this place stands a giant rock, called the Shaman-stone by the locals. As the legend says, Baikal-father threw this block at his daughter, who was running away from him. She decided to rush off to the handsome Yenisei, although her father wanted to marry her off to a hero named Irkut.
The Angara, like other rivers of Lake Baikal, is a beautiful and clean river. Its length is about 1800 kilometers.

The Selenga, like the river of Lake Baikal, is the largest of all the rivers that flow into the lake. The source of the river is in Mongolia, then it flows through Russian land, ending its journey by splitting in the delta of the lake itself. It carries to Baikal almost half of all water entering it.

The Upper Angara is a fast mountain river with a large number of rapids. Even when it finds itself on a plain, it continues to wriggle and separates, so that later it can unite in a single channel. Near Baikal, like other rivers of Lake Baikal, it pacifies its waters and becomes calmer.

Another river of Lake Baikal flows in Buryatia, descending along a mountain range, after which it carries its restless waters along rocky rapids. In the upper reaches there is a large nature reserve. It passes through taiga valleys, gorges and mountain ranges.
This place is very attractive for lovers of rafting on mountain rapids. The sections intended for this do not even have a minimum category of difficulty, which means that they can be passed without much risk to life. Although the river also has sections with a dangerous bottom, sharp rocks and waterfalls.
The deepest lake is an amazing, mysterious and not fully understood miracle of nature. He is fed by the same unique rivers that carry their waters along the most beautiful regions and protected places, while maintaining its originality. Every effort must be made to preserve this rich supply of crystal clear water and its rare ecosystem.

There are many unusual territories on earth that combine several features that distinguish them from other places. Baikal is one of such regions. This is the cleanest lake in Russia, with perfectly clear water, which contains practically no mineral impurities. And yet it has a huge depth - the largest among all the lakes in the world.
Due to the special geographical characteristics, this corner of nature attracts the attention of people from all over the world. The maximum recorded depth of the lake is 1640 meters. With this indicator, Baikal is ahead of all the lakes in the world. The next after the Russian leader, Tanganyika is inferior to him very much. Its largest depth mark does not exceed 160 meters. In combination with the huge area of ​​​​Baikal, which is equal to Holland, these gigantic scales are simply impossible to imagine.
One of the reasons for such a great depth of Lake Baikal and its area is the presence of many rivers that flow into it. The approximate number of tributaries is approximately 300. With such a significant replenishment, Baikal continues in just one river - the Angara. It should be noted that the reservoir is considered the largest natural reservoir on the planet, with perfectly clean fresh water. According to these parameters, even the Great Lakes taken together cannot be compared with it. North America. Its waters reach a volume of 23,600 m3.
The very great depth of Lake Baikal, combined with the impressive area of ​​this lake, explains the fact that the locals call it the sea. This ancient reservoir on the surface of the Earth appeared as a result of complex processes occurring in the earth's crust. Approximately 25 million years have passed since its formation began. It continues even now. Scientists believe that Baikal may be the beginning of the emergence of a new ocean, which, of course, should not appear tomorrow, but its occurrence in the future is recognized by the scientific world as a proven fact.
Due to the maximum depth of Lake Baikal and the high level of the coastline, which is 455 meters more than the surface of the ocean, the basin of the reservoir is deservedly defined as the most deep depression on the ground.

The water of Lake Baikal is unusually clean and transparent. With the help of the Secchi disk, a test was carried out, according to which the transparency of the lake was 40 meters, and, for example, in the Caspian Sea, there is not even 25 meters. Known for their purity, the Alpine reservoirs are inferior to Baikal in these parameters. The transparency of the reservoir may vary depending on several factors. The river mouth and shallow water give way to areas with great depth. Seasonal changes in the vital activity of microflora also affect.
The water of Lake Baikal meets all the criteria for high-quality drinking water. Its purity and unique properties are explained by the influence of microorganisms and vegetation. Small crustaceans epishura, living in the lake in large numbers, act as a biofilter. An armada of such crustaceans is capable of cleaning the upper layers 3-4 times a year. There are almost no organic impurities and dissolved substances in the reservoir.
The mineral composition of the water is very poor, does not even reach 100 mg/liter, and includes silicon, calcium and magnesium. Other reservoirs have concentrations of such substances starting from 400 mg/litre. There is no hydrogen sulfide in Baikal, but oxygen is present in large quantities both in the upper layers and at the very depths. Its water has excellent qualities. Its purity can only be surpassed by water from Crater Lake in the United States, which is considered a natural analogue of distillate.
Nowadays, only Baikal in the world is an open reservoir, with water suitable for drinking, which does not require additional treatment. The ideal water of Lake Baikal is now bottled on an industrial scale. It is taken at a depth of about 410 meters. The top layers protect it from any surface contamination.
The temperature in the lake is different. It is influenced not only climatic conditions, but also the anomalous depth of the lake. The highest water temperature is 15 degrees. As the depth increases, the temperature decreases. At around 25 meters it is only 10 degrees, and at a depth of 250 meters and below, the temperature is 3-5 degrees. Shallow water sometimes manages to warm up to 24 degrees.

Lake Baikal and its surrounding areas are one of the most unique and rich in natural treasures in the region. There are sanctuaries, nature reserves, national parks and protected natural monuments. Together, there are about two hundred such territories. Almost the entire Baikal region is under state protection. Only in a few industrialized areas: Baikalsk, Slyudyanka, Severobaikalsk, Kultuk and Babushkino, due to the developed industrial complex, there are no serious restrictions on the work of local enterprises.
The protection of Lake Baikal is carried out not only in Russian Federation, since these territories are considered the object world heritage UNESCO. In Russia, there is Federal Law No. 94 FZ, “On the Protection of Lake Baikal”. He determined the status of protected areas, the regime of protection, the possibility of using the natural resources of the region. Since part of the unique territory around Lake Baikal is part of China and Mongolia, there is a problem with organizing the protection of the entire complex, due to the difficulties associated with the need to coordinate actions with foreign partners. The disunity of environmental services and bodies that oversee this area also has a negative effect.
The main thing that needs to be done to protect Lake Baikal is to preserve the unique natural complex in its pristine purity, which is almost never found in the world. Amazingly beautiful places with unique climatic, geological, biospheric and other conditions in which wildlife can exist will have to be preserved. Some territories will have to remain free from many types of economic activity due to their remoteness from civilization. They are located in hard-to-reach areas where there is often no transport connection. To provide assistance in protecting the environment and to prevent the hunting of rare animals and birds, illegal fishing and the destruction of plants, the forces of law enforcement agencies and the huntsman service should.

The uniqueness of Lake Baikal lies in its record depth, unusual geographical location, ideal purity of water and, of course, in its vast territory. The lake is located in Russia, in the east of Siberia and is the natural border of two regions of the Russian Federation. With a maximum depth of 1640 m, the area of ​​Lake Baikal is 31 thousand km 2. It exceeds the size of the territories of such states as Holland or Belgium. In the world rankings of the most extensive lakes, it is in 6th place.
The area of ​​Lake Baikal in the center of Asia is 365 km long and not less than 80 km wide. All this territory is surrounded by rows of mountain ranges and is located in a wide basin. It could fit the waters of 92 seas, such as the Sea of ​​Azov. It contains almost 20% of the world's fresh water.
Among the coastal areas there are numerous hills. In the west, the coasts are rocky and steep, while on the east coast the relief is not so steep. In some places mountain ranges is located at a distance of tens of kilometers from the coast.
Baikal did not suffer the fate of other ancient lakes, and it did not turn into a swamp. On the contrary, every year its area only increases, and scientists predict that the area of ​​Lake Baikal will expand to a gigantic size and become a new ocean.

The nature of Lake Baikal is amazing and unusual. Such a variety of animals and flora nowhere on the planet. In these parts, there are the rarest specimens of flora and fauna.

Vegetable world

There are few places on earth that can cause so much surprise and delight in a botanist as the Baikal region. Currently, science identifies about 1 thousand different plant species that grow in the vicinity of this wonderful lake. Most of them are endemic. This means that they grow only in these parts. The diverse natural conditions and the multimillion-year history of these territories have preserved the local ecosystem in its original form. They determined the appearance of this magnificent nature reserve, where many relic plants are preserved that have long disappeared in other parts of our planet.
Pine, spruce, fir and cedar trees are located along the banks - traditional Siberian trees, and only the southern shore of the lake is decorated with blue fir trees. The origin of this species is still a mystery. Olkhon Island is located in the middle of Lake Baikal and has relict thickets. Basically, this is a spruce forest that has retained its original appearance since the Paleolithic. In the west of the lake there is a tundra-steppe, with relict plants preserved since the end of the Ice Age. The combination of special tundra plants with steppe species is not found anywhere else on the planet.
The nature of Lake Baikal pleases with a bright green carpet of herbs and flowers, forest slopes are covered, where you can often find rare berries and fragrant wild rosemary in abundance.

Animal world

Scientists believe that the fauna of the deepest lake is ancient, and consists of a large number of different animals, including very rare ones. More than 2.5 thousand species of animals live here, more than half of which are endemic. First of all, it is worth noting microscopic crustaceans, called epishura endemic, which are a biological filter. Their presence is one of the main factors affecting the crystal clearness of lake water.
The deepest lake is inhabited by 54 species of fish, and 15 of them are considered commercial. The most famous of them is omul. He lives for about 25 years. It should be noted an amazing, almost transparent fish, called golomyanka. She gives birth to live larvae. Not a single fish in the world reproduces in this way.
The seal lives here - the only seal that lives in reservoirs with fresh water. Also in the lake there are many sturgeons, pikes, whitefish, taimen.
In the forest areas and on the hills of the Baikal region, there are a wide variety of animals and birds. A large number of deer, martens, sable live in the forests. Sheep are found in the mountainous regions, and marmots and ground squirrels are found in the steppes. A huge number of ducks settle in these parts. Seagulls and cormorants nest here. Geese, herons, swans, loons are less common. There are 7 species of eagles here.
The nature of Lake Baikal is diverse and unique. Every effort must be made to preserve this rare land for posterity.

Some are interested in the question of which lake is the largest in the world. And oddly enough, this, which, despite its name, is the most big lake worldwide. This reservoir separates the land of Europe and Asia.

What is special about it?

The lake does not have any current, but it is customary to call it the sea. The presence of the second name of the reservoir is determined by the following factors:

• dimensions
• depth
• lodge features

After the formation of the largest lake in the world, numerous studies were carried out, thanks to which it was possible to find out the basic information and understand what a reservoir is, what important differences it has.
The Caspian Sea is a lake whose shape resembles the Latin letter S. The surface area of ​​the reservoir is 371 thousand square meters, the width is four hundred and fifteen thousand square meters. Such dimensions lead to the fact that many countries border the Caspian Sea.
An important advantage of the reservoir is a surprisingly rich underwater world, and many of its inhabitants have acquired resistance to constant changes in the reservoir.
The reservoir includes several bays. At the same time, the largest is Kara-Bogaz-Gol (separation took place in 1980 with the help of a deep dam, and four years after an important event, the result was secured by a culvert).
In addition, the lake includes the following large bays:

• Komsomolets
• Turkmen
• Mangyshlak
• Kazakh
• Krasnovodsky
• Agrakhansky
• Kizlyarsky

The water area of ​​the Caspian Sea includes 50 islands that differ in size. However, some islands have an area of ​​​​more than 350 square meters. Some join in island archipelagos, known as Apsheron and Baku.
The Caspian Sea appeared due to oceanic processes. This is proved by the features of the bed, which consists of the earth's crust of the oceanic type. At the same time, the creation process dates back to distant times, because the age of the lake is already 13,000,000 years. It was then that the Alps mountains appeared, which separated the Sarmatian and Mediterranean Seas from each other. The Akchagyl Sea existed for a long period. But after that, numerous transformations of the reservoir began:
1. The Pontic Sea dried up, as a result of which only Balakhani Lake (the southern part of the Caspian Sea) remained of it;
2. The Akchagyl Sea turned into the Absheron Sea;
The main changes associated with the reservoir took place approximately 17,000 - 13,100 years ago. The changes were due to transgression.
At present, after numerous transformations, there is the Caspian Sea, which is actually a lake.
Such changes led to the need for a thorough study of the region. As it turned out, the southern coast includes numerous caves. At the same time, scientists note that people lived in these parts about 75,000 years ago.
The first mention of the reservoir and the Massagetae tribe that inhabited the region can be found in Herodotus. At the same time, it was established that other tribes also lived in the region: Saks, Talysh.
Handwritten documents testify that the Russians have been making sailing operations to the Caspian Sea since the 9th-10th centuries. The presence of such official information indicates that the lake has attracted increased attention from the very beginning.

- This is the largest lake on planet Earth. A distinctive feature of the reservoir is the instability of the hydrological regime, which is due to specific influences:

• climatic
• geological
• hydrological

On the territory of the Caspian basin, special processes are taking place that are gradually changing the lake. Scientists note that the water balance changes quite often, and changes occur in different periods of time (tens, hundreds, thousands of years).
Changes include:

• level with maximum value
• temperature regime

At the same time, researchers describe the current state of the Caspian Sea, allowing the inhabitants of the planet to understand how the largest lake in the world differs from many other reservoirs.

Water temperature

The temperature regime fluctuates in the following ranges:

• Winter. In the southern part - +10 - +13 degrees Celsius, in the northern part - below 0 degrees Celsius
• Summer. During this season, the temperature can rise to +25 - +28 degrees Celsius

At depth, the water temperature is about +5 degrees Celsius.
In fact, the water temperature undergoes significant latitudinal changes, which, first of all, manifest themselves in the cold season. The difference is about +10 degrees, which is a significant indicator. In fact, these figures do not become prohibitive: shallow water areas, where the depth is less than 25 meters, the annual difference can reach even twenty-five degrees Celsius.
At the same time, we can note the average differences:
West Coast usually warmer by a couple of Celsius than east;
Open and closed parts also differ in their temperature regime. At the same time, external influences lead to warming up to four degrees Celsius.
The researchers note that over time, the temperature regime of the reservoir may change.

Features of the climate of the Caspian Sea basin

The climate of the region in which the Caspian Sea is located captures 3 directions at once, which causes a significant difference in the temperature regime at different times of the year.
In winter, the air temperature varies from minus 8 degrees Celsius in the north to plus 10 degrees Celsius in the south. Thus, the maximum difference can reach 22 degrees.
At the same time, in the summer, the temperature ranges from +24 to +27 degrees Celsius, as a result of which a difference of a couple of tens is excluded. Over the entire history of observations, the maximum air temperature of +44 degrees was noted, and this significant event took place on the east coast.
On average, 200 millimeters of precipitation falls per year, but the figures for different parts of the region vary significantly:
The eastern part is always characterized by dry weather. As a result, the indicator does not exceed millimeters;
The southwestern region boasts 1700 millimeters.
It should be noted that water can evaporate quite actively from the surface of the lake. This has a positive effect on the climate of the region. Successful evaporation of the water ensures proper water circulation, which prevents large fluctuations in humidity levels.
The average annual wind speed in the region is from three to seven meters per second. In this case, the northern direction is predominant. It should be noted that in the cold months of the year, wind gusts sometimes reach up to forty meters per second.
The most windy areas are traditionally considered:

• Absheron Peninsula
• Makhachkala
• Derbent

It is in this area that the highest rates of windiness can be recorded. The climate features of the region are largely determined by the influence of the Caspian Sea.

currents

The Northern Caspian plays the most important role in shaping the region's climate. In this case, the main direction of the flow occurs from the northern side of the reservoir.

Salinity of water

Salinity is from 0.3% (the lowest). This characteristic is fixed near the mouth of the Volga. The salinity index allows us to state that the Northern Caspian is a desalinated sea ​​pool. At the same time, in the southeast, the salinity index reaches 13%. The maximum rate is recorded in the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, where it already reaches 300%.

Lake relief

The Caspian Sea has a specific bottom relief, which is divided into three varieties:
Shelf;
Continental slope;
Deep sea trenches.
How were all the above types of relief distributed?
The shelf starts from the coastline and stretches to a depth of 100 meters. At the same time, a continental slope begins below its border, the depth of which, depending on the region of the lake, ranges from 500 to 750 meters;
The coast is characterized by low relief. At the same time, the banks have canopies and indented places;
The Middle Caspian includes a mountainous coast, which has practically no indented shape;
The eastern part is elevated;
The South Caspian has mountainous areas. At the same time, the coastline is more indented.
The Caspian Sea and its relief belong to the zone of high seismicity. It should be noted that in the region in which the lake is located, mud volcanoes often erupt, located at the southern point of the reservoir.

Characteristics of the reservoir

Historians and scientists testify that the area and volume of water can vary significantly. Both factors are seriously affected by water level fluctuations.
What examples can be given? For example, when a reservoir rises, it can account for up to 78 and a half thousand cubic kilometers. Moreover, in this case, the volume indicator reaches about 44% of all lake water reserves.
The maximum depth is 1025 meters. This indicator was recorded in the South Caspian depression. It should be noted that the Caspian Sea ranks third in depth. The leader is Baikal with an indicator of 1620 meters, as well as Tanganyika with 1435 meters. It is important to note that the northern part is a shallow section of the reservoir, because the maximum depth never exceeds twenty-five meters.

Fluctuating water in a pond

Historical studies confirm that the water level in the lake can fluctuate significantly. At the same time, scientists and historians record the features of changes in the water level.
Throughout the history of the reservoir, frequent changes in its characteristics are noted. It should be noted that in the Middle Ages, the highest indicators were noted regarding the height of the water. Despite this, the process is continuous, the tendency to lower and increase the water level in the lake constantly replaces each other, which indicates the circulation and preservation of the water balance. Any recorded indicator cannot be final.
Measurements have been taken on a regular basis since 1837, with researchers using special instruments for regular checks. Scientists note that the downward trend - the rise in the total water level changed many times, and these changes occurred at different intervals.
Serious fluctuations are due to a whole chain of factors that are divided into the following areas. The researchers note that in the future fluctuations in the water of the Caspian Sea should be preserved, but the safety of the reservoir is guaranteed.

Features of water balance cycles

Surface currents define complex cyclones that follow each other. Significant differences are noted in each part of the Caspian. It should be noted that the lake belongs to restless water bodies. For example, changes in atmospheric pressure and direction, wind speed always lead to fluctuations in water levels. Changes in characteristics are most pronounced in the shallow part of the reservoir, because surges during stormy weather can reach even four meters.
The instability of the lake leads to the fact that the climatic picture is also subject to serious changes.
The water balance is always determined by the characteristics of the flow and atmospheric influences, the volume of evaporating liquid from the surface of the reservoir. At the same time, the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay belongs to the consumable part of the reservoir. The most important role is played by the flow of the Volga, which belongs to the incoming part. The flow of the Volga can reach about 80% of the inflow of river waters to form the Caspian.

Water composition

The Caspian Sea is distinguished by its closed structure and unique composition. At the same time, serious differences in proportions are noted for the waters of areas that are under the influence of continental runoff.
Constant fluctuations in water and changes in water balance do not allow chloride levels to rise.
This provides for a regular increase in the following components:

• Carbonates
• Calcium
• sulfates

The above three components occupy an important place in any river waters. The composition of water also changes under the influence of complex cyclic factors.

The largest lake is usually called the Caspian Sea and many are interested in the question: where is the largest lake in the world? This body of water is located in the part of the world where Europe and Asia meet. Thus, the lake belongs to Eurasia.
The water area is divided into three large parts, which have the characteristics of the climatic region, the unique characteristics of the reservoir and its water balance:

• Northern Caspian occupies 25% of the territory
• The Middle Caspian has 36%
• The South Caspian has 39% of the total installed area

It is important to note that the reservoir is characterized by serious fluctuations in depth. For example, up to 22 meters fall on the northern part, and up to 1025 meters on the southern part. Moreover, a depth of less than one meter is recorded in 20% of the Northern Caspian. Despite such fluctuations, the Caspian still occupies the third position in the world in terms of depth.
The large size of the Caspian Sea determines that as many as five countries belonging to Eurasia are in contact along the borders with the lake:

• Russia
• Azerbaijan
• Kazakhstan
• Turkmenistan

This information proves that the lake actually occupies an important place on the world map.
Caspian Basin
Four more states are included in the Caspian basin: Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, Uzbekistan. Each country has a direct access to the Caspian Sea.
The basin includes more than one hundred and thirty rivers, the largest being the Volga. It is the Volga River that connects the Caspian Sea and the World Ocean. The Volga and all its river tributaries are regulated by operating reservoirs, which are formed by hydroelectric dams.
The Caspian basin also includes additional rivers that guarantee the maintenance of the water balance of the world's largest lake. At the same time, the Volga, which flows through Europe, remains the most important.
It should be noted that East Coast The Caspian can no longer boast of a developed hydrographic network. The rivers Emba and Ural flow into the territory of Kazakhstan. In Turkmenistan, there is one watercourse that is not permanent, but it still needs to be noted: the Atrek River. Iran is distinguished by the connection of the Caspian Sea and several rivers. Despite the fact that connections still exist in the eastern direction, their total length turns out to be significantly less.

Cities of the Caspian Sea

The largest port city located on the Caspian Sea is the capital of Azerbaijan, Baku. The city is located in the south of the Absheron Peninsula. It should be noted that in 2010, 2,500,000 people lived in Baku.
The following large cities are also associated with the Caspian Sea:
Sumgayit, Lankaran (Azerbaijan);
Turkmenbashi (Turkmenistan);
Aktau, Atyrau (Kazakhstan);
Kaspiysk, Makhachkala, Astrakhan (Russia).
Such geographical position, and, accordingly, the relationship with rivers, countries and cities, indicates that the Caspian Sea is actually the largest lake in the world.
Features of the development of the Caspian Sea
The economic development of the Caspian Sea has been of interest to society since ancient times. This is evidenced by historical information. At present, people have managed to achieve good results.

Story Features

For the first time, studies of the reservoir began in 285 BC. At the same time, the corresponding measures were carried out by the Greeks. After the first attempt, the work was postponed for a long time.
Nowadays, they began to try thanks to Peter the Great, who organized the expedition in 1714 for almost a whole year. Then hydrographic studies were carried out in the 1720s with the help of Russian and foreign researchers.
At the beginning of the 19th century, there was already an opportunity for instrumental photography, thanks to which it was possible to carefully analyze the features of the geography of the reservoir and the region.
In 1866, 50 years of research began. The main objective was to enrich knowledge regarding hydrobiology and hydrology.
The most active research began in the late 1890s. At the same time, Soviet geologists made every effort to understand the fluctuations in the level of the reservoir, study the water balance and find oil.
Numerous expeditions made it possible to start using the Caspian Sea for the benefit of the entire world society.

Development results

How can the Caspian Sea be used for the benefit of the people?
Gas and oil production. Numerous deposits with a special purpose are being developed on the territory of the Caspian Sea. To date, the resources of oil and gas condensate amount to about twenty billion tons, and half of this volume is oil. Mining of valuable minerals has been carried out since the 1820s, but it was possible to reach the industrial level only in the second half of the 19th century.
The Caspian shelf, which is included in the water basin, is used for the extraction of salt, stone, sand, clay, limestone.
A developed network allows the use of the Caspian Sea for navigation.
The lake is rich water world. This is used for the active development of fisheries. It should be noted that more than 90% of sturgeons can be caught in this region. To date, fishing and the extraction of valuable caviar have been successfully developed. At the same time, the seal fishery is also developing at a rapid pace.
Recreational resources are another advantage associated with the Caspian region. A special water composition and a unique balance, a beneficial climate allow the successful development of a number of resorts, but at the same time, the economic, political and religious characteristics of the eastern states do not allow the recreational resources of the Caspian region to be fully used, due to the unique characteristics of the sea-lake.
The Caspian Sea is the largest and most important lake in the world, which justifies its position and increased attention to itself.

TOP 10 deepest lakes in the world

If you did not know which lake is the deepest in the world and where the deepest lake in the world is located, then you should familiarize yourself with the TOP 10. Baikal is a legendary lake. It is written about in various sources, the reservoir is unusually loved by travelers and researchers. Every year, amazing discoveries are made on Baikal, expeditions are carried out, and studies are carried out. This lake holds an impressive number of different world records.
The deepest lake is considered one of the oldest on the planet, and it is also the deepest in the world. The average depth is 730 meters, and the maximum mark is 1637 meters. Since 1996 Baikal has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The origin of the lake is disputed even today. Scientists have not come to a consensus regarding the age of the reservoir, which is estimated at about 25-35 million years. That is why Baikal is considered a unique body of water, because other glacial lakes "live" for an average of 10-15 thousand years, gradually becoming waterlogged.
hallmark The deepest lake in the world is also called the fact that it contains about 19% of the world's fresh water. This is an impressive amount that is not found in any other body of water in the world. The transparency of the lake attracts attention. inhabitants or various items can be seen at depths up to 40 meters. At the same time, the water contains the minimum amount of mineral salts, on average, the value reaches 100 mg per liter. All this makes it possible to use Baikal water as distilled water.
In total, there are about 2630 species of inhabitants of both plants and animals. However, most of them are endemic. In other words, you can only meet them here. The abundance of living organisms can be explained by the impressive oxygen content in the water column. Among all animals, golomyanka is distinguished. This fish contains less than 30% fat. The epishura crustacean, which contains over 300 species, also becomes an amazing inhabitant. Among the mammals, it is worth highlighting the seal, which is called the Baikal seal.
Interestingly, the water reserves in Baikal are so impressive that they could provide all the inhabitants of the world for a long 40 years. Scientists are still doing research Baikal ice, which is fraught with many mysteries. A distinctive feature is an extraordinary shape. It can be found exclusively on Baikal. If you see the lake from space, you can see the dark rings in the pictures. Their origin is currently unknown, although scientists are making a lot of guesses. Answering the question which lake is the deepest in the world, there is no doubt that this is Baikal.

All the deepest lakes in the world are of interest, and Tanganyika is a special lake that has a personal status in Africa. Its location is known to locals throughout the mainland. A distinctive feature of Lake Tanganyika is the amazing fauna and flora, as well as impressive dimensions. The waters of the lake are located in the East African Rift, which is a narrow valley with an impressive length. The crescent shape and proximity to the mountains make the area surprisingly picturesque.
Lake Tanganyika feeds the great Congo River. This is carried out through the Lukuga River. However, Tanganyika does not belong to the Congo Basin. The lake holds one of the world records as the longest freshwater body of water. At the same time, it is located above the sea at an altitude of 773 meters. The total length reaches 673 kilometers, and the width at its largest point is 72 kilometers. The depth of the reservoir is quite impressive and is 1470 meters, which makes the lake the second deepest in the world. On the territory of the entire reservoir, the average depth reaches 570 meters.
The volume of water in Lake Tanganyika is 18.9 thousand cubic meters, which also brings the lake to the second place in the world ranking. The total area exceeds 32 thousand square kilometers. Coastline has an impressive length and is 1828 kilometers. The reservoir basin also includes streams and rivers. In general, Lake Tanganyika is often referred to as the "African pearl", because it owns great amount world records.
It is surrounded on different sides by four countries at once. These are Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Tanzania. Communication with Atlantic Ocean also available through the Congo and Lukuga rivers. Interestingly, Tanganyika has an impressive age of 10-12 million years. For the entire impressive period of history, the lake has never dried up. As a result of this, an unusual underwater world was formed, which is not similar in any corner of the planet.
There is no full circulation of water in the lake, the reason is the impressive depth, as well as the absence of bottom currents. As a result, a high amount of hydrogen sulfide is concentrated in the lower layers of the water. Already at a depth of 200 meters, the so-called "dead zone" begins. There is no life here due to lack of oxygen. Near the surface of the water there is an impressive variety of fish species. In particular, there are a lot of cichlids here. They are present in the amount of 250 species, among which about 98% live exclusively in this lake.

Answering the question which lake is the largest in the world or where is the largest lake in the world, you will be somewhat surprised. The Caspian Sea is an unusual body of water with a non-standard name. In fact, this sea has no connection with the World Ocean, it is located at a considerable distance from it. In the north and east, the sea borders on a desert area, the southern coast is represented by lowlands, and the western coast is represented by the mountain ranges of the Greater Caucasus. On all sides, the reservoir is surrounded by land, which is why it is called the "sea-lake".
A distinctive feature is the different topography of the bottom. Shallow water is observed in the northern part, depressions and an underwater threshold are observed in the central and southern parts. An interesting feature is the fact that the Caspian Sea is located in more than one climatic zone. The northern part of the sea is represented by a continental climate, the western part is temperate, the eastern part is desert, and the southwestern part is subtropical humid.
Such a climatic feature leads to the fact that the sea “behaves” differently at different times of the year. In winter, strong winds and low temperatures prevail here, reaching a maximum of 8-10 degrees below zero in the air. In spring, northwest winds reign here. In summer, the air masses circulate slightly; near the coast, the wind can increase. Temperatures in summer can rise to a maximum of 27-28 degrees above zero. It can be concluded that winters in the Caspian Sea are cold and windy, and summers are windy and hot.
The volume of river runoff varies significantly throughout the year. It reaches its maximum in spring and also in early summer. There may be spring floods. To date water resources lakes are actively used by people, reservoirs, hydroelectric power stations are being built. All this has led to the fact that the water level in the Caspian Sea has dropped somewhat today.
The main food of the lake is river. Among the rivers that flow into the Caspian Sea, the Ural, Volga and Terek are distinguished. It is these three rivers that bring about 90% of the river runoff. About 9% of the rivers flow from the western side and only 1% from the rivers of the Iranian coast. There are also tidal waves in the lake, which are significantly noticeable especially in November and December. It is during this period of time that the sea level can increase by an average of 2-3 meters. In summer, the sea level practically does not change.
There is an impressive number of fish species here. As a result, fishing and fisheries are actively developing here. In particular, there is a lot of sturgeon fish, and oil has recently been discovered in the Caspian Sea.

San Martin- a reservoir that is located in the state of Santa Cruz in Argentina. San Martin, like other deepest lakes in the world, impresses with its impressive dimensions, which makes it one of the largest in the world. It is also the deepest on the continent of South America. The lake occupies the territory between Chile and Argentina, located right on the border. Interestingly, the reservoir also has another name for its Argentine part. He was given a "name" in honor of José de San Martin, who is a national hero.
The area of ​​the reservoir reaches 1010 square meters, and the maximum depth is 836 meters. The shape of the lake is uneven and “torn”, it is additionally represented by eight branches. The Mayer River becomes the main tributary, flows into San Martin Lake and the Chico and O'Higgins glaciers, and there are also small streams. Only one Pascua River flows out of the reservoir.
Around the lake are picturesque views of the pampas, and also hit the snowy peaks. The flora and fauna of the area is rich, especially many species of birds and animals. A huge number of trout live here, so sport fishing competitions are often held. Lake San Martin is amazingly clear, the water in it can change its hue from green to deep blue.
Nearby there is the town of El Chalten, which is called the tourist center of the region. Everything here is arranged so that it is convenient for travelers to relax and explore the lake. The town has information centers, travel agencies, souvenir shops, as well as camping type hotels. Additionally, you can choose a walking tour along the coast of San Martin. Boat trips, extreme trips to the snowy peaks of the nearest Andes mountains are also offered.
There are full-fledged attractions on the coast of Lake San Martin. These include the luxurious estate of Nahuel Huapi. Guests of the lake can take time to explore the estate. For this, horseback riding tours are offered, which give incredible pleasure from the trip.
Lake San Martin reaches 1058 square kilometers. The reservoir is located above sea level, at an altitude of 250 meters. The coastline is quite impressive and reaches 525 kilometers in length. The lake is considered the deepest in America. Here you can always meet tourists and locals, photographers and artists who come here to admire the beauty and magnificent views of the territory.

One of the largest African reservoirs and the deepest lakes in the world is called Nyasa. It is located in East Africa in the Great rift valley. The lake is 560 kilometers long and up to 80 kilometers wide. The depth is quite impressive and reaches 704 meters. This allows us to bring Lake Nyasa to fifth place in the world ranking of the deepest reservoirs. The reservoir was discovered in 1616 by Bucarra travelers from Portugal.
The name of the reservoir is quite standard. It was picked up in the Yao language, and in translation it means "lake". Nyasa is located on the territory of several countries at once - Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, occupying their borders. A distinctive feature is the relief of the coast, which is represented by spatial beaches and steep banks. The plains from the northwestern part of Lake Nyasa have special expanses, where the plains amaze with their picturesqueness.
In the same place, the Songwe River flows into the lake. In addition, the reservoir feeds 14 rivers, among which are Bua, Ruhuhu, Lilongwe, Rukuru. The only river that flows out of the reservoir is the river with the sonorous name Shire. The water of Lake Nyasa has different temperatures, ranging from warm to cool. The lake impresses with rich fauna, so fishing is actively practiced here. In total, it contributes about 4% of Malawi's GDP. A huge number of different species of fish live in Nyasa, as well as crocodiles, whooper eagles. All this emphasizes the originality of the lake. Crocodiles and whooper eagles prey on fish.
Lake Nyasa is a natural landmark that amazes with its picturesqueness and eccentricity. This is what attracts the attention of travelers from all over the world. The reservoir itself ranks third in Africa and is one of the five deepest in the world. Today, shipping is developed here, among the main ports are Karonga, Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkota-Kota, Bandawe, Mwaya, Metangula.
The Lake Nyasa basin is sparsely populated. The majority of people live around south coast Nyasa. The western and northern coasts have a very sparse population with little economic activity. There is a hydroelectric power plant on the outflowing Shire River. It becomes the main source of electricity. Very often, the energy of the country suffers due to the volatility of the lake. The greatest shortage was observed in 1997, when the lake level was at its lowest.

Kyrgyzstan- a surprisingly picturesque country that abounds in luxurious territories. Lake Issyk-Kul attracts the attention in particular. This reservoir is considered one of the largest in the world. Interestingly, in terms of water transparency, this reservoir is in the second position in the world ranking, second only to Baikal. Issyk-Kul is considered the pearl of both Kyrgyzstan itself and Central Asia. The lake is salty and mild winters do not allow the reservoir to freeze even in winter. A distinctive feature is the amazing surrounding beauty, which attracts the attention of tourists from all over the world.
Lake Issyk-Kul is located in the Northern Tien Shan, occupying the territory between two ridges. Their maximum height is 5200 meters high. Spruce forests are located on their slopes on the northern side, and steppe vegetation on the southern side. The lake is fed by rivers, which in total flow into about 80 pieces. Among the main ones are Zhuuku, Zhyr-galan, Tyup, Ak-Terek, Tong and some others. Most rivers are fed by glaciers.
It's interesting that appearance The river looks unexpected from space. The astronauts themselves claim this. Along with the Great Wall of China and the pyramids of Cheops, Lake Issyk-Kul is distinguished. From space at such an impressive height, it resembles a human eye.
Not a single river flows out of the reservoir. This leads to the fact that the water in the river is salty, as mineral substances are collected. However, in terms of salinity, the reservoir is significantly inferior to sea water, on average, five and a half times. However, the type of mineralization is considered quite valuable, which belongs to the chloride-sulfate-sodium-magnesium type.
The water is permeated with oxygen, which makes it light and transparent. It unusually resembles an ocean or sea. Many different legends are associated with this lake. One of them says that there are ruins at the bottom of the reservoir ancient city, which had a beautiful appearance. The color of the water is extraordinary. It can change shades from pale blue to dark blue.
Lake Issyk-Kul has an impressive history. The first mention dates back to the chronicles of the second century BC. In them, the reservoir is called Zhe-Hai, which in Chinese means “warm sea”. Most likely this name was given due to the fact that the lake does not freeze. The scientific study of the flora and fauna of the reservoir, as well as the composition of the water, began in the 19th century. Many scientists were so interested in the nature of this place that they bequeathed to bury themselves on its coast.

The Great Slave Lake is an amazing body of water that amazes with its spaciousness and picturesqueness. The name Slave is of unknown origin and most experts are inclined to believe that it was not given to him by chance. The reservoir itself is located on the territory of Canada and in terms of its dimensions it can easily compete with the largest lakes in the world, including the Great American Lakes.
The depth of the large Slave Lake is about 614 meters. For the North American continent, this figure is considered the maximum. In the world ranking, the reservoir ranks seventh. Slave Lake is navigable in the summer, but under ice in the winter. It is so strong that cars can safely drive on it. Until recently, the road on frozen ice was the only one until a full-fledged highway was built.
The Great Slave Lake is completely covered with ice for seven to eight months of the year, from November to June. Interestingly, the lake itself appeared during global cooling. For most of the year, it reminds of this time. A distinctive feature is the scenic beauty of the surrounding area, which attracts the attention of tourists. The shores are adorned with dense tundra forests. The seething streams of water that can be seen between the rocks look spectacular.
Gold miners are usually attracted to the northern shores of water bodies. It will be of interest to adventure lovers who dream of learning about the formation of the city of Yellowknife. It originated during the gold rush. Prior to that, only Indians lived on the coast of the lake, namely, the slave tribe. Interestingly, the name of the tribe, translated into Russian, means "slave" or "slave".
It is from this tribe that the name of the lake appeared, according to most researchers. However, after a long study of this fact, it was found that the slave tribe has nothing to do with slaves. The representatives of the tribe are brave, courageous and strong people. To date, the composition of the tribe is about ten thousand people. All of them live on the coast of this reservoir.
In length, the Great Slave Lake reaches 480 kilometers, and the width of the reservoir reaches from 19 to 225 kilometers. Several rivers flow into the lake, in particular the Slave, Snowdrift, Hay, Tolson, Yellowknife. Only one river flows out of the lake - this is the Mackenzie. In terms of area, the reservoir reaches 28.5 thousand square kilometers with a volume of over 1,500 cubic meters.

- one of the most amazing natural objects in the world. The formation of this reservoir occurred after the eruption of Mount Mazama volcano. It happened over seven thousand years ago. A distinctive feature of the lake becomes a deep blue hue and incredible beauty the surrounding landscape. This place is considered one of the most picturesque in the world. Not every lake causes such a storm of emotions as Crater.
The depth of Crater Lake reaches 594 meters. This explains its rich dark blue hue. Attracts and cleanliness of the surrounding area, its environmental friendliness. Here you can often meet tourists who come to admire the beauty. You can also see photographers and artists who are trying to capture the picturesque.
The history of the lake began about twelve thousand years ago. It was then that for the first time people began to live here, who saw the volcanic eruption. The result was Crater Lake. For a long time it was not known to Europeans. It was first found by John Fremont, who led the expedition of 1843-1846. Gradually, the lake began to be explored, a lake was found here. It changed its name several times. The modern one was fixed only by 1869.
Many researchers wonder why the water turned out at the top of the mountain. Most experts are inclined to believe that this has been happening for centuries. This happened gradually by filling the lake with snow and rain. The lake is a bowl of a volcano.
Interestingly, the lake has many different attractions. One of them is a ghost ship. This is an island that reaches 48 meters in height. It is formed from the lava of a volcano and resembles a ship in its silhouette. Another attraction is Halman Peak. This is a volcanic cone, whose age exceeds 70 thousand years. It was named so in honor of the explorer who first discovered this lake.
It is also worth highlighting the island of the Sorcerer, located on the island. His name is given to him in honor of the sorcerer's hat, which he resembles. It is extraordinarily beautiful and reaches 233 meters in height. The pointed peaks of the Pinnacles are also distinguished, which were the result of volcanic gases and erosion. Crater Lake is today part of the park. Everything has been created here for the convenience of tourists, to provide them with a comfortable viewing of the picturesque territory.

Lakes are extremely important for our planet, as they contain an impressive amount of fresh water. Lake Buenos Aires and Matano are called one of the interesting and attracting attention. Matano is a lake located in Indonesia. In its country, it is an important source of fresh water. The lake is located in the south of the island of Sulawesi. The area of ​​the reservoir is impressive and reaches 164 square kilometers, and the depth is 590 meters.
A distinctive feature of Lake Buenos Aires and Matano is the crystal clear water. Those who have been here claim that one can easily see everything that happens at a depth of 20-25 meters. An interesting feature is called the unique flora. It is here that an impressive number of fish are found, whose ancestors swam here several thousand years ago.
The scenic area around the lake also attracts. It is represented by mountains and tropical forests. For the convenience of vacationers, beaches with white sand are organized here. Diving is also offered on the lake. A huge number of divers gather here who dream of admiring the beauty of the underwater world. An extraordinary feature of Matano can be called the presence of two levels of the water column. The first has a high percentage of oxygen, and the second lacks sulfates, there is an excess of iron. Many scientists compare this composition with the oceanic one, which is quite atypical for lakes.
Lake Buenos Aires and Matano is located on the border of Chile and Argentina. It has the same depth as Matano, reaching 590 meters. The total area of ​​the reservoir is 1850 square kilometers. The origin and nutrition of the lake is glacial, and it is located directly in the Patagonian Andes. On the territory of South America, Buenos Aires is considered the deepest body of water, and in the world ranking it occupies the ninth position.
The main feature is excellent ecology and crystal clear water. Also, Lake Buenos Aires and Matano are notable for the presence of marble caves. They have an amazingly beautiful view that attracts tourists from all over the world. The color of the water, which consists of shades of turquoise and emerald, also looks interesting.
Near the lake there is an impressive number of cities and towns. This is due to the excellent climate and scenic beauty of the area. Excursions are often made here so that tourists have the opportunity to admire the magnificent appearance of the marble caves. You can only see the beauty live, as photographs are not able to convey it.

- an amazing reservoir that attracts attention. It has not yet been fully studied, so the official parameters have not been established. To date, it is believed that the depth of the lake reaches 514 meters, but this is not an accurate indicator. However, it also allows Hornindalsvatnet to be the deepest lake in both Norway and all of Europe. In the world ranking, the lake occupies the tenth position.
In the 90s of the 20th century, the Telenor company took up the study of the lake. Previously, it was the country's official telephone company. Telenor planned to lay the fibers directly on the bottom of Lake Hornindalsvatnet. At that moment, a depth of 612 meters was declared. If this indicator is officially confirmed, the lake will take the seventh position in the world ranking.
Lake Hornindalsvatnet has no other outstanding characteristics. Its volume of water reaches 12 cubic meters with a total surface area of ​​50 square meters. These are rather modest dimensions even for Norway. In the country, in terms of volume and area, the lake ranks 19th.
Of interest is the location of the lake. It is located in the Norwegian province in the west of Norway. This is the coast of the Atlantic in the county of Sogn ok Fjordane. Hornindalsvatnet is located above the sea at an altitude of 53 meters, and Hornindal is located on its shore. It is the administrative center of the commune. The town is quite small and has only a few hotels.
Crystal clear water becomes a distinctive feature of the lake. On the territory of all Scandinavia, it is Lake Hornindalsvatnet that is considered the cleanest lake. This is explained by the fact that the feeding of the reservoir is not connected with the rivers. The main source of food is glaciers. Here everyone can go fishing, because the fauna of the reservoir is really unique. You can find quite rare varieties of fish that are not found in other water bodies in Norway. However, their fishing is not prohibited.
The landscape is also remarkable, which is distinguished by its beauty and picturesqueness. Many consider this place to be the pearl of the country, so excursions are often organized here. Also on the lake every year in the middle of summer a Marathon is held, in which an impressive number of people take part. This is a race for an impressive distance, reaching 42 kilometers and 195 meters. If you wish, you can just relax, swim and sunbathe on the beach. You can also try your hand at rowing, which is developed on Hornindalsvatnet.

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Do you think the deepest places on the planet can reach 10 kilometers? Let's figure it out together. Given the fact that the core of the Earth is about six kilometers from the surface, they probably cannot. However, our world is a very amazing place. We bring to your attention the Top 10 most unique depressions, pits, wells and other deep zones that amaze with their history and dimensions. We will consider not only land, but also water expanses. Let's talk about the origin and significance of artificially made pits. Let's find out how close a person can get to the core of the planet!

Top 10 deepest places in the world

10

In England, there is the most amazing well in the world called Woodingdean. Construction of this facility began in 1858. At that time, no one planned to build such a huge pit. Initially, the well was planned to be dug only 122 meters. However, after reaching the goal, the craftsmen failed to find water. As a result, the specialists of that time continued their work and reached the bowels at a depth of 392 meters. It is difficult to say how many victims this structure cost. Every day people had to go down fragile stairs.

The deepest mine on our planet, which is also known for the work of a unique excavator. The depth is 370 meters. At the same time, with the help of the world's largest equipment, about twenty-five tons of brown coal are lifted daily. This is not all - it turns out that there is a Sophienhöhe hill near the quarry, which is the largest artificial hill on the planet. With its help, you can see the entire mine, it rises 300 meters above the sea. So Sophienhöhe is almost as big as Tagebau Hambach is deep.

In Mexico, there is the largest karst funnel, whose name is El Zakaton, which attracts drivers from all over the world. It is as attractive as it is dangerous, because the depth is 339 meters. It was formed during the Pleistocene, about 12 million years ago. The huge depression is completely filled with water. According to official data, only one robot has managed to reach the bottom of the funnel to date. Naturally, the pressure is beyond comprehension.

Baikal is the property of the Russian Federation, the depth of which reaches 1642 meters. You might be interested to get acquainted with other dimensional lakes on our planet! As for Baikal, it should be noted that people have been actively trying to conquer the depth of this fresh water body since 1977. For the first time, the goal was achieved with the help of the bathyscaphe "Mir", submerged on maximum depth at 1640 meters. The event took place in 2009! Baikal is also included in our rating of the largest lakes in Russia and takes second place there.

More than 2 km.

In Abkhazia there is a cave called Krubera. The locals also call it the Crow's Cave. So, its depth is more than 2 kilometers. One of the deepest places on land was discovered in 1960 by a certain Alexander Kruber, after whom, in fact, the cave got its name. To this day, the unique place delights a lot of archaeologists and researchers from different parts of our planet. However, as well as brave tourists.

In Canada, namely Ontario, there is a zinc mine called Kidd Mine. The depth of the amazing lowland is 2733 meters above sea level. Such mines cannot be found, not only because of their size, but also because of the minerals that are regularly managed to be removed from the expanse of the quarry. It is located in the northern part of the state, closest to the center of the planet. It should be noted that underground it expands significantly. At the same time, deepening of the mine is planned at the end of this year!

The deepest point in the Arctic Ocean

Unfortunately there is no photo.

The Litke Gutter is perhaps not a very hospitable place, the depth of which is about 5500 m. It is located about 350 kilometers from the Arctic desert, near the island of Svalbard. In the Northern Arctic Ocean he cannot find competitors in depth. For the first time, the Litke Gutter was discovered by members of the expedition of the ship "Fedor Litke" back in 1955. In honor of this mission, as well as the name of the leader, the depression received its name.

Milwaukee is the deepest point in the ocean, located in the expanse of Atlantic waters. Just imagine that its depth is 8740 m. That is, the distance is greater than to the core of the Earth. Here is the answer to the main question of this text. But that's not all. It was first recorded by the Milwaukee (America). Located on the territory of the Caribbean Sea. For a long time, geologists have tried to understand where the fault occurs, but to this day there is no exact answer. Most likely, it was formed as a result of a volcanic eruption due to a powerful tsunami. If you're interested, you can find out what they are!

The nature of our planet is so amazing that when describing it, I want to use only vivid epithets with superlatives. Once again, having heard about the new discovery of scientists, we are again and again convinced of how little we know about our world. One of these mysteries was and remains the Mariana Trench - the deepest place in the world.

Mariana Trench - the bottomless mystery of the planet

The depth of the Mariana Trench (or Mariana Trench) - more than 10 thousand meters. For more than a decade, this mysterious area has raised a lot of questions that the most eminent scientists cannot answer.

The water pressure here is 1000 times higher than at sea level.. It would seem that not a single living being can exist in such conditions. However, the hollow is inhabited by many amazing inhabitants, which is just one of its mysteries.

Location

Abyssal Abyss is located in the west Pacific Ocean, two hundred kilometers from the islands of the same name. It has the shape of a crescent. Takes about 2.5 thousand km long and almost 70 km wide.

The Mariana Trench is a vast water reserve and national monument protected by the American government. Fishing and mining are strictly prohibited here.

Discovery history

In 1875, the English ship Challenger discovered a mysterious, bottomless place in the ocean. Meter by meter, the sailors lowered the rope of the lot into the water, but the bottom still did not appear! The cable stopped only at a depth of 8184 m. The resulting value was only approximate, but it was enough to understand that the lowest part of the planet had been found.

It was called the Mariana Trench (from the name of the nearest islands). It was found that it has the shape of a crescent, and the lowest point - the "Challenger Abyss" - is located at 11035 meters.

Journeys into the abyss

The pressure at the bottom of the trough reaches 1100 atmospheres. I must say that most modern instruments are designed for a maximum of 6-7 thousand meters of depth. That is why the number of successful attempts to reach the bottom of the gutter is negligible - only 4 for the entire period from the day of opening.

The first human journey to the bottom of the canyon happened in 1960. The Trieste deep-sea submersible was launched into the Challenger Abyss with two researchers on board:

• Swiss oceanographer J. Picard;
• US Navy Lieutenant D. Walsh.

Their descent lasted as long as 5 hours. They stayed at the bottom for 12 minutes, after which a long, three-hour ascent began. Their report says that life is present at the bottom of the depression, and the ascending water current has significant biological significance.

In 2012, J. Cameron, the author of legendary films, descended into the abyss. During the 6 hours that the famous director spent at the bottom, he was able to take unique photographs and videos, collect samples of soil, minerals, and living beings. On their basis, the film "Challenging the Abyss" was filmed.

Bottom temperature

Going down to a great depth, a person intuitively believes that it will be too cold there. Indeed, in the upper layers of the Mariana Trench, the water warms up only to 40C. However, slightly lower, at a level of 1.6 km from the surface, the temperature rises to 450 0 C. The amazing phenomenon is explained by the presence of hot thermal springs, called "black smokers".

At such a huge temperature, the liquid should boil and boil. However, this does not happen due to massive pressure, 155 times the surface pressure. In addition, the water here contains a lot of minerals that help support life.

Inhabitants of the Mariana Trench

With each dive to the bottom of the trench, humanity learns about new living beings. The first mysterious representatives of the animal world meet on the border of light and darkness. The local inhabitants, forced to live in complete darkness, have learned to adapt and develop their own glow.

Giant poisonous amoeba

Not so long ago, huge xenophyophores, 10 cm long amoebas, were discovered at the bottom of the depression. The non-standard size of these creatures is explained by the lack of sunlight, high pressure and cold prevailing at a depth of more than 10 km.

Xenophyophores boast amazing abilities. They are not afraid of most chemical compounds that are harmful to other creatures.

The strongest pressure of the water mass does not give a chance for the existence of any living creature with shells or bones. But in 2012, a detachment of mollusks living near mineral hot springs was discovered here.

Most likely, the formation of colonies was facilitated by the release of methane and hydrogen contained in serpentine. However, it is still not known how, under such enormous pressure, their shells remain undeformed.

In addition, hydrothermal springs emit hydrogen sulfide, which is detrimental to molluscs. But they learned to convert it into a useful protein for themselves.

Amphitretus pelagic

A transparent octopus with 8 tentacles fastened with the finest threads. Elongated eyes move around their axis like small spyglasses. An octopus can dive to a depth of 2000 meters. It moves along a trajectory unusual for its type - not horizontally, but vertically.

This 30 cm long umbrella cephalopod looks like the dome of an umbrella. It has a rather funny image: small "elephant" ears, a plump mouth, sly eyes. But, despite the outward harmlessness, Grimpoteutis is a formidable predator. He completely eats his prey (worms and crustaceans) and feels great at great depths.

A fish with a formidable appearance: huge teeth, a terrible muzzle, sticky scaleless skin. It lives at a level below 1800 meters. Impenetrable darkness reigns here, so a 15-centimeter predator has to “highlight” itself on its own.

Its torso is equipped with bioluminescent organs necessary for protection, communication and food luring. At the end of the antennae, a luminous ball is formed that attracts small fish. They take it for prey and swim into the throat of a predator. Certain instances of needle mouths give off red light, which is rather unusual for deep dwellers.

A fish with a translucent head, inside of which barrel eyes move. Most often, they look up, following the movements of potential victims.

The first individual of this unusual creature was raised from the depths in 1939. However, biologists did not manage to observe the habits of the side-eye, since all the fish died during the ascent due to a monstrous pressure surge.

Most known jellyfish live in the upper layers of the ocean, however, bentocodon prefers depths of more than 700 m. It looks like a red moving saucer up to 3 cm in diameter with many elongated thin tentacles.

It feeds on unicellular and miniature crustaceans. Some researchers believe the red coating helps the jellyfish hide the bioluminescent glow of its prey. If bentocodon were transparent, then after eating it would be easily detected by large predators.

deep sea fishing rod

A predatory fish with a shapeless body, sharp teeth and a huge mouth. The length of her body depends on the sex: for females - 20 cm, for males - only 2.5 cm.

The breeding process of the anglerfish is as unusual as its appearance. The male attaches to the female and literally dissolves in her. Most of the external and internal organs disappear. Only the seed storage remains intact, which the female uses for fertilization.

The animal resembles a mixture of an eel and a dinosaur. This is a terrible creature with six bands of sinuous gills 1.8 meters long and 20 rows of the sharpest serrated fangs.

It feeds on various types of fish and cephalopods. The manner of hunting resembles that of a snake: the frilled shark rises in a bend and rushes forward sharply.

The appearance of this harsh creature really resembles a cleaver or a hatchet, moving at a depth of one and a half thousand meters. There are 40 varieties of "hatchet". All of them are too flat and emit a silvery light.

They can change the level of radiation, focusing on the amount of light coming from the surface. This allows them to "dissolve" in the environment and better hide from enemies.

A muzzle with a gigantic, beak-shaped nose, huge, retractable jaws, pink skin - the whole appearance of a shark resembles a picture from a modern horror movie. Its length is 5.5 m. It is found at the level of 90 m, and the older the brownie, the lower he tries to swim.

Bottom of the Mariana Trench

The bottomless hollow is fraught with a lot of unusual things:

• The Champagne hydrothermal spring is the only underwater area studied with liquid carbon dioxide;
• A layer of sticky mucus covering the bottom of the cavity. For long centuries, fragments of plankton and crushed shells were collected here, which, under the strongest pressure of water, turned into a viscous grayish-yellow mud;
• Lake of purified molten sulfur formed by the underwater volcano Daikoku. The boiling point of a black gurgling emulsion is 187 0 C;
• 4 stone bridges, covering 69 km in length. Located at the junction of 2 tectonic platforms. The height of the largest of the bridges reaches 2.5 km.

The silent and mysterious Mariana Trench is an immense field for scientific research. And who knows, maybe someday, it is she who will reveal to us the secret of the origin of all life on Earth.

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